INHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY BY TREATMENT WITH ANTISERUM.
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Animals↗
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Heterologous antigenic stimulation in induction of delayed hypersensitivity.
An influence of a delayed hypersensitive reaction to a primary antigen on the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to a second unrelated antigen was observed in guinea pigs immunized with azobenzenearsonate-N-acetyl-L-tyrosine (ABAT), and injected intradermally 3 weeks later with a mixture of ABAT and secondary antigen. Animals so treated developed delayed hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or Type II pneumococcal polysaccharide as secondary antigens, as measured by skin test reactivity and inhibition of macrophage migration, whereas ABAT unsensitized control groups did not. However, attempts to induce delayed reactivity to proteins as secondary antigens were unsuccessful. The injection of secondary antigen into a mineral oil-induced inflammatory lesion did not induce delayed hypersensitivity, suggesting that specific reactivity to ABAT is a prerequisite for heterologous induction. Possible mechanisms for the observed phenomenon, including a role for macrophages, are discussed.
Animals↗
Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity in chronic dermatophytosis.
Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to seven common antigens was examined in 38 men with chronic dermatophyte infections and in 20 controls. A similar percentage of the infected and the control groups reacted to four antigens. In addition to showing a low frequency of DH to trichophytin, the infected group also showed a significant reduction in their reactions to intradermal mumps skin test antigen and to a Rhus oleoresin patch test. Two members (5%) of the infected group were anergic to all tests. Patients with chronic dermatophytosis appear to have a relatively specific defect in DH to trichophytin, but their cell-mediated responses to other antigens may also be somewhat decreased. The subjects studied did not appear to suffer excessive morbidity from infectious diseases, other than dermatophytosis.
Adult↗
Topical induction of delayed hypersensitivity in the bladder.
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions have been elicited by topical application of dinitrofluorobenzene to the bladder mucosa of sensitized dogs and rats. The resultant animal models may be of value in assessing the role of topically induced delayed hypersensitivity in the attempted immunotherapy of bladder cancer.
Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
Immunologic evaluation of patients with cancer by delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
Testing of delayed hypersensitivity responses to recall antigens, newly encountered antigens and tumor antigens has contributed to the understanding of several immunologic factors in human neoplasia. Patients with Hodgkin's disease tend to have depressed responses to both newly encountered and recall antigens. Patients with solid tumors are more likely to be deficient only in the response to newly encountered antigens. In patients who have intact response to recall antigens, reactivity to antigen preparations from tumor and control tissue may be studied. Tumor-associated or organ-associated antigens have been demonstrated by delayed hypersensitivity responses in leukemia, Burkitt's lymphoma, malignant melanoma and carcinoma of the lung, breast, cervix uteri and intestine. Approaches to a definition of the specificity of these reactions are described. The results with these tumor antigen tests correlate strongly with the clinical course. This is a promising technique for monitoring immunotherapy. The results from tests with recall and newly encountered antigens also correlate with the clinical status and perhaps with prognosis. Various possible interpretations of these changes are discussed. Further work should be directed toward an exact definition of immunologic defects in patients with cancer and toward the use of this understanding for a rational program of immunotherapy.
Antigens↗
Effects of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors on inflammation associated with oxazolone-induced delayed hypersensitivity.
Oxazolone-induced delayed hypersensitivity in mice produced swelling with concomitant increased tissue levels of leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Pharmacological agents were coapplied topically with oxazolone at the time of challenge in an attempt to modulate the immune-based inflammation. Dexamethasone inhibited both swelling and increases in eicosanoid levels. Indomethacin reduced prostaglandin levels but failed to inhibit swelling or reduce leukotriene levels. L-651,896 (2,3-dihydro-6-[3-(2-hydroxymethyl)phenyl-2-propenyl]-5-benzofuranol), a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, reduced leukotriene levels but did not reduce swelling or prostaglandin levels. A combination of indomethacin and L-651,896 reduced eicosanoid levels but did not reduce swelling. These data suggested that the reduction in tissue levels of 5-lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase oxygenation products of arachidonic acid either singularly or together did not result in the concomitant reduction of the inflammation associated with oxazolone-induced delayed hypersensitivity.
Animals↗
Persistence of delayed hypersensitivity following transurethral collagen injection for recurrent urinary stress incontinence.
Transurethral collagen injection is both safe and effective when used for the treatment of genuine stress urinary incontinence. It is associated with a minimal inflammatory response, and virtually no foreign body reaction. Most allergic reactions occur within 72 hours of treatment (immediate hypersensitivity). Although uncommon, delayed hypersensitivity reactions may occur and it is advisable to administer a collagen skin test 30 days prior to the procedure. Adverse effects may cause long-term sequelae, such as severe trigonal tenderness, urgency, frequency, hematuria, urinary retention and persistent stress urinary incontinence. A case of a prolonged delayed hypersensitivity reaction following negative collagen skin testing after transurethral collagen injection is presented. Treatment of stress incontinence could not be initiated until symptoms decreased significantly after 1 year.
Collagen↗
Immunological studies on delayed hypersensitivity to phenytoin--II. The delayed skin reaction induced by BSA-phenytoin conjugate.
Remarkable swelling of the foot pad was induced in guinea pigs sensitized with BSA-phenytoin by challenging with BSA-phenytoin or EA-phenytoin. Forty-eight hours after local injection of a mixture of exudate cells obtained from the abdominal cavity of sensitized guinea pigs. and BSA (EA)-phenytoin, both erythema and induration developed at the injection sites in normal guinea pigs. At the sites exhibiting these skin reactions, an exudation of mononuclear leukocytes was noted. In addition, macrophages obtained from the abdominal cavity of phenytoin-sensitized animals showed a low migration index in the presence of phenytoin. When phenytoin was administered to rats (p.o.), large amounts of the compound were detected in the gingiva and there was a good correlation between the tissue and serum phenytoin concentrations. These findings indicate that the etiology of gingival hyperplasia produced by chronic administration of phenytoin may be related in some way to a delayed-type hypersensitivity induced by the drug.
Animals↗
Skin test and lymphocyte stimulation in delayed hypersensitivity against Staphylococcus aureus antigens. Development of hypersensitivity.
The development of delayed hypersensitivity against staphylococcal antigens in guinea pigs was observed from day 3 to day 50 after sensitization with staphylococcal homogenate in Freund's incomplete (FIA) and Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Skin test reactivity, stimulation of lymph node lymphocytes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes and the titre of precipitating antibodies were followed during this period. Maximal skin test reactivity as well as maximal lymphocyte responsiveness occurred at day 21 after sensitization in FCA-sensitized guinea pigs. In FIA-sensitized animals highest skin reactivity was observed at day 14 and maximal lymphocyte stimulation 35 days after sensitization. Precipitating antibodies reached a plateau at day 20 in plasma of animals sensitized with FCA and at day 35 in FIA-sensitized animals.
Animals↗
Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity in the chicken.
Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) can be transferred in FP and SC chickens with 1 x 10(8) spleen or peripheral blood cells from donors exhibiting moderate to strong DH reactions. Increasing the spleen cells dose from 1 to 4 x 10(8) per recipient had no marked enhancing effect on the results. Spleen cells from agammaglobulinemic donors were also shown to transfer DH reactions.
Animals↗
[Analysis of delayed hypersensitivity to antibiotics].
The delayed hypersensitivity to antibiotics existing in Brazil, including the systemically administered, is analyzed. The sulphanilamide, penicillin, neomycin, oxacillin, oxitetraciclyne, chloramphenicol and kanamycin were the more positive to the contact test. We do not find any difference in the test between sex and race. The positivity was 7,5 times higher in adults than in children. In spite the high positivity in atopic patients we could not demonstrate the same in patients with other allergic procesus history.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Delayed hypersensitivity reaction in staphylococcal infections. 2. Passive transfer of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction by staphylococcal cell wall material (mucopeptide)].
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Animals↗
Expression of antibacterial resistance at the site of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
The site of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin or bovine serum ablumin was shown to contain mechanisms that expressed increased antibacterial activity, as evidenced by restricted growth of a local inoculum of Listeria monocytogenes. As was the case with a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, the local generation of antibacterial activity was antigen specific and T-cell dependent. Antibacterial resistance was always expressed at the site of injection of specific antigen in sensitized mice, even though under certain circumstances there was no measurable increase in footpad thickness at this site. It thus appears that nonspecific antibacterial resistance represents a sensitive and quantitative method for measuring delayed hypersensitivity. More importantly, this study serves to provide a functional meaning for the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in that it demonstrates that such a reaction causes the focusing of mechanisms that can restrict the growth of bacteria at a site which may represent a source of microbial invasion.
Animals↗
Effects of carrageenan-a macrophage toxic agent-on antibody synthesis and on delayed hypersensitivity in the guinea pig.
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the carrier and antibody mediated reactions to the carrier and to the hapten have been studied in guinea pigs treated with carrageenan, a macrophage toxic agent, before or after immunization with a hapten-carrier complex. The results show that carrageenan which acted at the afferent limb of immunity neither depressed nor enhanced delayed hypersensitivity reactions but could affect antibody formation. Macrophage functions in antibody synthesis appeared to be more sensitive to carrageenan than those involved in the induction of cell-mediated immunity. Carrageenan could provide a useful tool for studying the functional heterogeneity of macrophages during the induction of the immune response.
Anaphylaxis↗
STUDIES ON DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY. I. INFERENCES ON THE COMPARATIVE BINDING AFFINITIES OF ANTIBODIES MEDIATING DELAYED AND IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS IN THE GUINEA PIG.
Experiments carried out with several well defined antigenic systems (hapten conjugates of poly-L-lysine and guinea pig serum albumin) in guinea pigs demonstrated that: 1. Arthus reactions also manifest carrier specificity, although to a smaller extent than do delayed hypersensitivity reactions. 2. Desensitization by injection of minute doses of antigen results in moderate specific desensitization of delayed hypersensitivity without desensitization of Arthus reactivity to the same antigenic determinant. 3. Insoluble antigen-antibody complexes prepared from high affinity guinea pig antibodies can elicit specific delayed skin reactions in sensitized guinea pigs. 4. Homologous conjugates of structurally similar haptens show considerably less cross-reactivity in delayed reactions than in immediate hypersensitivity reactions to the same antigenic determinant. These experimental results are interpreted as indicating that delayed hypersensitivity reactions in the guinea pig are mediated by "antibodies" of comparatively high binding affinities. High binding affinities are achieved for these antibodies more likely by closer structural adaptation between antigen and antibody than by a larger area of specific contact.
Animals↗
The effect of radial radiotherapy on delayed hypersensitivity and the inflammatory response.
Delayed hypersensitivity to DNCB and the inflammatory response to croton oil wereevaluated in 144 and 121 patients respectively, prior ro and 3 to 6 months following curative radiotherapy. Eighty-one patients had in vitri lymphocyte transformation by PHA;59 (41%) were nonreactors to DNCB and 27 (22%) to croton oil; 29 of 59 (49%) initiallyreactive became anergic. Similiar improvement of the inflammatory response was obtained. Patients who became DNCB-reactive following radiotherapy had the same favorable prognosis as those who were initially reactive. Radiotherapy did not adversely affect either delayed hypersensitivity or the inflammatory response. There was a 50% decrease in PHA stimulation and lymphocyte count after treatment. No correlation was found between DNCB reactivity and lymphocyte transfermation prior to or following radiotherapy. The evaluation of the effect of radiotherapy on cell-mediated immunity depends on the tests used.
Animals↗
The delayed hypersensitivity induced by antigen-antibody complexes.
The "delayed hypersensitive" reactivity induced by antigen-antibody complexes has been studied from the standpoints of the role of such complexes in establishing this state, and the relationship of this state to classical delayed hypersensitivity. It has been shown that the reactivity established by antigen-antibody complexes appears early after injection, disappears within a few days, and is characterized by several properties which make it appear similar to true delayed hypersensitivity, including its appearance, its relative persistence for 48 hours, and its occurrence in the absence of antibodies. By the same tokens, it may be distinguished from hypersensitive reactions of the immediate type. It is referred to here as reactivity of the Jones-Mote type. Antigen alone stimulates exactly the same kind of early reactive state, but with larger doses of antigen this is later replaced by other immunologic responses including circulating antibodies and Arthus reactivity. If sufficiently small doses of antigen are employed, however, the "monophasic" reaction which follows antigen-antibody complexes consisting of the Jones-Mote type of skin responsiveness may be seen. The dermal reactivity under discussion is unlike classical delayed hypersensitivity chiefly in its evanescent character; it is present only during a few days early after antigen administration. It is suggested that this kind of reactivity, which may perhaps require a category of its own, may be related to the "tissue immunity" to tumor transplants which has been observed in mice.
Animals↗
Immunity to transplantable carcinogen-induced fibrosarcomas in B2/B2 chickens. III. Tumor growth inhibition by local delayed hypersensitivity reactions to unrelated antigens.
Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction to human Ig, corynebacterium parvum or allogeneic cells at the site of tumor cell injection, suppressed the fibrosarcoma (SCFS) growth in chickens. Spleen cells of SC chickens sensitized to human Ig or C. parvum suppressed SCFS growth when adoptively transferred with tumor cells, but only when the sensitizing antigen was present locally. This suppression did not occur in irradiated recipients, SCFS I cells injected into wattles of chickens immune to the tumor, provoked a local DH reaction. Spleen cells from donors sensitized to SCFS I adoptively transferred immunity to both SCFS I and SCFS II when cells of the two tumors were mixed together before injection, but not when SCFS II cells were injected alone. Tumor-specific and nontumor-specific DH may be essential for local suppression of fibrosarcoma growth in chickens.
Animals↗