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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Monoclonal antibody characterization of Plasmodium falciparum antigens in immune complexes formed when schizonts rupture in the presence of immune serum.

When Plasmodium falciparum parasites are cultured with some immune sera, merozoites are agglutinated by antibodies to form immune clusters of merozoites and prevent their invasion into erythrocytes. Within these immune clusters of merozoites, several antigens that are normally found in the soluble fraction after detergent extraction accumulate in relatively insoluble immune complexes. From mice immunized with these immune complexes, we obtained hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that react with various immune clusters of merozoites antigens, including mAb 3D5, which recognizes a 101-kDa antigen (p101) and mAb, 5E3, which recognizes a 113-kDa antigen (p113). Both mAb reacted with antigens at the surface of schizonts, in the vacuolar space, and at the surface of merozoites before their release from schizont-infected cells. Both p101 and p113 were synthesized by mature trophozoites and young schizonts. In pulse-chase experiments, p113 was processed to 100-, 70-, 55-, and 50-kDa products. Both p101 and p113 appeared in the culture medium when schizont rupture occurred in normal culture medium but were found in immune complexes when schizont rupture occurred in the presence of immune serum. Antibodies in immune complexes, when dissociated with acid and used to probe immunoblots, reacted with affinity-purified p101 and p113. Antigens such as these, which are accessible at the parasite surface and react with antibodies present in immune serum that inhibits parasite invasion, are logical candidates to study in the search for a vaccine against the erythrocytic stages of malaria.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Passive immunity in rats infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis: interactions between syngeneic immune serum and sensitized lymph node cells.

Immune serum injected into the peritoneum of rats passively protected them against Angiostrongylus cantonensis; this protection was greater than that conferred by passively transferred immune lymph node cells. When immune lymph node cells and serum were transferred together into the same rat, no enhanced protection was observed. The protective effect of serum was inhibited by the lymph node cells to levels commensurate with those conferred by immune lymph node cells alone. Normal lymph node cells also depressed the levels of immunity conferred by immune serum when they were transferred together with serum, but to a lesser extent than did sensitized lymph node cells. Transferred antibody acted to suppress antibody production against A. cantonensis in recipient rats.

Angiostrongylus↗
PubMed1950

Persistent antigenic variation of influenza A viruses after incomplete neutralization in ovo with heterologous immune serum.

Antigenic variants of influenza A virus strains emerge on serial passage in ovo in the presence of immune serum against different but related strains. An old laboratory strain (PR8) which had been through hundreds of animal passages was as readily modified by this procedure as recently recovered strains. Such variants apparently can be obtained at will and show antigenic patterns which are reproducible and appear to be predictable in terms of the immune serum used for their selection. Variant strains retain their new antigenic patterns on serial passage in ovo in the absence of immune serum. Limited serial passage in ovo of strains in the absence of immune serum did not result in the emergence of antigenic variants. Similarly, serial passages of strains in ovo in the presence of immune serum against widely different strains, which failed to show significant cross-neutralization, did not lead to the appearance of antigenic variants.

Antigenic Variation↗
PubMed1997

Mechanisms of protection induced by attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus. I. Protection cannot be transferred with immune serum.

To evaluate its role in protection, immune serum was collected from four macaques which were chronically infected with live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmacC8) and had resisted challenge with wild-type SIVmacJ5. The immune serum was transferred to two naive cynomolgus macaques by intraperitoneal injection (11 ml/kg). Four control macaques received an intraperitoneal injection of normal saline. One day later, all macaques were challenged with 10 MID50 of the J5M challenge stock of SIV. After challenge, all macaques became infected as determined by virus co-culture and diagnostic PCR. Virus loads in PBMC at 2 weeks post-challenge were indistinguishable between the two groups of macaques. Thus, the failure of passive immunization to transfer protection indicates that serum components alone are not sufficient to mediate the potent protection obtained using live attenuated vaccines. This is the first time that serum has been transferred from animals known to be protected against superinfection.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Effect of anti-rat-liver rabbit immune serum on the local circulatory reactions of the rat liver.

The effect of anti-rat-liver rabbit immune serum was studied on liver blood flow and on the reaction to vasoactive substances of the hepatic blood vessels. Male rats weighing 250 to 300 g were anaesthetized with pentobarbital. The femoral artery, the femoral vein and the portal vein were cannulated. Blood pressure was continuously registered in the femoral artery. A thin thermoelement was placed into the liver and in one of experimental groups into the kidney as well, in order to measure the local blood flow. On a single intravenous administration of immune serum, systemic blood pressure, and the local blood flow of the liver and kidney decreased significantly. The decrease was more marked in the kidney than in the liver. The circulatory response so obtained was general and it was not localized to the liver. Arterial blood pressure was unchanged after intravenous pretreatment with 0.5 ml/100 g of immune serum daily for 3 days, but the portal blood pressure decreased. The hepatic local vasoconstriction induced by vasopressin administered into the portal vein was less important than in the control group. The hepatic local circulatory response to noradrenaline and isoproterenol administered into the portal vein was similar in normal and immune serum treated animals. Although immune serum pretreatment caused histological changes in the hepatic blood vessels and reduced portal pressure, it did not affect the adrenergic regulation of hepatic local blood flow, but decreased the sensitivity to vasopressin.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Immunoprophylaxis of hepatitis A of the children by immune serum globulin.

An outbreak of hepatitis A occurred in Kyoto. Immune serum globulin was administered prophylactically to children who had not yet developed the disease. However 52 children in succession contracted hepatitis A. Late injections of immune serum globulin had no effect on the clinical course. Middle injections suppressed only jaundice. Early or preexposure injection suppressed the disease remarkably. All who had overt hepatitis A seroconverted to positive antibody to hepatitis A virus. In inapparent infection, those who had slight elevation of transaminase developed passive active immunization irrespective of pre or postexposure administration of immune serum globulin. Three children who might block hepatitis A virus completely had no change of transaminase and failed to establish passive active immunization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Presence of HTLV-III antibodies in immune serum globulin preparations.

The authors tested 15 immune serum globulin pharmaceutical preparations for antibody reactivity to human T cell lymphotrophic virus type III (HTLV-III) by the Abbott immunoenzymometric assay (IEMA). Although no evidence of HTLV-III infectivity has appeared after injection of similar preparations into humans, the authors found all samples IEMA reactive. Upon dilution, the authors demonstrated parallel decreases of antibody reactivity among two samples of gamma globulin, the Abbott-positive control, and a markedly reactive patient specimen. Gamma globulin isolated from sera of six animal species was nonreactive in the Abbott assay. All samples were nonreactive with the H-9 cell line antigen. Antibody reactivity to HTLV-III was confirmed in 13 of 15 gamma globulin samples when tested by the Electro-Nucleonics IEMA, and 14 samples contained at least the p24 band on Western blot analysis. Although false positivity occurs in IEMA assays possibly because of elevated protein concentrations and nonspecific binding, the authors, results show that in most circumstances immune serum globulin preparations tested do contain true reactivity to HTLV-III.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2006

Effect of immune serum and role of individual Fcgamma receptors on the intracellular distribution and survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in murine macrophages.

Immune serum has a protective role against Salmonella infections in mice, domestic animals and humans. In this study, the effect of antibody on the interaction between murine macrophages and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium was examined. Detailed analysis at the single-cell level demonstrated that opsonization of the bacteria with immune serum enhanced bacterial uptake and altered bacterial distribution within individual phagocytic cells. Using gene-targeted mice deficient in individual Fc gamma receptors it was shown that immune serum enhanced bacterial internalization by macrophages via the high-affinity immunoglobulin G (IgG) receptor, Fc gamma receptor I. Exposure of murine macrophages to S. enterica serovar Typhimurium opsonized with immune serum resulted in increased production of superoxide, leading to enhanced antibacterial functions of the infected cells. However, opsonization of bacteria with immune serum did not increase either nitric oxide production in response to S. enterica serovar Typhimurium or fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Synergistic effect of macrophage activation and immune serum, especially IgG2, on resistance to infection with Treponema pallidum ssp. endemicum in hamsters.

Experimental studies have indicated that macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of syphilis. Whether macrophages alone or with immune serum are ultimately responsible for killing of treponemes is disputed. We have demonstrated that BCG-vaccinated hamsters administered normal serum contained fewer treponemes in the inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes than did the nonvaccinated controls. When BCG-vaccinated hamsters were injected with syphilitic immune serum and challenged with Treponema pallidum ssp. endemicum, treponemicidal activity was enhanced. Treponemicidal activity was also detected in BCG-vaccinated hamsters challenged with treponemes treated in vitro with immune serum and its immunoglobulin fractions, especially IgG2. The immune IgG2 fraction had more treponemicidal activity than did the immune IgG1 fraction and the unfractionated immune serum. Our observations indicate an important synergistic role for macrophages and immune serum, especially IgG2, for elimination of T. pallidum ssp. endemicum from the host.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Experimental syphilis in the rabbit: passive transfer of immunity with immunoglobulin G from immune serum.

A preparation of immunoglobulin G isolated from a pool of immune sera derived from rabbits with long-term syphilis was shown to possess a high degree of purity as judged by immunodiffusion and protein electrophoresis. The antitreponemal power of the preparation of immunoglobulin G and that of the immune serum pool from which it was derived were found to be equivalent in both the skin protection and the systemic protection test. The observation that neither normal serum nor a pool of serum derived from animals "immunized" with Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, or zymosan was protective indicates that the protective power of the immune serum studied was due to specific antibodies residing principally, if not entirely, in the immunoglobulin G fraction of the serum.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effect of canine immune serum on the growth of Ehrlichia canis within nonimmune canine macrophages.

The effect of canine immune serum (CIS) on the growth of Ehrlichia canis was studied in macrophage cultures derived from peripheral blood monocytes of normal dogs. Ehrlichiae treated with canine normal serum and then introduced into normal macrophage cultures maintained in canine normal serum multiplied within the macrophages and destroyed them. Immune serum, collected from E canis carrier dogs, suppressed ehrlichial growth in normal macrophages. An inverse relationship existed between the amount of CIS to which ehrlichiae were exposed and the growth of the organism in normal macrophages. The anti-E canis activity was most prevalent in the 7-S fraction of immune serum. Fresh CIS had a greater suppressive effect on the growth of E canis than did heat-inactivated CIS. Antibody cytophilic for canine monocyte-derived macrophages was not detected in CIS.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Regulation of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates: immune serum inhibits heme-regulated protein kinase activity and differentiates heme-regulated protein kinase from double-stranded RNA-induced protein kinase.

A specific immune serum to the heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) has been prepared by immunizing chickens with highly purified reversible HRI prepared from rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Studies with this immune serum demonstrate that the behavior of purified reversible HRI is similar to that of the inhibitor activated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: the immune serum (i) inhibits the phosphorylation of the small subunit (38,000 daltons) of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2 by both crude and purified inhibitor preparations; (ii) prevents the concomitant inhibition of protein synthesis by both crude and purified inhibitor preparations; and (iii) prevents the autophosphorylation of the 95,000-dalton polypeptide in purified and crude HRI preparations. The protein kinase and inhibitory activities of crude and partially purified preparations of the double-stranded RNA-induced inhibitor of protein synthesis are not affected by the immune serum prepared to reversible HRI. These results indicate that the inhibitor induced by double-stranded RNA is antigenically distinct from the reversible HRI.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Antibodies to hepatitis A virus in immune serum globulin.

Two hundred one immune serum globulin (ISG) lots manufactured in the US between 1967 and 1977 were tested for antibodies to the hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) by a competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay (RIA); a lesser number were also tested by immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA). The percentage of ISG lots that contained anti-HAV with a titer of 1:100 or greater by RIA was 50% for those manufactured in 1967, 69% for those manufactured in 1972, and 100% for those manufactured in 1977. The percentage of lots with anti-HAV titers equal to or greater than 1:500 by RIA was 7% in 1967, 18% in 1972, and 70% in 1977. Only ten lots of ISG (5%) had anti-HAV titers of 1:1,000 or greater by RIA; seven of these were manufactured in 1977. Both the mean titer of anti-HAV in ISG lots and the percentage of lots containing significant titers of this antibody appear to have increased in the US over the past ten years. This may reflect the increased use of source plasma from paid plasmapheresis donors in the US during this period. The lower titers of anti-HAV in the older lots of ISG studied were shown not to be due to fragmentation of antibody molecules during storage.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1988

Efficacy of immune serum globulin in an outbreak of hepatitis A virus infection in adults.

While immune serum globulin has been shown to be highly effective in preventing hepatitis A infection when administered before exposure to the virus, its efficacy when given after exposure is less clear. Timing of administration appears critical and the question of whether it modifies the clinical manifestations of the disease with possible asymptomatic seroconversion has not been conclusively answered. These aspects were examined in a common-source outbreak of 19 cases of hepatitis A in a military unit. Immune serum globulin administered between 2 and 3 weeks after suspected exposure to the virus did not modify clinical manifestations of the disease. Furthermore, in a subgroup studied serologically, there were eight clinical cases and only one case of asymptomatic seroconversion. Thus, late administration of immune serum globulin appears to have little effect on the clinical course of hepatitis A infection and does not appear to result in any significant degree of active-passive immunity.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Passive immunization with an anti-oCRF41 immune serum inhibits the circadian increase of plasma ACTH in rats].

For 24 hrs. after i.v. injection of 1 ml of an undiluted immune serum raised against oCRF41, the diurnal surge of plasma ACTH dropped to a short-lived limited rise above baseline level. On the second day after injection, the ACTH level in treated rats rose to a subnormal level, although both plasma dilution of the immune serum and its binding capacity in the plasma remained unchanged throughout the experiment. Plasma corticosterone, on the contrary, displayed a normal circadian rhythm during the entire experiment. However, in animals given a second injection of 0.5 ml oCRF41 immune serum 32 hrs. after the first, both ACTH and corticosterone titers fell rapidly below their circadian minimal levels in controls. Concomitantly, the concentration of immune serum in the peripheral plasma, and its capacity to bind to oCRF, rose by 50%. The major role of CRF41 as a diurnal trigger of the circadian rhythm of ACTH is discussed, as well as the limits of passive immunization.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1994

Differentiation of borreliacidal activity caused by immune serum or antimicrobial agents by flow cytometry.

We demonstrated that borreliacidal activity caused by immune serum and complement can easily be differentiated by flow cytometry from killing activity caused by antimicrobial agents that are commonly used for the treatment of Lyme disease. Assay suspensions containing normal or immune serum were incubated with Borrelia burgdorferi in the presence or absence of ceftriaxone, doxycycline, penicillin, and phosphomycin for 2, 8, 16, and 24 h. Samples containing killing activity were identified by using flow cytometry and acridine orange. In 30 min, the effects of immune serum and complement were easily distinguished from the killing of spirochetes by antimicrobial agents by adding fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat anti-hamster immunoglobulin. This simple procedure greatly enhanced the usefulness of the borreliacidal assay by eliminating a major source of false-positive reactions.

Acridine Orange↗
PubMed1979

[Immune serum globulin E in patients with leukoplakia (author's transl)].

Significant changes of humoral factors can occur during the development and growth of malignant tumors. Such can be observed by the periodic recording of immune serum globulin E levels if sensitive RIA methods are employed. Observations of normal persons show largely stable immune serum globulin E levels, and are comparable in patients with leukoplakia of the larynx as well as in patients whose malignant conditions were removed by oepration or radiotherapy. In three patients, a statistically significant increase in serum immune globulin E was recorded immediately before malignant degeneration of known leukoplakia occurred, and was also found in 22 control tumor patients who had experienced local relapses of disease.

Humans↗