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PubMed1990

Development of glossopharyngeal nerve branches in the early chick embryo with special reference to morphology of the Jacobson's anastomosis.

The development of glossopharyngeal nerve branches was studied by an immunohistochemical technique which stains the whole nervous system in situ. Prior to the formation of the ramus (r.) lingualis IX, pre- and post-trematic branches developed just beneath the pharyngeal ectoderm. This mode of development resembled that of the chorda tympani. The post-trematic nerve seemed to be a precursor of the r. lingual. IX. In addition to the r. pharyngeus dorsalis IX, another branch, r. pharyng. posterior IX, appeared. Both these branches formed an anastomosis with the facial and vagus beneath the dorsal aorta. The term Jacobson's anastomosis seemed to be most suitable to refer to an anastomosis made up of these dorsal pharyngeal branches of cranial nerves VII, IX and X. The primary anastomosis between the facial and the glossopharyngeal nerves in the chick is only temporarily present and is comparable to the similar anastomosis in a shark in which the sympathetic system is not present in the cranial region.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The effect of glossopharyngeal nerve block on pain after elective adult tonsillectomy and uvulopalatoplasty.

This controlled, randomised, double-blind study compared whether glossopharyngeal nerve block and intravenous morphine administered peri-operatively, decreased pain following elective adult tonsillectomy and uvulopalatoplasty more than morphine alone. Sixteen of 30 patients undergoing uvulopalatoplasty and 38 of 78 patients having tonsillectomy received bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve blocks, using bupivacaine 0.5% and adrenaline 1:200,000, or no intervention. There were no differences in postoperative analgesic consumption between the two groups. Visual analogue pain scores measured during swallowing in the recovery room and on the ward postoperatively were significantly less overall in uvulopalatoplasty patients who had received a block (p = 0.004). This difference was not found for tonsillectomy. We found no significant differences between groups, in pain scores recorded during the first 5 days at home. We conclude that glossopharyngeal block does not improve analgesia following tonsillectomy although there is short-lived benefit following uvulopalatoplasty.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effects of glossopharyngeal nerve transection on central and peripheral cytokines and serum corticosterone induced by localized inflammation.

Bilateral transection of the glossopharyngeal nerves (GLOx) disrupts the immune-to-brain communication from the posterior oral cavity. The current report tested whether this effect is due to the afferent (sensory) or efferent (parasympathetic motor) components of the nerve. Injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the soft palate (ISP) of GLOx or sham-operated (SHAM) rats increased the circulating levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and corticosterone (CORT), as well the hypothalamic content of IL-1beta; no difference in circulating levels and hypothalamic content was found between GLOx and SHAM at 2 and 4.5 h after LPS injection. These results indicate that glossopharyngeal neural efferents do not mediate the effects of GLOx on the immune-to-brain communication.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1992

The contribution of gustatory nerve input to oral motor behavior and intake-based preference. II. Effects of combined chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerve section in the rat.

Two-bottle preference and taste-elicited oral motor responses were examined to determine whether the total lingual gustatory denervation that results from combined bilateral chorda tympani (CTX) and glossopharyngeal nerve section (GPX) would (a) alter the ingestive behavior of the rat and (b) if altered, whether the pattern of deficit revealed would be similar to or different from that obtained by sectioning each of the individual nerves separately. Remarkably, intake-based preference was unaffected by an approximately 80% reduction in taste receptors. Lingual gustatory denervation failed to affect the preference for any of the normally-preferred stimuli. Preference for only two of the 8 normally-avoided solutions was increased following the combined nerve cuts. In contrast, examination of oral motor taste-reactivity responses revealed that combined nerve sections significantly reduced the number of ingestive responses elicited by 5 or 6 normally-preferred and 5 of 8 normally-avoided stimuli. In addition, the pattern of deficits in taste-elicited oral motor responses resulting from the combined sections was different from that predicted by summing the effects of the individual nerve sections. We had shown that CTX did not alter aversive behavior to quinine whereas CPX did reduce these responses but did not affect their concentration dependence. Neither CTX nor GPX affected oral motor responses elicited by sucrose. Combined nerve section, by contrast, completely eliminated the concentration-dependent increases in aversive responses to quinine and ingestive responses to sucrose and glycine. In fact, CTX + GPX profoundly reduced the oral motor behavior elicited by all of the chemical stimuli examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The sites of origin and termination of afferent and efferent components in the lingual and pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata).

Afferent and efferent components in the lingual and pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (Li and Ph) of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) were examined. After injecting wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) unilaterally into the central cut end of the Li and Ph, or into the stylopharyngeal muscle, labeled neuronal cell bodies and terminal labeling were observed in the medulla oblongata, peripheral ganglia of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, and cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk. The following conclusions were deduced from the results. The Li contains efferent fibers from the inferior salivatory nucleus, and superior cervical ganglion. The afferent fibers in the Li are composed mainly of peripheral processes of ganglion neurons in the superior and petrous ganglia of the glossopharyngeal nerve, and additionally of those of ganglion neurons in the jugular ganglion of the vagus nerve. The afferent fibers in the Li terminate mainly in the lateral division of the nucleus of the solitary tract, and additionally in the dorsal aspect of the lateral marginal region of the interpolar spinal trigeminal nucleus. The Ph is mainly composed of efferent fibers from the ambiguous nucleus and superior cervical ganglion; only a small number of afferent fibers from the sensory ganglia of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves are contained in the Ph. Stylopharyngeal motoneurons are distributed in the retrofacial part of the ambiguous nucleus.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1992

Functional regeneration of glossopharyngeal nerve through micromachined sieve electrode arrays.

To assess the potential of micromachined silicon sieve electrodes for long term recordings from single afferent sensory fibers, we implanted them between the cut ends of rat glossopharyngeal nerves which innervate taste and somatosensory receptors on the posterior tongue. After the implants had been in place for an average of 101 days nerve regeneration was measured using histological and electrophysiological methods. Axons of the glossopharyngeal nerve regenerated through holes in the sieves and supported the functional regeneration of taste, thermal and mechanoreceptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Anatomical study of the tonsillar bed: the topographical relationship between the palatine tonsil and the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve].

The topographical relationship between the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (LBGN) and the muscle layer of the palatine tonsillar bed was investigated by gross and histological observation in 107 sides of 83 Japanese adult cadavers, aged 27-88yr, in order to provide anatomical data facilitating the prevention of taste disturbance caused by injury to the LBGN during tonsillectomy. The muscular composition and lamination of the tonsillar bed are thought to be unchanged by aging or pathological conditions such as inflammation, in contrast to the morphological instability of the palatine tonsil itself. In the present study, the nerve branch was often (23.4%) observed to pass along the inferior side of the styloglossus muscle and to be located lateral to the superior constrictor pharyngeal muscle, during almost its entire course to the base of the tongue, so that the palatine tonsil was clearly separated from the LBGN. In 55.1% of cases, however, the muscle lining observed at the tonsillar bed was not continuous, and instead thin muscle bundles, derived from the stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus or superior constrictor pharyngeal muscles, partly covered the tonsillar capsule externally. Moreover, in 21.5% of cases, the LBGN was firmly adherent to the tonsillar capsule, due to complete absence of the lining muscles at the tonsillar bed. In these cases, and also probably in a similar percentage of patients undergoing tonsillectomy, taste disturbance could occur upon removal of the hypertrophic tonsillar capsule produced by chronic inflammation. Therefore, tonsillectomy with minimal disturbance of the tonsillar bad is recommended in all cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Glossopharyngeal nerve transection eliminates quinine-stimulated fos-like immunoreactivity in the nucleus of the solitary tract: implications for a functional topography of gustatory nerve input in rats.

The relationship between specific gustatory nerve activity and central patterns of taste-evoked neuronal activation is poorly understood. To address this issue within the first central synaptic relay in the gustatory system, we examined the distribution of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) activated by the intraoral infusion of quinine using Fos immunohistochemistry in rats with bilateral transection of the chorda tympani (CTX), bilateral transection of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GLX), or combined neurotomy (DBLX). Compared with nonstimulated and water-stimulated controls, quinine evoked significantly more Fos-like-immunoreactive (FLI) neurons across the rostrocaudal extent of the gustatory NST (gNST), especially within its dorsomedial portion (subfield 5). Although the somatosensory aspects of fluid stimulation contributed to the observed increase in FLI neurons, the elevated number and spatial distribution of FLI neurons in response to quinine were remarkably distinguishable from those in response to water. GLX and DBLX produced a dramatic attenuation of quinine-evoked FLI neurons and a shift in their spatial distribution such that their number and pattern were indiscernable from those observed in water-stimulated controls. Although CTX had no effect on the number of quinine-evoked FLI neurons within subfield 5 at intermediate levels of the gNST, it produced intermediate effects elsewhere; yet, the spatial distribution of the quinine-evoked FLI neurons was not altered by CTX. These findings suggest that the GL provides input to all FLI neurons responsive to quinine, however, some degree of convergence with CT input apparently occurs in this subpopulation of neurons. Although the role of these FLI neurons in taste-guided behavioral responses to quinine remains speculative, their possible function in oromotor reflex control is considered.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Glossopharyngeal nerve transection does not compromise the specificity of taste-guided sodium appetite in rats.

The chorda tympani nerve (CT) has been shown to be critical in the sodium-specific drinking behavior of sodium-depleted rats, but the role of other gustatory nerves and the contribution of the major salivary glands remain to be elucidated. In this study, rats received either bilateral section of the CT (CTX) or the glossopharyngeal nerve (GLX), extirpation of the sublingual and submaxillary salivary glands (DSAL), or sham surgery. After recovery, rats were sodium depleted with furosemide and tested for their licking responses to 0.05 and 0.3 M NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and NH4Cl, as well as distilled water in an automated gustometer. Rats that received GLX maintained a specific sodium appetite comparable to controls despite denervation of approximately 64% of the taste buds. In contrast, compared with control rats, CTX and DSAL rats had altered response profiles, showing much smaller differences in licking to NaCl relative to the other stimuli. This was accompanied by a substantially lower lick rate in DSAL rats, raising the possibility that general licking impairments contributed to the decreased NaCl responsiveness in these rats. These findings imply that the CT, but not the glossopharyngeal nerve, is necessary for the maintenance of normal sodium-specific, taste-guided behavior under sodium deplete conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Reflex cardiovascular responses induced by electrical stimulation of glossopharyngeal nerves in the rat.

Reflex cardiovascular responses to electrical stimulation of glossopharyngeal nerves (GPN) were studied in Dial-Urethane anesthetized rats. GPN stimulation at 3 V, 0.3 msec and 50 Hz produced maximal reflex depressor (34 +/- 2 mmHg) and bradycardia (21 +/- 2 beats/min) responses that were altered as follows: pentolinium (0.25 mg/kg, i.a.) blocked approximately 72% and 89% of control values of depressor and bradycardia responses, respectively; tripelennamine (5 mg/kg, i.a.) significantly reduced depressor responses (76%); whereas atropine (0.4 mg/kg i.a.) blocked only bradycardia (85%). Regional blood flow studies showed that GPN stimulation reduced systemic arterial pressure (approximately 25%), and increased iliac artery blood flow (5%), and decreased blood flow through the renal (14%) and superior mesenteric (13%) arteries. Hence, decreases in vascular resistance during GPN stimulation were greater in the hindlimb vascular bed (28%) than in the renal (14%) or the mesenteric vasculatures. In addition, the magnitude of decreases in hindlimb vascular resistance by GPN stimulation was reduced (80%) by pretreatment with tripelennamine, but not by atropine. The results suggest that reductions in arterial blood pressure and hindlimb vascular resistance of the rat in response to GPN stimulation may be mediated via a histaminergic vasodilator mechanism, and that there may be a differential pattern of reflex vascular adjustments of blood flow and vascular resistance among regional vasculatures of the rate.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Unusual complication of tonsillectomy: taste disturbance and the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Taste disturbance is an unusual complication of tonsillectomy of which there are very few reports in the literature. The possible causes of this rare complication are: (1) direct or indirect damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve or its lingual branch (LBGN), (2) lack of dietary zinc, and (3) habitual drug intake. We report a 41-year-old man, who complained of taste disturbance following tonsillectomy that was performed for chronic tonsillitis and unilateral (left) tonsillar hypertrophy. During surgery, hypertrophic tonsils were found to be sited deeply into the tonsillar bed, especially at the lower pole of the left tonsil. Pathologic examination following tonsillectomy revealed a keratinous cyst and chronic infection at the left tonsil, and lymphoid hyperplasia and chronic infection at the right tonsil. Although his complaint had been getting better, qualitative examination of his taste function revealed bilateral impairment of the sense of sweet taste on the base of his tongue two months after the surgery, and a taste disturbance of sweet taste on the left side persisted the 10th month after the surgery. His serum zinc value was normal, and he did not take any drug that could affect his sense of taste. Depending on the literature data, possible indirect damage to the LBGN was suspected as the cause of the taste disturbance. This symptom may be reversible within two years after tonsillectomy, but it can also be irreversible. Therefore, tonsillectomy should be performed with minimal trauma to the tonsillar bed, especially when there is an additional pathology extending into the lower pole, and such a patient should be informed of the risk of post-operative taste disturbance after tonsillectomy as being one of the rare complications of this surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of volume-conducted far-field short-latency glossopharyngeal nerve evoked potentials recorded from the scalp with similarly obtained near-field potentials from the solitary nucleus in dogs.

In 11 dogs, potentials recorded from the scalp and from the solitary nucleus after stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve were compared. The far-field potentials recorded from the scalp consisted of negativity, with peak latency of 2.10 to 3.45 milliseconds (mean, 2.93 milliseconds), followed by positivity, with peak latency of 3.20 to 5.95 milliseconds (mean, 4.86 milliseconds) and duration of 4.65 to 6.95 milliseconds (mean, 5.70 milliseconds). The near-field potentials recorded from the solitary nucleus consisted of positivity, with peak latency of 2.15 to 2.70 milliseconds (mean, 2.45 milliseconds), followed by negativity, with peak latency of 4.05 to 5.05 milliseconds (mean, 4.39 milliseconds) and duration of 4.45 to 5.80 milliseconds (mean, 5.21 milliseconds). Comparison of the far-field potentials (n = 10) with the near-field potentials (n = 5) indicated that polarity of the waves was reversed and that the first peak's latency was slightly (approx 0.5 milliseconds) longer in the scalp-recorded far-field potentials. Neither the difference in latency of the second peak nor the difference in its duration, measured from the onset of the potentials to the return to the baseline of the activity, was significant. The results strongly suggest that the response in the solitary nucleus evoked by electrical stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve is the source of at least part of the scalp-recorded responses to stimulation of the same nerve. The scalp-recorded far-field potentials could, therefore, be characterized as volume conducted from the evoked response in the solitary nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[A case of jugular foramen neurinoma originating from glossopharyngeal nerve].

A 39-year-old man was admitted with right hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo. Neurological examination on admission revealed right facial palsy, right acoustic nerve disturbance and cerebellar ataxia. CT scan demonstrated a mass with intra-and extracranial extension in the pyramid bone concomitant with enlarged jugular foramen. MRI showed a ring-like enhanced, extra-axial mass in the right CP angle. Cerebral angiography showed no tumor stain. Venous phase of VAG revealed lateral displacement of the right sigmoidal sinus and obstruction of the internal jugular vein. Three dimensional CT was very useful to reveal enlarged jugular foramen. The tumor was resected totally and was approached through a right suboccipital craniectomy and mastoidectomy on July, 1994. Surgery confirmed that the tumor was a neurinoma originating from the glossopharyngeal nerve. After the operation, right facial palsy developed and transient fugitive CSF leakage was observed, but the patient is doing well. There was no amelioration of right hearing loss. JFN originating from the glossopharyngeal nerve is rare. Twenty-five cases of glossopharyngeal neurinoma are reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Sustained hypertension after section of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

A case of sustained hypertension produced by unilateral section of the glossopharyngeal nerve is reported. Special tests revealed baroreceptor dysfunction. The hypertension was responsive to propranolol therapy. Review of the literature revealed no other documented cases of sustained hypertension although transient hypertension is common.

Adult↗