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PubMed1995

Predicting body fatness: the body mass index vs estimation by bioelectrical impedance.

The body mass index (weight in kilograms/height in square meters) is a common surrogate for fatness. With the advent of bioelectrical impedance analysis, more precise measurement of fatness in populations is now possible. We measured height, weight, and percentage that is fat by bioelectrical impedance analysis in 2032 adults, ages 31 to 92, participating in the Framingham studies. Body mass index was a poor predictor of fatness in women (R2 = 0.55) and men (R2 = 0.38), and was imprecise (standard error of estimate = 5 percentage points). The relationship between percentage fat and body mass index was quadratic in both sexes, and was altered by age in women (P < .0001) and, to a lesser extent, in men (P < .027). These data suggest that body mass index is an imprecise measurement of fatness compared with bioelectrical impedance.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The role of dietary fat in body fatness: evidence from a preliminary meta-analysis of ad libitum low-fat dietary intervention studies.

The role of high-fat diets in weight gain and obesity has been questioned because of inconsistent reports in the literature concerning the efficacy of ad libitum low-fat diets to reduce body weight. We conducted a meta-analysis of weight loss occurring on ad libitum low-fat diets in intervention trials, and analysed the relationship between initial body weight and weight loss. We selected controlled trials lasting more than 2 months comparing ad libitum low-fat diets with a control group consuming their habitual diet or a medium-fat diet ad libitum published from 1966 to 1998. Data were included from 16 trials with a duration of 2-12 months, involving 1728 individuals. No trials on obese subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The weighted difference in weight loss between intervention and control groups was 2.55 kg (95% CI, 1.5-3.5; P < 0.0001). Weight loss was positively and independently related to pre-treatment body weight (r = 0.52, P < 0.05) and to reduction in the percentage of energy as fat (0.37 kg/%, P < 0.005) in unweighted analysis. Extrapolated to a BMI of about 30 kg/m2 and assuming a 10% reduction in dietary fat, the predicted weight loss would be 4.4 kg (95% CI, 2.0 to -6.8 kg). Because weight loss was not the primary aim in 12 of the 16 studies, it is unlikely that voluntary energy restriction contributed to the weight loss. Although there is no evidence that a high intake of simple sugars contributes to passive overconsumption, carbohydrate foods with a low glycaemic index may be more satiating and exert more beneficial effects on insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors. Moreover, an increase in protein content up to 25% of total energy may also contribute to reducing total energy intake. In conclusion, a low-fat diet, high in protein and fibre-rich carbohydrates, mainly from different vegetables, fruits and whole grains, is highly satiating for fewer calories than fatty foods. This diet composition provides good sources of vitamins, minerals, trace elements and fibre, and may have the most beneficial effect on blood lipids and blood-pressure levels. A reduction in dietary fat without restriction of total energy intake prevents weight gain in subjects of normal weight and produces a weight loss in overweight subjects, which is highly relevant for public health.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed1978

Estimation of body fat and lean body mass from anthropometric dimensions in adult Indian women.

Mean values and standard deviations of body fat and lean body mass of 65 young Indian women aged 20-25 years were 9.00 kg, SD 6.14 and 36.02 kg, SD 3.99 respectively. Body fat per cent was 18.72 SD 10.48. On selective stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, the measurements selected for predicting body fat % were maximum thigh girth, chest diameter, height up to gluteal furrow and shoulder diameter, all four together giving a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.88. For predicting lean body mass, the measurements selected were stature, upper arm length, lower thigh girth and chest diameter, all four together giving a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.84.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Short stature is related to high body fat composition despite body mass index in a Mexican population.

BACKGROUND: Mexico has a high prevalence of short stature (SS) population; thus, body mass index (BMI) criteria for diagnosis of obesity should be different from that in a tall stature (TS) population. The aim of this study was to determine whether SS at the same BMI would have greater body fat mass than those with TS. METHODS: We studied 116 individuals, 58 with SS (women < or =1.50 m and men < or =1.60 m) matched by gender, age (+/-5 years), and BMI (+/-2). Body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. RESULTS: Paired comparisons between matched subjects showed that SS have greater body fat percentage than TS (Delta = 1.40%, p = 0.04). Subjects with BMI > or =25 and SS showed higher difference (Delta = 4.2%, p = 0.004) in body fat percentage. Subjects with SS have more body fat percentage than TS. CONCLUSIONS: This finding supports the hypothesis that in SS population BMI for diagnosis of obesity must be re-evaluated; from these results, we propose that diagnosis of obesity in SS be from BMI of 25.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Change in body fat, but not body weight or metabolic correlates of obesity, is related to symptomatic relief of obese patients with knee osteoarthritis after a weight control program.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the variable most closely related to symptomatic relief of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee in response to a weight control program. METHODS: Twenty-two patients diagnosed with knee OA whose body mass index (BMI) was more than 26.4 were treated with a low calorie diet, an appetite suppressant, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for 6 weeks. The patients were instructed to follow a walking program. We analyzed BMI, percent body fat, the average number of steps per day by pedometer, and the metabolic correlates of obesity (blood pressure, fasting blood serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum insulin) at the beginning and end of therapy. The correlation between the change in each variable and the remission score (delta score) using the Severity Index of Lequesne, et al was evaluated. RESULTS: Delta score of knee OA was more strongly associated with reduction in percent body fat (p= 0.0013, r=0.62) than other variables. Significant correlation was also observed between the number of steps per day and delta score (p=0.0031, r=-0.58). No other variable, including weight loss, was significantly correlated with delta score. There was a significant correlation between delta percent body fat and the number of steps per day (p=0.012, r=-0.62). CONCLUSION: In a weight control program, decreasing body fat and increasing physical activity are more important than body weight loss or decreasing other indices of obesity in producing symptomatic relief of knee OA, although there is not necessarily a cause and effect relationship between body fat and OA score.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Body fat and lean body mass assessment in human subjects--a comparison of two different techniques.

Body fat and lean body mass was assessed in young college students by two different techniques involving NIR method and body circumference measurements. NIR technique significantly over-estimated the body fat as compared to the results obtained by the other method. The difference between the methods was 23-30% high for fat and the variation was 5-9% low for lean body mass for the whole group. Results obtained by the body girth size measurements agreed well with fat and lean body mass values from other studies on Indian subjects which had employed different methods.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Effects of pioglitazone versus glipizide on body fat distribution, body water content, and hemodynamics in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist and glipizide, an insulin secretagogue, are commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes. Our study was designed to examine the effects of pioglitazone versus glipizide on body water, body composition, and hemodynamic parameters in the presence of comparable glycemic control between groups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 19 diabetic subjects randomly assigned to either 45 mg pioglitazone (n = 8) or 10 mg (median dose) glipizide (n = 11) for 12 weeks. Body water content was measured with deuterated water, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, and cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance by acetylene rebreathing technique both before and after therapy. RESULTS: Pioglitazone increased (P < 0.001 from baseline) total body water (+2.4 +/- 0.5 l) accounting for 75% of the total weight gain (+3.1 +/- 2.0 kg) but did not alter vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations. Total abdominal (-32.2 +/- 19 cm(2)) and visceral fat area (-16.1 +/- 8 cm(2)) tended to decrease with pioglitazone but increased (P < 0.02 for differences between groups) with glipizide (+38.4 +/- 17 cm(2) abdominal; +19.1 +/- 9 cm(2) visceral). Pioglitazone tended to reduce (P = 0.05) diastolic (-8.4 +/- 4 mmHg) and mean (-9.5 +/- 5 mmHg; P = 0.08) blood pressure and reduced (P < 0.001) systemic vascular resistance (2,785 +/- 336 vs. 2,227 +/- 136 dynes/s per m(2)), while there were no differences in these parameters with glipizide. Neither therapy altered circulating catecholamine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: When pioglitazone and glipizide are given in doses sufficient to achieve equivalent glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes, pioglitazone increases total body water, thereby accounting for the majority of weight gain, tended to decrease visceral and abdominal fat content and blood pressure, and reduces systemic vascular resistance.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Body fat from body density: underwater weighing vs. dual-photon absorptiometry.

We measured fat in 286 healthy volunteers by underwater weighing (FUWW) and dual-photon absorptiometry (FDPA) to develop a translation table for the differing results from these entirely different techniques and to study the sources of these differences. In 99 males and 187 females aged 19-94 yr, fatness was 7-47%. Prediction equations are presented for FUWW-FDPA (delta F), density of lean body mass (DLBM), and FDPA. FUWW and FDPA were significantly different from each other (P less than 0.01). Calculated DLBM is less than the assumed constant of 1.10 (P less than 0.01), ranging widely from 1.05 to 1.13 and being highly correlated with the ratio of total body bone mineral to lean body mass (TBBM/LBM). delta F, the differences between FUWW and FDPA measurements in individual subjects, varied widely (-7 to +11% in males and -18 to +13% in females). The difference was positively correlated with the DLBM. FUWW was no better than anthropometrics in equations for predicting FDPA. The FDPA predicted from anthropometrics showed smaller standard errors than when FUWW was used. Neither anthropometrics nor FUWW equations are clearly superior to those previously available.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

Reference values for body fat content as a measure for desirable body fat content.

From an epidemiological viewpoint, adiposis is one of the cardiovascular risk factors. Usually adiposis is determined by a comparison of body weight with reference values (e.g. Broca index, MLIC standards), although body weight depends on variables such as muscle mass and body frame. Reference values for body fat content are seldom found and are mostly based on mean values. Data on an epidemiologically desirable body fat content should, however, be related to criteria similar to those of the MLIC standards.- The caliper method was applied in order to obtain provisional reference values for the desirable body fat content. The actual body fat content was determined from a total of 500 subjects consisting of both sexes, aged from 15 to 65. The subjects were selected according to the +/- 10% range of MLIC ideal weight. Subsequently, the body fat content was calculated on the assumption of the corresponding Broca or MLIC standards, thus estimating the body fat content of subjects with normal or ideal weight. These reference values, divided into age groups of 5 year intervals and separated according to sex, show apart from sex differences a distinct age dependency. They should offer a better differentiation between overweight and adiposis, in the hope that epidemiological consequences of adiposis can be circumscribed more precisely.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

The relation of body fat distribution and body mass with haemoglobin A1c, blood pressure and blood lipids in urban Japanese men.

The relation of body fat distribution and body mass with haemoglobin A1c, blood pressure and blood lipids were examined in 874 men aged 40 to 59 not taking medication for diabetes mellitus and who worked for an urban company in Japan. Body fat distribution was measured by the waist hip circumference ratio. Body mass was estimated by Quetelet index. Haemoglobin A1c was measured from casual venous blood samples by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Measurement of haemoglobin A1c was validated by a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test conducted in a 7% sample. There was a dose-response relation between waist-hip ratio and haemoglobin A1c concentration while the relation between body mass index and haemoglobin A1c was not evident. Using linear regression to control for age, serum total cholesterol, usual alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and body mass index, the positive association between waist-hip ratio and haemoglobin A1c remained significant (p = 0.02). This was not true for the positive association between body mass index and haemoglobin A1c (p = 0.32). Both waist-hip ratio and body mass index were positively associated with blood pressure and serum total cholesterol, and inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol. The associations of waist-hip ratio with blood pressure and blood lipids were significant after controlling for body mass index. Therefore, the waist-hip ratio is a correlate of both glucose abnormalities and known coronary risk factors in urban Japanese men even when body mass is controlled for.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Serum lipid concentrations correlate more strongly with total body fat than with body mass index in obese humans.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the associations of body mass index (BMI) and total body fat (TBF) vs. blood lipid concentrations, we measured six anthropometric parameters, body fat mass, and serum lipid profiles in 1529 apparently healthy adults. METHODS: TBF was assessed using a body fat analyzer. Serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low- or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C or HDL-C) were determined by standard enzymatic procedures. RESULTS: Serum lipid concentrations were more strongly correlated with TBF than with BMI or waist circumference in both men and women. The mean concentrations of total cholesterol in the subjects with high fatness (TBF>95th percentile) were significantly higher than those for the subjects with low fatness (TBF<5th percentile; p<0.01), but no significant differences were observed in serum lipid levels between overweights (BMI>95th percentile) and underweights (BMI<5th percentile). The incidence of hypercholesterolemia was significantly higher in the subjects with high fatness (TBF>95th percentile) than the corresponding overweight subjects (BMI>95th percentile; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: TBF is more strongly associated with serum lipid concentrations in adults, at least as compared to BMI.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

High prevalence of insulin resistance in postpubertal Asian Indian children is associated with adverse truncal body fat patterning, abdominal adiposity and excess body fat.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives were to study the relationships of insulin resistance with generalized and abdominal obesity, and body fat patterning in urban postpubertal Asian Indian children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, population-based epidemiological study. SUBJECTS: In all, 250 (155 males and 95 females) healthy urban postpubertal children. MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric profile, percentage of body fat (%BF), fasting serum insulin, and lipoprotein profile. RESULTS: Fasting insulin correlated significantly with body mass index (BMI), %BF, waist circumference (WC), central and peripheral skinfold thicknesses and sum of four skinfold thicknesses (Sigma 4SF) in both sexes, and with systolic blood pressure and waist-to hip circumference ratio (W-HR) in males only. Consistent increase in fasting insulin was noted with increasing values of central skinfold thickness at each tertile of peripheral skinfold thickness, WC, and %BF. Central skinfold thickness correlated with fasting insulin even after adjusting for WC, W-HR, and %BF. The odds ratios (OR) (95% CI) of hyperinsulinemia (fasting insulin concentrations in the highest quartile) were 4.7 (2.4-9.4) in overweight subjects, 8 (4.1-15.5) with high %BF, 6.4 (3.2-12.9) with high WC, 3.7 (1.9-7.3) with high W-HR, 6.8 (3.3-13.9) with high triceps skinfold thickness, 8 (4.1-15.7) with high subscapular skinfold thickness, and 10.1 (5-20.5) with high Sigma 4SF. In step-wise multiple logistic regression analysis, %BF [OR (95% CI): 3.2 (1.4-7.8)] and Sigma 4SF [OR (95% CI): 4.5 (1.8-11.3)] were independent predictors of hyperinsulinemia, similar to insulin resistance assessed by HOMA (homeostatic model of assessment) in the study. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of insulin resistance in postpubertal urban Asian Indian children was associated with excess body fat, abdominal adiposity, and excess truncal subcutaneous fat. Primary prevention strategies for coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus in Asian Indians should focus on the abnormal body composition profile in childhood.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2000

Paternal body fat is a longitudinal predictor of changes in body fat in premenarcheal girls.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal studies in infants and children suggest that low total energy expenditure (EE) (TEE) and parental body composition are important predisposing factors to obesity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine potential predictors of changes in total or percentage body fat over 2.7 y in premenarcheal girls. DESIGN: We studied 47 normal-weight prepubertal girls aged 4.8-8.9 y in 3 visits. The girls' age, total and percentage body fat at baseline, sleep EE (SEE) and activity-related EE (AEE) adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM) and total body fat, mothers' and fathers' total and percentage body fat and FFM at baseline, and time to follow-up visits were measured; 24-h EE and SEE were measured by whole-room indirect calorimetry. AEE was calculated as TEE minus (SEE + 0.1 TEE), with the assumption that the thermic effect of food was 10% of TEE. The girls' body composition was measured at each visit and that of the parents was measured at the time of the girls' enrollment by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: From baseline to the first (mean: 1.6 y) and the second (mean: 2.7 y) follow-up visits, the girls' mean (+/-SD) change in total fat adjusted for FFM was 1.2 +/- 2.7 and 3.3 +/- 4.0 kg, respectively, and the mean change in percentage body fat was -2.0 +/- 5.0% and -0. 8 +/- 5.9%, respectively. Fathers' total and percentage body fat were the main predictors of changes in the girls' total and percentage body fat. For the first follow-up visit, SEE, girls' age at baseline, and AEE were significant predictors of percentage body fat. CONCLUSION: Fathers' total and percentage body fat were predictors of changes in body fat of premenarcheal girls during a 2. 7-y period.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1997

[Estimation of body composition based on total body water determination using phenazone for assessment of body fat gain in cattle. 1. Relationship between body fat content and live weight].

Body composition based on total body water analysis using phenazone were estimated in 251 beef heifers, aged 3 to 17 months, 27 beef bulls aged 15 months and 200 Holstein dairy cows of different age and stage of lactation. Correlation coefficients between body fat content and live weight were estimated to be between 0.59 and 0.97 for groups of animals. In beef heifers there was a fat gain of 294 g per live weight gain of 1 kg, in beef bulls 247g, in cows until third lactation 418 g and 731 g respectively 791 g in entirely full-grown cows. Cows of first lactation showed loss in body fat content with simultaneous gain in live weight. Hence, using body weight for assessment of change in body fat content is dependent on special prerequisites, which will be discussed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Effects of body fat distribution on body size estimation accuracy among obese women.

UNLABELLED: Body fat distribution is a reliable predictor of the health risks of obesity. Abdominal obesity (AO) has been associated with various health complications whereas gluteal-femoral obesity (GFO) appears to be less hazardous. Body size overestimation, a type of body image disturbance, is found in a subset of obese persons. OBJECTIVE: The current study examined body size estimation accuracy as a function of body fat distribution. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, retrospective review of clinical records. SUBJECTS: 101 obese women (Mean age = 39.4) joining a weight loss program. MEASUREMENTS: Subjects provided body size estimates using a live video distortion procedure and were grouped into tertiles (AO; Mixed type obesity (MTO); GFO) on the basis of their waist-to-hip ratios. RESULTS: GFO women had significantly lower body size estimates and felt thinner than did AO or MTO women. In addition, more AO women (20.6% vs GFO: 8.8%) overestimated their body size by more than 15% whereas more GFO women (29.4% vs AO: 5.9%) underestimated their body size by more than 15%. CONCLUSION: Body fat distribution appears to be a mediator in body size estimation accuracy. These findings are discussed in terms of possible differences in perceptual and societal experiences among the groups.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2001

The validity of predicted body fat percentage from body mass index and from impedance in samples of five European populations.

OBJECTIVES: To test and compare the validity of a body mass index (BMI)-based prediction equation and an impedance-based prediction equation for body fat percentage among various European population groups. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. SETTINGS: The study was performed in five different European centres: Maastricht and Wageningen (The Netherlands), Milan and Rome (Italy) and Tampere (Finland), where body composition studies are routinely performed. SUBJECTS: A total of 234 females and 182 males, aged 18-70 y, BMI 17.0-41.9 kg/m(2). METHODS: The reference method for body fat percentage (BF%(REF)) was either dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or densitometry (underwater weighing). Body fat percentage (BF%) was also predicted from BMI, age and sex (BF%(BMI)) or with a hand-held impedance analyser that uses in addition to arm impedance weight, height, age and sex as predictors (BF%(IMP)). RESULTS: The overall mean (+/-s.e.) bias (measured minus predicted) for BF%(BMI) was 0.2+/-0.3 (NS) and-0.7+/-0.3 (NS) in females and males, respectively. The bias of BF%(IMP) was 0.2+/-0.2 (NS) and 1.0+/-0.4 (P<0.01) for females and males, respectively. There were significant differences in biases among the centres. The biases were correlated with level of BF% and with age. After correction for differences in age and BF% between the centres the bias of BF%(BMI) was not significantly different from zero in each centre and was not different among the centres anymore. The bias of BF%(IMP) decreased after correction and was significant from zero and significant from the other centres only in males from Tampere. Generally, individual biases can be high, leading to a considerable misclassification of obesity. The individual misclassification was generally higher with the BMI-based prediction. CONCLUSIONS: The prediction formulas give generally good estimates of BF% on a group level in the five population samples, except for the males from Tampere. More comparative studies should be conducted to get better insight in the generalisation of prediction methods and formulas. Individual results and classifications have to be interpreted with caution.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1990

Influence of body fat distribution during childhood on body fat distribution in adulthood: a two-decade follow-up study.

Development of body fat distribution was assessed in a two-decade follow-up study. The present article describes the development of various trunk/extremity ratios and gives the figures by age and sex between 1 month to 21 years. The relationship between adult and childhood skinfold (SF) ratio measurements is weak in boys and slightly better in girls. From the present and our previous study, we can select adiposity measurements in children which both are associated to pathologies and have the best correlations with adult values, i.e. the body mass index (BMI) in both sexes, trunk SF in boys and the subscapular/arm SF ratio in girls. Consequently, a boy with both high BMI and trunk SF values or a girl with both high BMI and subscapular/arm SF values have an increased risk of centralized obesity at adult age.

Adipose Tissue↗