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PubMedDate not supplied

[Hemisphere asymmetry of motor-feeding behavior of mice in a multi-alternative symmetrical maze].

The behaviour of mice of BALB/c line was studied in a symmetrical multialternative Y-maze: their motor, alimentary and investigating activities as well as spatial-motor asymmetry. In animals with inactivated left hemisphere, as compared to intact ones, the motor and alimentary activities were lowered, and the investigating one augmented. Instead of the weak left-side asymmetry a distinct left-side preference appeared of most Y-maze sections, and right-side preference for approaches to the feeders. Elimination of the right hemisphere did not change the motor activity; the alimentary one decreased and the investigating one augmented, but less than during inactivation of the left hemisphere. On the whole, the right-side asymmetry appeared for all sections. According to all parameters studied, the influence of the left hemisphere on animal behaviour was more expressive and diverse. Spatial preference is formed with participation of influences of both hemispheres. The differences between them are more qualitative than quantitative.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation on the feeding behavior in the laboratory rat with a description of the cuff pedestal technique.

The cuff pedestal technique, with which it is possible to use the test animal as its own control both before and after REMs deprivation, was described. The validity of this modified procedure for REMs deprivation was tested with reference to the electrophysiological sleep correlates using 6 adult rats deprived of REMs for 3 days. The stress effects of the cuff pedestal treatment were assessed in terms of adrenal weights in 12 rats. The duration of REMs deprivation in this experiment was 5 days. The effects of REMs deprivation on locomotor activity and food intake were studied in 8 juvenile rats exposed to REMs deprivation by lowering the cuffs for 6 days after 3 baseline days with the cuffs raised. 24 h recordings of meal pattern data were obtained from 8 adult rats during one baseline day, during the first and sixth day of REMs deprivation and during the second day after termination of REMs deprivation. The main results were as follows: The procedure of placing experimentally naive rats on small pedestals surrounded by water inhibited normal food intake for several days. Concomitant weight losses were of the same order as have been reported to occur in control rats on large pedestals. This finding suggests that both the large and small pedestals should be equipped with movable cuffs and that actual deprivation should be started by lowering the cuffs only when the animals have exceeded their original weights. The electrophysiological sleep/waking cycle of rats adapted to living on the pedestal with the cuff raised was similar to that reported in rats under ordinary laboratory conditions. Lowering of the cuffs for 3 days resulted in an almost total disappearance of REMs. A prominent rebound increase of REMs occurred after raising of the cuffs. Rats kept for fourteen days on pedestals with the cuffs raised displayed an increase of about 20% in the weights of the adrenal bodies. A quite similar adrenal hypertrophy, however, also occurs in rats living under enriched conditions. Lowering of the cuffs for the last 5 days did not induce any additional changes in the adrenal weights. These findings indicate that REMs deprivation achieved by means of the cuff pedestal does not induce any measurable physical stress. With the cuffs raised (no REMs deprivation), the rats displayed a prominent LD cycle of food intake characterized by very large meals consumed exclusively at the end of the dark period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Asymmetry of movement direction as a tactic in the feeding behavior of rats].

The sign and degree of spatial-motor asymmetry in rats were studied in conditions both of spontaneous or signalled choice in an U-maze and spontaneous multiple choice in a radial labyrinth. It was shown that during investigation of a new environment, motor asymmetry in rats was feebly expressed in all conditions of experiments, irrespective of the labyrinth scheme and experimental procedures. In the process of training, adequate behaviour was formed and in some conditions a distinctly expressed spatial asymmetry appeared, while in other cases it was absent. Apparently, while investigating an "unknown" situation (where rats can move rightwards and leftwards), the strategy of "displacement" is characteristic of them. Later the rate of asymmetry manifestation depends on concrete spatial and temporal characteristics of already "familiar" surroundings.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Effect of beta-lipoprotein derivatives on the drinking and feeding behavior of rats].

The effects of some previously unexplored beta-lipotropin derivatives (fragments of beta-MSH 4-7 and 5-8 corresponding to fragments of beta-lipotropin 40-43, 41-44; an enkephalin analog--an enkephalin-like tetrapeptide Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phen-NH2) on drinking and food behavior of rats were studied and compared. beta-MSH 5-8 was found to possess a remarkable dipsogenic action but to produce no effect on food intake in rats. At the same time a structurally related analog beta-MSH 4-7 and enkephalin-like tetrapeptide did not alter drinking behavior of animals, exerting, however, a substantial satiating action on hungry rats and initiating food behaviour in fed animals. The effects of the peptides on drinking and food behavior appeared long-term, persisting for 14-16 days and even up to 4-4.5 months upon administration of the enkephalin-like tetrapeptide. The data obtained suggest that the structural similarity of peptides does not always determine the common characteristics of their physiological effects which depend to a considerable degree on the initial food motivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of the opiate antagonists diprenorphine and naloxone and of selected opiate agonists on feeding behavior in guinea pigs.

Opiate-sensitive feeding behavior has now been demonstrated in a number of species. We sought information on which opioid receptors might be involved in the observed feeding behaviors. Guinea pigs are known to have higher concentrations of the opioid kappa receptor than any other laboratory animal, so we compared the feeding suppressive potency of the general opiate antagonist, diprenorphine to that of the relatively more mu-specific antagonist, naloxone in that species. We found that diprenorphine was over twenty times more effective than naloxone in suppressing feeding in guinea pigs, suggesting the importance of receptors other than mu in feeding initiation in the guinea pig. Confirmatory evidence for the role of kappa receptors was sought, but not found, in comparisons of the effectiveness of different types of opiate agonists in promoting feeding in these animals. These agonists suppressed, rather than stimulated feeding. We conclude that no feeding stimulatory effects of opiates can be demonstrated in guinea pigs. This observation may indicate that opioids play little role in the natural regulation of feeding in this species or that opioids result in prolonged sedation during which the animals fail to eat. The greater feeding suppressive potency of diprenorphine, a general opiate antagonist, versus naloxone, a mu-preferential antagonist, indicates that to whatever extent opiates are involved in guinea pig feeding, the opiate effect is probably not a mu receptor effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Feeding behavior by parasitic phase lampreys, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis.

Feeding behavior was initiated in juvenile and adult lampreys, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis, by attachment to goldfish or by injection of saline extracts of goldfish skin and muscle into the sucker cavity. Feeding was confirmed by the apparent swallowing of fish extract plus food dye by lampreys. Distinctive characteristics of feeding behavior included low frequency cycles, long duration (hours), variable biphasic pressure changes in the sucker cavity, and protraction of the tongue-like apicalis. In contrast, pumping behavior was used to move excess fluid from the sucker through the pharynx and out the gill pores; it was characterized by transient, high-frequency, monophasic suctions, simple retraction of the apicalis, and lack of swallowing.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Feeding behaviors, food attitudes, and body fatness in infants.

One hundred and thirty-four infants were studied at 3 and 9 months of age to determine possible behavioral causes of fatness. A feeding behaviors interview and a semantic differential to measure mothers' attitudes toward food were developed. A stepwise multiple regression procedure revealed that none of the independent variables significantly predicted the dependent variable of infant triceps skinfold thickness at the age of 9 months. Even so, care should be exercised in instructing caregivers concerning specific feeding behaviors to use with infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Slugs and snails and opiate tales: opioids and feeding behavior in invertebrates.

There is accumulating evidence that opioid systems are involved in the regulation of fundamental behavioral and physiological processes in invertebrates. Feeding is a basic physiological function that is essential for maintaining homeostasis. Results of studies examining the feeding responses of molluscs and arthropods treated with various opiate agonists and antagonists indicate that delta, kappa, mu, and possibly sigma opioid systems differentially and selectively mediate the components of their natural feeding behavior. Moreover, it appears that at an early evolutionary stage the mu and kappa systems have developed to selectively affect the components of feeding behavior associated with the acquisition and ingestion of food. In addition, evidence suggests that neuropeptides that have been proposed as possible endogenous antagonists of opioid-mediated feeding in mammals may also be involved in the control of feeding in invertebrates. This indicates that there may be an interplay of opioid agonists and antagonists in the regulation of feeding and satiation in invertebrates analogous to that proposed for vertebrates. Moreover, these findings indicate that opioid influences on feeding have been conserved through evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Hypothalamic norepinephrine: circadian rhythms and the control of feeding behavior.

The time of day is a decisive determinant of the effects of l-norepinephrine on feeding behavior. During the dark, direct application of l-norepinephrine to the hypothalamus of rats suppressed feeding behavior. During the light, treatment with the same dose of l-norepinephrine facilitated feeding behavior. Thus, l-norepinephrine has dual and opposite effects on feeding behavior. A hypothalamic substrate that fluctuates in a circadian rhythm could account for both actions of l-norepinephrine.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Performance and feeding behavior of primiparous cows loose housed alone or together with multiparous cows.

Lactating Holstein cows (52 multiparous and 90 primiparous) were monitored over a period of 10 mo to observe effects of grouping primiparous cows (PPC) separately from multiparous cows (MPC) on performance, feeding behavior, feed intake, feed efficiency, and milk production of PPC. Cows were kept in 2 symmetrical pens each equipped with a robotic milking unit, 2 waterers, and 28 feeding spaces. Typically, 100 lactating cows were present at a time, thereby ensuring 1.78 cows per feeding place in each pen. One pen (PP) was composed exclusively of PPC whereas the other pen (PM) included 30% PPC and 70% MPC. Primiparous cows were evenly distributed to each pen by days in milk and daily milk production. As they calved, additional primiparous cows were assigned sequentially to each of the 2 treatment groups; multiparous cows calving during the study were allocated to the PM group. Both PP and PM groups were managed equally and were fed the same basal ration twice daily plus 3 kg/d of concentrate during milking. Individual eating behavior and feed consumption at each visit were monitored electronically. Milk production was recorded daily, and milk composition monthly. Observed arithmetic means and standard errors are presented but application to other management situations is limited because animals within pen were not independent. Total dry matter intake (18.7 vs. 18.1 +/- 0.9 kg/d) and milk production (25.9 vs. 25.6 +/- 0.8 kg/d) of PPC were similar in both the PM and PP groups, respectively. Primiparous cows in the PP group had numerically more visits to the robotic milking unit (3.26 vs. 2.68 +/- 0.15) and to the feed troughs (4.91 vs. 4.02 +/- 0.43), but apparently spent less time eating (2.72 vs. 3.22 +/- 0.1 h/d) than did PPC in the PM group. Differences in feed efficiency were low but PPC in the PP group had numerically higher feed efficiency at times through 200 d in milk. Alternative grouping strategies illustrate potentially important differential responses among primiparous cows that warrant further study.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Competition for teats and feeding behavior by group-housed dairy calves.

Many farms using teat-based systems for supplying milk for calves provide only one or a small number of teats for a group of calves, but no previous research has addressed how competition for teats affects calf behavior or milk intake. The aim of this study was to determine how restricted access to teats affects calf competitive behavior, meal-based feeding patterns, and milk intake. Female calves (n=15) were divided into 5 groups of 3 calves each and fed with a teat-to-calf ratio that varied daily from 1:3 to 4:3 using a switchback design. Feeding behavior was recorded by scoring the time and duration of each sucking event. We defined meals using the frequency distribution of log intervals between visits to the teat and identified the within-meal and between-meal distributions intersection points. Three classes of intervals were identified based on the intersection points of the distributions: 1) intervals <2 min, representing small breaks away from the teat within a meal; 2) intervals >41 min, providing an objective definition of a new meal; and 3) an intermediate distribution of intervals from 2 to 41 min could be included in either of the other 2 classes. Meal number showed no significant decrease with decreasing teat number. However, total time on the teat decreased from 40.2 to 32.7 (+/-2.6) min/d, and milk consumption declined from 14.0 to 11.4 (+/-0.8) L/d as teat number declined from 4 to 1. In addition, competitive interactions became more frequent when teat access was reduced; the number of times calves displaced one another from a teat increased from 18 to 41 (+/-5) times/d when teat number decreased from 4 to 1. In conclusion, reduced access to teats increases competitive interactions, decreases feeding time and decreases milk intake by group-housed calves.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1992

Laboratory assessment of feeding behavior in bulimia nervosa and healthy women: methods for developing a human-feeding laboratory.

We have designed a human-feeding laboratory to be used to study feeding behavior in patients with eating disorders. Twenty-one normal-weight bulimic subjects consumed 29.711 +/- 39.940 MJ (range 0.862-178.632 MJ; 7101 +/- 9546 kcal, range 206 to 42,694 kcal) in 24 h. In comparison, 11 healthy volunteer women, when instructed to eat ad lib for 48 h, ate 7.715 +/- 2.590 MJ (1844 +/- 619 kcal) during the first 24 h and 7665 +/- 1828 MJ (1832 +/- 437 kcal) during the second 24 h. Bulimics and control subjects had a similar number of eating intervals (6.6 +/- 2.6 vs 5.0 +/- 1.7); 72% of the bulimic subjects' meals were similar in size to the meals of the controls [167-4100 kJ (40-980 kcal)] but these meals were higher in carbohydrate and lower in fat in bulemic patients. Excessive caloric intake by bulimic subjects was because 28% of their meals were very large [range 4.427-28.150 MJ (1058-6728 kcal)]. Data gathered in a laboratory setting appears to be a reasonable replication of naturalistic feeding and suggest that such a laboratory may prove useful for future studies of feeding behaviors in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Feeding behavior of steers fed a complete mixed ration.

Feeding behavior of five Holstein steers fed a complete mixed ration was studied by use of individual, electronically controlled feeding behavior units. Both individual meal and daily behavioral parameters were measured. Number of meals, size of each individual meal, time spent eating, and intervals between meals were measured. Eating rates were then calculated. Diurnal feeding patterns were observed with 60.9% of the meals occurring between 0600 and 1800 h. For individual meals, body weight accounted for less than 30% of the variation in meal size. Average meal size was 414.5 g. Respective means for overall meal duration, actual meal duration, overall eating rate, and actual eating rate were 20.3 min, 13.7 min, 23.1 g/min, and 30.0 g/min. Meal size per body weight (g/kg or g/kg.75) was relatively constant during observation. Both increased eating rate and increased meal length were associated with larger meals. However, eating rate tended to plateau while meal length continued to increase with larger meals. Steers consumed 10.01 meals per day while total daily overall meal duration and actual meal duration were 220.9 and 156.4 min.

Animal Feed↗