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PubMed2002

[Therapy goal setting in patients with psychological stress in orthopaedic and cardiac rehabilitation].

OBJECTIVES: To study goal-setting for patients with psychological stress in orthopaedic and cardiac rehabilitation centres. DESIGN: A questionnaire assessing patients' somatic, functional and psychosocial status ("IRES"-questionnaire) was administered to 3109 patients with musculoskeletal diseases and 1670 patients with cardiovascular diseases from a total of 26 rehabilitation centres at their admission and discharge. For all patients, physicians filled in the "Physician's Sheet" ("Arztbogen") that assesses patient-specific goals of therapy. RESULTS: Nearly 50 % of the patients suffered from psychological stress at their admission. Of the patients with high psychological stress (higher than in 90 % of the general population) only 11.1 % (musculoskeletal diseases) and 3.4 % (cardiovascular diseases) were diagnosed as having a mental disorder (ICD-10 diagnosis in the range of F00 - F99). High psychological stress reported by patients themselves is associated with only a small increase of goal setting in psychological therapy documented in the "Physician's Sheet". The most important factors that influence the predefinition of psychological goals of therapy are high multimorbidity, an ICD-10 diagnosis in the range of F00 - F99, low age, high motivation for rehabilitation and being a woman. However, statistically significant differences between rehabilitation centres in the predefinition of psychological goals of therapy were detected. It can be assumed that differences in concepts of therapy are responsible for this finding. CONCLUSION: The results show that physicians use the patient's self-assessments of their psychological stress only to a small extent while planning psychosocial interventions and care. The predefinition of goals in a context of "forced" consideration of patients self-assessments leads to a higher degree of consistency between patients' judgements and goal settings. It also shows a slightly higher predictive power for rehabilitation effects than the predefinition of goals of therapy without noticing patients' self-assessments. This demonstrates the usefulness of a patient-centred screening instrument for psychological stress in orthopaedic and cardiac rehabilitation.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

The effects of goal setting on the arithmetic performance of brain-damaged patients.

A goal-setting approach was used to examine the ways in which different goals influence the performance of 69 brain-damaged (BD) patients in an arithmetic task. Patients were equally assigned to two conditions: one in which a specific, high goal was set, and one with a "do your best" goal. Statistical analyses indicated that patients with a specific, high goal performed significantly better than patients with a "do your best" goal. No clinical or neuropsychological variables (e.g., time since onset of illness and memory function) were found to have a moderating influence on the effect of goal setting. These results indicate that even BD patients with cognitive and executive dysfunctions can efficiently self-regulate their behavior after the assignment of a high, specific goal in an easy laboratory task.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Effect of goal-setting on reaction time.

To examine the effect of goal-setting on reaction time 40 physical education students were tested on a reaction-time test and were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions: personal goals, difficult assigned goals, easy assigned goals, and no goals. Analysis showed that goal-setting enhanced performance, and participants in the difficult assigned goals condition showed the biggest improvement.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Goal setting and performance in sport and exercise settings: a synthesis and critique.

Although goal setting research in industrial and organizational settings has been proliferating rapidly over the past 20 yr, it is only recently that sport psychologists begun to systematically test its effects in sport and exercise settings. However, the recent empirical literature in sport and exercise examining the relationship between goals and performance has been equivocal. Thus, the purposes of the present review are fourfold: (a) briefly review the industrial/organizational literatures concerning the relationship between goals and task performance; (b) review the literature testing the relationship between goals and performance in sport and exercise settings; (c) discuss methodological and interpretive limitations including the impact of mediating variables; (d) offer future directions for research.

Attitude↗
PubMed2005

An organizational perspective on goal setting in community-based brain injury rehabilitation.

PURPOSE: To use a taxonomy of goal content, developed in community-based brain injury rehabilitation to examine and compare the content of goals set within two different service settings; and to further examine the potential of the taxonomy to be a reliable and comprehensive framework for classifying goals. METHOD: Qualitative analysis and categorization of 1492 goal statements extracted from a community-based brain injury rehabilitation service over two time periods (1996--97, 1998--99), and cross-organizational comparison of ratings of goal classifications using a random sample of 100 goal statements drawn from this data set and the original 1765 goal statements used in developing the taxonomy. RESULTS: Application of the taxonomy beyond the original service setting in which it was developed indicated a strong inter-rater reliability, with a high test-retest agreement reported over time. For both services, a small number of categories accounted for a substantial proportion of goals set within the two time periods, while considerable change was evident in goals between the two periods for one service. Further, both placed emphasis on individually focused goals rather than relationship or family-related goals. CONCLUSION: The taxonomy provides a reliable means for classifying goals and is a useful tool for exploration of the multiple influences on goal setting. Further application of the taxonomy to examine the relative influence on goal setting of client factors versus a range of organizational factors would be beneficial.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

Utility of relaxation training with children in school settings: a plea for realistic goal setting and evaluation.

BACKGROUND: School-based relaxation training programmes are a popular means of helping children with anxiety problems such as headaches and test anxiety. AIMS: Our major objective is to evaluate the empirical status of school-based relaxation training programmes. CONTENTS: Focusing on progressive muscle relaxation training, we show how this adult training procedure has been modified for use with children. Several training issues are discussed including the questions of live versus recorded instruction and individual versus group instruction. We also discuss the evaluation of relaxation training programmes in school settings, highlighting issues of reliability and validity. CONCLUSIONS: Our review of studies examining the efficacy of school-based relaxation training shows that improvements are usually modest and of dubious clinical or educational significance. Consequently we suggest that when relaxation training is used with school children treatment goals should be more modest or, that if improvements in specific performance areas are sought, then more comprehensive treatment packages be developed which can influence the successful performance of children in target areas and reduce anxiety to normal levels.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Combined effects of goal setting and performance feedback on performance and physiological response on a maximum effort task.

A laboratory experiment was conducted (N = 40 subjects) to examine whether goal setting would be associated with reduced heart rate on an endurance task. Participants performed an endurance task on an ergometer bicycle. One week later when participants performed the task again half of them set a specific personal goal for an increase in performance. Analysis indicated that subjects who set a goal showed significant improvement in comparison with the control group. Moreover, subjects in the goal group had a significantly lower mean heart rate during the test and had a higher mean heart rate at the end of the test than on the first trial. Results are discussed in terms of combining cognitive and physiological explanations for the beneficial effects of goal setting on performance.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Toward a cognitive-affective model of goal-setting in rehabilitation: is self-regulation theory a key step?

PURPOSE: The aim of this article is to argue that self-regulation theory might offer a useful model for clinical practice, theory-building and empirical research on goal-setting in rehabilitation. METHOD: Relevant literature on goal-setting and motivation in rehabilitation is considered and some problematic issues for current practice and future research are highlighted. Carver and Scheier's self-regulation theory and its application to rehabilitation research is examined. RESULTS: It is argued that self-regulation theory offers a robust theoretical framework for goal-setting and one in which the salient concepts of motivation and emotion are prominent. CONCLUSIONS: Self-regulation theory offers a potentially useful heuristic framework for rehabilitation research.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Future goal setting, task motivation and learning of minority and non-minority students in Dutch schools.

BACKGROUND: Cross-cultural research on minority school achievement yields mixed findings on the motivational impact of future goal setting for students from disadvantaged minority groups. Relevant and recent motivational research, integrating Future Time Perspective Theory with Self-Determination Theory, has not yet been validated among minority students. AIMS: To replicate across cultures the known motivational benefits of perceived instrumentality and internal regulation by distant future goals; to clarify when and how the future motivates minority students' educational performance. SAMPLE: Participants in this study were 279 minority students (100 of Turkish and 179 of Moroccan origin) and 229 native Dutch students in Dutch secondary schools. METHODS: Participants rated the importance of future goals, their perceptions of instrumentality, their task motivation and learning strategies. Dependent measures and their functional relations with future goal setting were simultaneously validated across minority and non-minority students, using structural equation modelling in multiple groups. RESULTS: As expected, Positive Perceived Instrumentality for the future increases task motivation and (indirectly) adaptive learning of both minority and non-minority students. But especially internally regulating future goals are strongly related to more task motivation and indirectly to more adaptive learning strategies. CONCLUSION: Our findings throw new light on the role of future goal setting in minority school careers: distant future goals enhance minority and non-minority students' motivation and learning, if students perceive positive instrumentality and if their schoolwork is internally regulated by future goals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

A clarification of the goal setting and appraisal processes in MBO.

Under the guise of Management by Objectives, "goal setting" and "performance appraisal" have assumed many different shapes and purposes. To clarify the concept of MBO, this review examines the writings of leading MBO experts, extracts those elements common to their respective definitions of goal setting and performance appraisal, and joins them into a single definition of MBO.

Employee Performance Appraisal↗
PubMed1976

Goal-setting behaviour and coronary heart disease.

In order to test Dunbar's (1943) theory about goal-setting behaviour in cardiovascular subjects, measures of performance and goal levels were taken on 25 coronary subjects, 25 hypertensive subjects and a control group of 25 fracture subjects. Ths hypertensive pattern of goal-setting behaviour appeared not significantly discriminated from that of control subjects, although the data were in the direction predicted by Dunbar, hypertensive subjects being higher for success and for low goals. For coronary subjects, the results were in complete agreement with the tested theory, these subjects showing a significantly higher rate of high goals than control subjects, and recording a higher rate of failure.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

The rehabilitation process for the geriatric stroke patient--an exploratory study of goal setting and interventions.

PURPOSE: The aim was to describe and analyse the rehabilitation process of the geriatric stroke patient from two perspectives; the treatment goals expressed by the staff and the patient and the treatment interventions chosen by the physiotherapist and occupational therapist. A secondary aim was to test whether the process, treatment goals and interventions could be classified according to the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH). METHOD: Qualitative interviews were performed with patients and personnel; diaries were used to register treatment interventions. The 30 interviews were categorized according to the goals expressed by physiotherapists, occupational therapists, physicians and patients. The diaries (n = 22) were analysed to describe how treatment interventions were connected in time, at what levels (impairment, disability and handicap) the interventions were directed, and finally, whether certain decisions were made in order to change the rehabilitation process. RESULTS: The patients talked more about attaining their pre-stroke status than about their goals. The therapists set goals according to functional level, whereas the doctors expressed themselves in general terms. Three patterns of rehabilitation processes were found: one with clearly identified decision points, one with a set programme which was not changed through the process, and one where the goal was changed according to changes in medical status. CONCLUSIONS: The patient does not participate in the goal-setting process, and the vaguely expressed goals are not measurable. The rehabilitation process and reason for discharge demonstrate different patterns. Treatment interventions, if related to the ICIDH, give a clear picture of the process, though certain interventions do not fit in the classification.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

The use of goal setting and contingency contracting for improving children's homework performance.

We examined the effects of goal setting and contingency contracting on children's homework performance. Subjects were 4 parent-child dyads in which the child exhibited substantial homework problems. Using a combination of multiple baseline and reversal (ABAB) designs, goal setting and contingency contracting produced significant improvements in children's homework accuracy. Two of the 4 subjects showed substantial improvements in on-task behavior. Consumer satisfaction with the procedures was supported by parent ratings conducted posttreatment.

Attention↗
PubMed1999

Goal commitment and the goal-setting process: conceptual clarification and empirical synthesis.

Goals are central to current treatments of work motivation, and goal commitment is a critical construct in understanding the relationship between goals and task performance. Despite this importance, there is confusion about the role of goal commitment and only recently has this key construct received the empirical attention it warrants. This meta-analysis, based on 83 independent samples, updates the goal commitment literature by summarizing the accumulated evidence on the antecedents and consequences of goal commitment. Using this aggregate empirical evidence, the role of goal commitment in the goal-setting process is clarified and key areas for future research are identified.

Achievement↗
PubMed1985

Dietary change: prescription vs. goal setting.

This investigation assessed the effectiveness of two teaching strategies, dietary prescription (Diet-Directed [D-D]) and individual goal setting (Self-Directed [S-D]), on compliance with the U.S. Dietary Goals and Guidelines. College women, 18 to 30 years old, enrolled in a one-credit course that met for 1 hour and 15 minutes weekly for 10 weeks to learn the principles and application of the U.S. Dietary Goals and Guidelines. The D-D group received a prescribed diet; the S-D group learned goal-setting skills; and a Control group received no treatment. Caloric, total fat, and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) intake decreased significantly in both treatment groups. The D-D group reduced caloric, fat, and PUFA intake by week 5 and maintained those changes for the remainder of the experiment. The S-D group decreased caloric intake by the eighth week and decreased fat and PUFA intake between weeks 5 and 8. Those changes, however, were not maintained for the duration of the experiment. The results demonstrate that the study population made dietary changes in the direction of the U.S. Dietary Goals and Guidelines. Further investigations are required to assess the effectiveness of various teaching strategies on long-term dietary compliance.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Combining behavior management and mutual goal setting to reduce physical dependency in nursing home residents.

The effectiveness of three nursing approaches in fostering self-care behaviors in elderly nursing home residents was compared. The study was conducted in three intermediate care nursing homes. Each home was randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a combination of behavior modification and mutual goal setting (Condition 1), mutual goal setting only (Condition 2), and routine nursing care (Condition 3). Seventy-nine subjects completed the study. In-service training was provided to nursing staff in Conditions 1 and 2 but not in Condition 3. Over a period of 22 weeks, nursing staff encouraged subjects to do parts of their morning activities of daily living (ADLs) independently. When the groups were compared on self-care behaviors at the end of the 22 weeks, subjects who received the combination treatment performed significantly more self-care behaviors than those in the other two groups.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Aging and memory control beliefs: performance in relation to goal setting and memory self-evaluation.

We examined memory control beliefs in relation to memory performance and beliefs in the context of goal setting. Control beliefs showed significant effects on performance and self-efficacy. Higher goals were set by high-control younger adults than by older adults and low-control younger adults. Individuals with a high sense of control performed higher and maintained performance over trials regardless of whether they set explicit goals. Those with low control (primarily older adults) performed lower, but they achieved increased performance when motivated by goals. These results emphasized that performance limitations associated with low control can be overcome with goals, even in older adults. As with previous studies, however, younger adults showed a more positive response to goals than older adults.

Achievement↗