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Results for “Family Planning, Traditional Methods”

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PubMed2000

Reproductive health in selected villages in Lao PDR.

The aim of the project was to improve the knowledge and attitude towards birth spacing by training the villagers in the selected villages of Vientiane Province in Lao PDR in family planning, providing them with the various family planning methods, and improving antenatal (ANC) and postnatal (PNC) care in the villages. Throughout the province, traditional birth attendants (TBA) were trained on several occasions during the project period. There were clear indications that reproductive health improved between 1995 and 1997. Considerable improvements were observed in the percentage of women making use of ANC and practising birth spacing by using some form of contraception or other. The most common methods used were contraceptive pills and injectables. In the case of child mortality a slight decrease was found in the percentage of women having their first pregnancy below the age of 18 years. A still unsolved problem is the high number of abortions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Examining male roles in population policies and family planning programs.

"This paper will discuss the following: why population policies and programs have traditionally focused on women; what the limitations of current male contraceptives are and why research into new methods [has] proved unfruitful; and why these policies and programs would be more productive if they were to direct more attention toward men."

Contraception↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fertility and childbearing practices in rural African community.

This longitudinal, community based study was carried out to gain insight into factors which influence child bearing practices and fertility in a typical Yoruba village in S.W. Nigeria. Although fertility is shown to be on the decline in most developing countries, a relatively high fertility is still sustained in the rural areas of this country. Women start child bearing early and continue into advanced reproductive ages. Median age of the women who delivered in the 2 year study period was 24 years with peak fertility seen between ages 20-24 years. Seasonality of births was observed due to religion and the agricultural cycle. Unadjusted Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for 1993 was 8.83 and for 1994 was 8.47. This small decline in TFR was not significant (Paired t-test t = 1.3, p = 0.28). Traditional attitudes which favour high fertility are maintained because of ignorance about modern family planning methods, low child survival rates and the ingrained custom of using children as a source of help on the farms. In addition, children are still the major source of support in old age. It is recommended that in order to reduce National total fertility rate, attention be paid to the rural areas where the majority of the people reside. Potential modifiable factors include improving child survival rates, increasing contraceptive awareness and education and a general improvement in the socio-economic conditions of the rural areas of this country.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Attitudes of Czech and Slovak gynecologists toward family planning.

A survey was held among 155 gynecologists of the former Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (CSFR) who visited a national gynecological congress. The sample was fairly comparable to the total group of Czech and Slovak gynecologists concerning sex, age and county. Questions were asked on personal and professional characteristics, experience with the provision of contraception, attitudes toward family planning and knowledge about contraception. Almost all gynecologists rejected abortion as a birth control method and mentioned the lack of sex education, non-use of contraception and the widespread use of traditional contraceptive methods as main reasons for the high prevalence of abortion. About 60% of the physicians thought that at least some women would rather have an abortion than use contraception. According to the physicians, special family planning services should be developed and delivered by gynecologists. Opinions on proper services for teenagers varied. Only a few physicians felt that patients should pay the full price of contraceptives. Physicians' knowledge about the pill was found to be insufficient. The physicians overestimated the knowledge of their female patients about the pill. Apart from books and journals, colleagues and pharmaceutical firms were reported as important information sources. Overall, the present survey showed that introduction of well structured pre- and postgraduate courses in family planning should be encouraged.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed2002

Analysis of women's reproductive health situation in Bida Emirate of Niger State, Nigeria.

This study examined the reproductive health situation in Bida Emirate of Nigeria, with a view to advancing frontiers in communication support for reproductive health education. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to randomly select 1,200 women respondents that participated in the study. Data was obtained on reproductive health and rights, reproductive health history, and personal and social characteristics of respondents. Data analyses showed that majority (68.1%) of respondents were aware of existing methods of birth control, while 31.9% were not. On the use of methods, abstinence, breastfeeding and use of condoms recorded 42.8%, 22% and 40.3% respectively. Respondents rarely used traditional methods of birth control. Forty five per cent blamed their husbands for not using family planning methods. Surprisingly, 84.8% of respondents had no idea of what HIV/AIDS is all about; only 13% and 3.1% could describe gonorrhoea and AIDS respectively. Results further revealed that there is no significant relationship between personal and social characteristics of respondents (religion, marital status and position, etc) and their attitude towards family planning. However, rural and urban women significantly differed in their health status (t = 0.2729; p < 0.001). Similar trend was observed for attitude towards family decision-making (t = 40; p < 0.001), sexuality and STD prevention (t = 90; p < 0.001), and maternity/childcare (t = 0.001; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the study reveals that there is a wide gap between social expectations of women's reproductive health and cultural realities in Nupeland of Nigeria. The study thus recommends, among others, the need for sustainable safe motherhood campaign in culture bound societies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Epidemiology and determinants of induced abortion in the U.S.S.R.

Since the mid-50s, induced abortion (IA) has been the principal method of birth control for as much as 80% of the U.S.S.R. population, with more than 9 million of terminations performed annually. After brief discussion of the general and specific reasons for a long-term IA dominance in family planning practices, data of the national statistics and local surveys on IA prevalence, contraceptive use and their determinants are critically reviewed. Although most couples are willing to use contraception, they have to rely on traditional methods with high failure rates (withdrawal, condom, rhythm/calendar). Due to many years of misleading information, population views on pros and cons of various birth control methods are severely biased. Public health implications of multiple IA are summarised.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Provision of hormonal contraceptives without a mandatory pelvic examination: the first stop demonstration project.

CONTEXT: First Stop, an 18-month demonstration project that operated in 1996-1997, was designed to offer low-income adult women in California hormonal contraceptives without requiring a pelvic examination. METHODS: An evaluation was undertaken to assess the contraceptives adopted by First Stop clients, compare health risks of these women with risks among women using traditional family planning clinics and assess clients'satisfaction. Data on 2,065 First Stop clients and 1,507 women attending traditional clinics were collected through several self- and clinician-administered instruments, including questionnaires, a telephone survey and medical chart abstractions. RESULTS: After the initial First Stop visit, 38% of women adopted a more effective method than they had used at last sex, 4 7% remained with the same method, 12% switched to a less-effective method and 3% accepted no method. Of clients who were referred for additional medical care, 73% followed through on their referrals. Compared with clients at traditional clinics, First Stop clients were less likely to have a regular source of health care, but more likely to have made a health care visit in the past year. Most First Stop clients valued the project's services; 76% said it was important to be able to receive pills or injections without a pelvic examination. CONCLUSIONS: Programs that provide hormonal contraceptives without requiring a pelvic examination can expand low-income women's access to these methods and improve the chances that they will obtain other reproductive health services.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Women's socioeconomic position and contraceptive behavior in Togo.

Few studies have examined empirically the influence of women's position on contraceptive behavior in sub-Saharan Africa. Using data from the 1988 Togo Demographic and Health Survey, this article explores the linkages between various indicators of women's position and spousal communication about family planning and contraceptive use. The results highlight the importance to their contraceptive behavior of women's economic power and individual control over choice of partner. The likelihood of spousal communication about family planning and modern contraceptive use is significantly higher among women who exercised complete control over selection of partner than among those with arranged marriages. Women who work for cash are significantly more likely than those who do not to communicate with their spouses about family planning, particularly if they participate in rotating credit or savings schemes. Such participation also increases significantly the likelihood of ever using traditional and modern methods of contraception.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Continuation and effectiveness of programme and non-programme methods of family planning in Sri Lanka.

"The objective of this paper is to examine continuation and effectiveness of contraception based on a 1986 survey of more than 3,200 women in rural Sri Lanka. Data on both programme and non-programme methods of contraception are analyzed. Programme methods are defined as including all those methods that are provided through the public or private family planning programmes (namely, oral pills, IUDs, injectables, condoms, female barrier methods and sterilization). Non-programme methods refer to those that are not provided through any structured programme; these methods include calendar rhythm (commonly referred to as 'safe period' in Sri Lanka), withdrawal, abstinence and other traditional methods."

Asia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

RE-AIMing research for application: ways to improve evidence for family medicine.

OBJECTIVE: To outline changes in clinical research design and measurement that should enhance the relevance of research to family medicine. METHODS: Review of the traditional efficacy research paradigm and discussion of why this needs to be expanded. Presentation of practical clinical and behavioral trials frameworks, and of the RE-AIM model for planning, evaluating, and reporting studies. RESULTS: Recommended changes to improve the external validity and relevance of research to family medicine include studying multiple clinical practices, realistic alternative program choices, heterogeneous and representative patients, and multiple outcomes including cost, behavior change of patients and staff, generalization, and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: The methods and procedures discussed can help program planners, evaluators and readers of research articles to evaluate the replicability, consistency of effects, and likelihood of widespread adoption of interventions.

Behavioral Research↗

PubMed1997

Traditional fertility regulation methods among the Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria. II. A prospective study of use-effectiveness.

This study investigated the effectiveness of traditional contraceptives commonly used by Yoruba women, and the attitudes of users and non-users towards family planning services and contraceptives in Nigeria. One hundred forty-two married women aged 19 to 40 years were followed for 18 months. Seventy-two of the women were identified as current users of four types of traditional contraceptives (ring, incision, soup, and waistband types), and 70 women did not use any type of contraceptive. The users and non-users were matched on socio-demographic characteristics. Attitudes of the users and non-users towards fertility regulation were investigated using focus group discussions. The study found that 5.6 percent of the users and 34.5 percent of the non-users became pregnant during the follow-up period. Contraceptive failure was experienced by users of the waistband and ring methods. The main barriers to the use of modern contraceptives as described by women were the negative attitudes of men and the fear of side effects.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Obstacles to family planning practice in urban Morocco.

Sixty in-depth interviews with mothers living in a urban slum of Morocco probed resistances to practicing modern methods of fertility control and began to shed light on some of the reasons family planning programs often fail to reach illiterate target populations. Economic insecurity and the disintegration of the support networks of the traditional extended family complicate the difficult lives of young mothers in the urban slum. While such factors tend to encourage smaller families, the uncertainties and complexities of the socioeconomic structure contribute to the problems blocking access to modern methods of fertility control.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1976

Efficacy information in contraceptive counseling: those little white lies.

Various procedures for estimating the effectiveness of a method of contraception have been devised. These measures, in turn, have been used in populations which differ widely in their propensity to use contraceptives properly. Therefore, a wide array of failure rates is available in the family planning literature. Unfortunately, because of differences in measurement and in choice of population, a random selection of these reported failure rates will not produce a consistent ordinal or cardinal ranking of methods by their effectiveness. Moreover, such a wide variety or reported rates permits the family planning practitioner to choose selectively in order to maximize the attractiveness of his favorite method(s). By surveying family planning personnel in two major cities, we found that they do indeen appear to place the methods they actively dispense in an extremely favorable position. Specifically, they are biased against the traditional contraceptives, foam and the condom. In this paper, we discuss the theoretical underpinnings of the measurement of effectiveness, report the apparent bias in the levels of contraceptive effectiveness reported to the patient, and finally, recommend a procedure for eliminating the jumble of rates in the literature and the consequent confusion among family planning personnel.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1993

Induced abortion among the Pati Rabha women of Boko area, Kamrup district, Assam.

"Acceptance of induced abortion as a device of family planning among the Pati Rabha of Boko area [India] was studied. Out of 345 couples, practising various family planning devices, 86 (24.93%) accepted induced abortion. Of the total 629 conceptions of these 86 women, 137 (21.78%) conceptions were terminated by induced abortion.... The highest percentage (18.24%) of the induced abortion was done at the 6th order of pregnancy, 62.79% of the women accepted the induced abortion only once in their reproductive period. Most (91.86%) of the acceptors were illiterate and all of them were house wives." Consideration is given to the use of traditional methods of inducing abortions.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed2004

Mind the gap: responding to the global funding crisis in family planning.

The widening gap between the cost of meeting family planning needs and the funding available for commodities and programmes is a concern among policymakers and reproductive health professionals. The gap could reach US dollars 210 million by 2015. Its causes are clear; its solutions are not. While changes in programme method mix and cost shifting could address this gap, an often-overlooked alternative is the development and introduction of effective, low-cost methods. The Standard Days Method (SDM) has a first-year failure rate of only 4.8 (correct use) and is acceptable to many women around the world. It is easily integrated into programmes. Many SDM users rely on CycleBeads to help identify the days when pregnancy is likely. Though already meeting couples' needs in many places, the SDM responds in a unique way to needs in settings with high use of traditional methods, high levels of unmet need, and chronic depletion of commodities. The donor gap could have negative consequences, but it also facilitates reassessing family planning programme policies to include other effective, low-cost methods.

Contraception↗

PubMed2004

Suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts in chronic pain patients: factors associated with increased risk.

This study describes suicidal behavior in a cross-sectional sample of chronic pain patients and evaluates factors associated with increased risk for suicidal ideation. One hundred-fifty-three adults with nonmalignant pain (42% back pain) who were consecutively referred to a tertiary care pain center completed a Structured Clinical Interview for Suicide History, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Nineteen-percent reported current passive suicidal ideation (PSI), 13% had active thoughts of committing suicide (ASI), 5% had a current suicide plan, and 5% reported a previous suicide attempt. Drug overdose was the most commonly reported plan and method of attempt (75%). Thirteen-percent reported a family history of suicide attempt/completion. Pain-specific and traditional suicide risk factors were evaluated as predictors of current PSI and ASI. Logistic regression analyses revealed that a family history of suicide attempts/completions was associated with a 7.5 fold increase in risk of PSI (P=0.001) and a 6.6 fold increase in ASI (P=0.003), after adjusting for significant covariates. Having abdominal pain was associated with an adjusted 5.5 fold increase in PSI (P=0.05) and a 4.2 fold increase in ASI (P=0.10). Neuropathic pain significantly reduced risk for both PSI (P=0.002) and ASI (P=0.01). Demographics, pain severity, and depression severity were not associated with suicidal ideation in multivariate analyses. These findings highlight the need for routine evaluation and monitoring of suicidal behavior in chronic pain, especially for patients with family histories of suicide, those taking potentially lethal medications, and patients with abdominal pain.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The impact of a family planning multimedia campaign in Bamako, Mali.

An integrated multimedia campaign featuring family planning messages saturated the 900,000-person city of Bamako, Mali, for three months during the spring of 1993. With traditional theater and music, family planning messages were repeatedly broadcast on radio and television that conveyed information about modern contraceptive methods, the need for male sexual responsibility, the health and economic advantages of family planning, the need for communication between spouses, and that Islam, the predominant faith of Mali, does not oppose family planning. A separate sample pretest-post-test quasi-experimental research design was used to evaluate the effects of the campaign and exposure to specific messages on changes in contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and practice. Results indicate a high level of exposure to and agreement with the messages. A dramatic drop was found in the proportion of men and women who believe that Islam opposes family planning. Logistic regression results indicate that contraceptive knowledge and use and more favorable attitudes toward family planning are positively associated with intensity of exposure to the project interventions, after controlling for relevant variables.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Family planning attitudes and practices in rural eastern Nigeria.

A survey was conducted in August 1974 in 16 Ngwa Igbo villages in the East Central State of Nigeria to determine the attitudes and practices of currently married women with regard to fertility and contraception. The results revealed that 50-60 percent of wives had ever used traditional contraceptives (abstinence, prolonged lactation, and rhythm), although data suggest that some of these methods may have been used for purposes other than contraception. Ever-use of modern contraceptives (pill, IUD, and tubal ligation) was shown to be very low and the desire for many children very strong. Nearly 80 percent of the women interviewed, however, expressed a willingness to attend a family planning clinic if one were accessible to them. This finding suggests that a significant interest in family planning services exists in Ngwa Igbo.

Abortion, Induced↗