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Results for “Holtzman Inkblot Test”

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PubMed1990

A technique to simulate human interaction: relational styles leading to a schizophrenic communication pattern and back to normal.

This article describes an attempt to use a theoretical model of human interaction called the elementary pragmatic model to determine which communication style leads from a normal subject's interactive pattern to a schizophrenic's and, conversely, from schizophrenia to normality. Results of this experimentation reveal a clear correspondence with the data published in the literature on communication deviances and family therapy. The computer simulation indicates preferential ways of therapeutic intervention.

Communication↗

PubMed1990

Discriminating borderline from neurotic patients. A study with the Holtzman Inkblot Technique.

The present study tried to separate 30 hospitalized borderline and 30 hospitalized neurotic patients by indicators of deviant thinking. Kolb and Gunderson's diagnostic interview for borderlines and the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) were applied as diagnostic instruments. It was possible to separate the two groups by the more severe degrees of deviant thinking with relatively high values for sensitivity and specificity (83 and 93%). If these results can be corroborated in cross-validations with independent samples, the HIT would be a very useful instrument for the discrimination of the two diagnostic groups.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Discriminating schizophrenics from borderline patients: study with the Holtzman Inkblot technique.

The present study tried to discriminate acute (n = 25) and chronic schizophrenics (n = 25) from borderline patients (BLP; n = 30) on the basis of deviant verbalizations as assessed by the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT). A 30-card version of the HIT was used. It was possible to separate BLPs and schizophrenics with quite good results: 77% of the BLPs, 80% of the acute schizophrenics and 92% of the chronic schizophrenics could be classified correctly based on the less severe deviant verbalizations (DVs) which were more frequent in the BLPs and based on the most severe forms of DVs, i.e. Incoherence, neologism and Perseveration (which were more frequent in the schizophrenic patients). Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that BLPs can be separated from neurotics using the 30-card version of the HIT, the resulting scores being nearly as high as those on the basis of the 45-card version. In another comparison, neurotics (n = 30) were discriminated from normals (n = 35) using the less severe DVs, which were more frequent in the neurotics: here, 74% of the normals and 73% of the neurotics could be classified correctly.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1976

Creativity and body image boundaries.

Descriptions of the creative individual or the individual who can regress in the service of the ego seem to parallel Fisher and Cleveland's (1968) description of the high barrier individual: well-integrated; self-sufficient, but often outgoing and communicative; and able to experience a full range of sensation and emotions without neurotic anxiety. The relationships between Barrier and five measures associated with creativity were investigated, using 100 paid male college student volunteers. The results support the notion that creativity is not a functional unity. Barrier was found to be related to aristic, expressive creativity which seems to be related to interest in human interactions, but unrelated to creativity associated with scientific endeavors and unrelated to creative receptivity (i.e., purest adaptive regression).

Art↗

PubMed1976

Genetic correlates and sex differences in Holtzman Inkblot Technique responses of twins.

Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) responses of 36 monozygotic (MZ), 18 dizygotic same-sex (DZ-S) and 29 dizygotic opposite-sex (DZ-O) college student twin pairs were analyzed. MZ group twins were significantly more alike across a variety of HIT response dimensions than DZ-S or DZ-O group twins. The following variables indicated a possible significant genetic contribution to response determination: Movement, Abstract Content, Hostility, Pathognomic Verbalization and Popular Responses. DZ-O groups data (representing a high degree of control for environmental influences) indicated significant sex differences on the following variables: M less than F -- Rejection, Form Appropriateness, Anatomical Content, and Balance; F less than M -- Human Content and Popular. The results are discussed in terms of (a) comparable genetic determination studies with Rorschach responses and (b) the necessity for separate male and female norms on several HIT scored response scales.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

The effects of surgery-induced stress on anxiety as measured by the Holtzman Inkblot Technique.

Form A of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) was administered to 45 subjects approximately 24 hours prior to a surgical operation and Form B of the HIT was administered after surgery. A-State and A-trait were monitored by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) pre- and postsurgery. STAI A-State scores declined and STAI A-Trait scores remained stable from pre- to postsurgery. Among selected HIT variables, only Barrier scores remained stable and correlated (negatively) with STAI A-Trait scores. No HIT variables changed across periods and were correlated with STAI A-State scores obtained concurrently. Employing a multiple regression approach, a three-variable prediction model was derived for A-State and six-variable model was derived for A-Trait. In addition, the implications of the high number of rejected cards obtained in this study were discussed in terms of the possible inappropriateness of the HIT as an assessment tool under conditions of high situational stress.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Personality correlates of the abstract response on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique.

Through the innovative use of a special set of Holtzman inkblots, several variables of the Personality Research Form were shown to be correlates of the Abstract response for 30 male and 33 female undergraduates. For males, positive correlations were obtained between Abstract and Achievement, Endurance and Sentience; while negative correlations were obtained between Abstract and Harmavoidance and Order, respectively. For females, Abstract was positively correlated with Dominance, Nurturance, Exhibition, and Social Recognition; and negatively correlated with Abasement and Affiliation.

Achievement↗

PubMed1979

Effects of maternal themes upon death imagery.

Two samples (n = 47, n = 45) of women were studied to determine the impact of maternal messages upon death imagery as measured by the Holtzmann Inkblots. In both samples a maternal symbiotic message significantly decreased death imagery. A maternal monosymbiotic message resulted in decreased death imagery in only one sample. Control messages produced no changes in death imagery. The findings are congruent with theories that link death anxiety with concern about separation from parental figures.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

The HIT clinical profile of psychedelic drug users.

Forty-three psychedelic drug users and 39 non-drug users matched by age, sex, and amount of education, were given the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT). Scores were plotted on the HIT Clinical Profile Sheet. Psychedelic drug users scored significantly higher on Movement, Human Abstract, Color, Hostility, Pathognomic Verbalization, and Sex. Cluster analysis of HIT variables showed that reality contact was adequate for both groups. Drug users were shown to be more actively imaginative, to demonstrate a greater capacity for empathy, to fantasize more, and are more likely to act-out their feelings and possess more unconscious hostility. Although drug users gave a greater number of deviant responses, profile analysis contraindicates evidence of psychopathology. In general, the drug users were significantly more inner-directed than the non-users. It was found that plotting mean scores on the HIT Clinical Profile Sheet without statistical analyses does not accurately reflect the degree of differences between groups of subjects.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

The Holtzman Inkblot Technique and aging: norms and factor structure.

The Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) was individually administered to 102 elderly community-living adults, aged 59-94. The purpose of the present study was to gather basic normative data for a sample of noninstitutionalized elderly persons, as well as to investigate the factorial composition of the HIT for the present cohort of elderly. Substantial variation across persons was noted for 18 of 22 HIT variables, and a principal axis solution (varimax rotation) yielded 7 identifiable factors, similar in some respects to those identified in previous analyses of the HIT with other age cohorts. Substantial within-cohort variation for several HIT scores was found across age and sex, but not for level of education. The implications of these data for the projective assessment of personality in elderly persons was discussed, and directions for future research were recommended.

Aged↗

PubMed1982

Vulnerability of the self: barrier and penetration scores of depressed patients.

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale measures and percentage of Barrier and Penetration responses on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique were used as indicators of vulnerability of the self during a depressive episode. Sixty-three depressed inpatients grouped according to diagnostic categories and depressive subtypes were evaluated prior to and after three weeks of treatment, and compared with twenty-one normal controls. Patients differed from normals initially and improved on rating measures of severity of illness and depression. Barrier scores did not reflect difference or improvement and, contrary to the predicted vulnerability theory, normals had higher penetration scores than the patients. Results were discussed in terms of vulnerability being a potential sign of emotional responsiveness rather than pathology.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Holtzman Inkblot Technique scores of delinquent adolescents: a replication and extension.

The Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) was administered to 83 male juvenile delinquents, ranging in age from 13 to 16 years (mean age: 15.2 years), who were being detained at the Texas Youth Council Reception Center. Scores from 22 HIT variables scored were factor-analyzed and then compared with Megargee's pioneering normative HIT study of juvenile delinquents published in 1965. Results of the two investigations were strikingly similar, reinforcing Megargee's finding that norms for nondelinquent adolescents are not appropriate for use with a confined delinquent group. Important differences were discovered, however, and these are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Toward the equivalence of the HIT and HIT 25 in community-residing older adults.

In a study by the first author wherein 102 community-residing older adults were administered the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT), data collected were analyzed regarding the equivalence of the HIT and the HIT 25. Although alpha coefficients and split-half correlations were low when single-response-per-card data were analyzed, corrected Spearman-Brown coefficients were more supportive of the use of the HIT 25 with older adults. These data suggest that although a shortened form of the HIT may be useful with aged persons, research exploring the substantive bases for creating a shortened version of the HIT is nevertheless necessary.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1997

Body image in adulthood: a projective approach.

A sample of 210 persons varying by age (young adults, middle-aged, older adults), gender, and relationship status (single or involved) were administered the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) and Geriatric Draw-A-Person (G-DAP) to ascertain projectively assessed aspects of body image in adulthood. Results suggested that both the HIT and G-DAP were sensitive to the effects of age and gender, wherein young adults scored higher on both HIT Barrier and Penetration than both middle-aged or older adults. In addition, G-DAP scores favored young adults. HIT Penetration scores varied by both age and relationship status.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1974