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PubMed1977

An automated method of differential red blood cell classification with application to the diagnosis of anemia.

A method of automated red cell analysis suitable for the rapid classification of large numbers of red cells from individual blood specimens has been developed, and preliminarily tested on normal bloods and clinically proven cases of anemias and red cell disorders. According to this method digital image processing techniques provide several features relating to shape and internal central pallor configurations of red cells. These features are used with a fully automated decision logic to rapidly provide a quantitative "red cell differential" analysis, a report of the percentage subpopulations of recognized categories of red cells. For each subpopulation, measurements of mean cell area, mean cell hemoglobin content and mean cell hemoglobin density are provided. The nine types of red cell disorders studied with this method were: (a) iron deficiency anemia, (b) the anemia of chronic disease, (c) beta-thalassemia trait, (d) sickle cell anemia, (e) hemoglobin C disease, (f) intravascular hemolysis, (g) hereditary elliptocytosis, (h) hereditary spherocytosis, and (i) megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency. Preliminary indications are that the red cell differential is useful in distinguishing between these conditions.

Anemia↗
PubMed1977

Fully automatic computer-assisted pancreas imaging.

Good pancreas imaging is difficult to achieve even if a computer is applied. The special computer program proposed here was developed to optimize the results and to minimize the operator interaction with the data processing system.

Computers↗
PubMed1977

The role of the digital computer in pediatric cardiology.

A digital computer system is described which allows the real-time processing of all physiological signals obtained during a heart catheterization procedure and which makes all relevant results and informations available immediately during the investigation. In addition, special electronic units and programs have been developed in our institution for the automated extraction of morphological criteria from biplane angiocardiograms. Thereby right and left ventricular volume, shape and contraction pattern can be quantitated and used to characterize the performance of the heart as muscle and pump in physical terms. Recently, complete digital processing of videoangiocardiograms has been achieved in a stroboscopic mode, each videofield in real time. Application of image enhancement, subtraction, integration and restoration techniques leads to a fundamentally improved angiocardiographic image quality for a given amount of injected contrast material. Based on eight years of experience with digital computer application in pediatric cardiology, computer technologies are considered likely to become the method of choice in the future.

Angiocardiography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

133Xe regional lung perfusion and ventilation study with the computer-assisted gamma-camera.

A new method of studying regional lung functions using 133Xe and the computer-assisted scintillation camera is described. The method and the computer processing give details of the distribution of 133Xe during perfusion and ventilation and also measures of lung function. Some cases are described in detail, and the clinical significance of the method was confirmed in 45 cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

A general purpose computerized display and analysis system for image processing in nuclear medicine.

In this work a general purpose image processor is described, which takes into account the special features and the various requirements for analysing images in nuclear medicine. A new approach for system structure involving encoding and representing medical images is given. This encoder, which is part of the image processor, is efficient especially for long-term storage and for certain pattern recognition in medical imaging. In this processor a statistical package is incorporated for collecting medical statistics using the acquired patient data. This information is used together with the encoder for an automated diagnostic system.

Computers↗
PubMed1975

Quantitative colour-ultrasonography by means of a computer aided simultaneous tomogram.

In this newly developed method, the ultrasonic diagnosis has become quantitative. The data will remain quantitative so far as an image storage tube is used. With the conventional storage type CRT, it is impossible to memorize the reflected echo signals of different strength levels. But with our method, it becomes possible to memorize the images according to individual levels. By the direct digitalization of the ultrasonic echo images, more information is obtained from the reflected echo signals. By processing the original information with a computer, more accurate diagnosis is possible. It is hoped and believed, that this computer aided ultrasonic examination, with single scan display in colour or black and white, will further promote ultrasonic diagnosis in future.

Color↗
PubMed1975

Monitoring of patients with head injuries.

A practical protocol for evaluating and monitoring head injured patients has been presented. It has been stressed that monitoring is an ongoing process which begins with the initial evaluation and continues throughout the patient's hospital stay. The level of monitoring and thus the parameters to be monitored are determined on an individualized basis according to the patient's clinical status and his level of stupor and coma. It has been suggested that for mild head injuries, adequate monitoring includes periodic evaluation of the neurological status and vital signs; but the more severely injured patients require extensive and frequent monitoring of a large number of clinical and physiological parameters. Among the many parameters, the continuous monitoring of ICP and the respiratory system are perhaps the most useful indicators of the patient's condition. Several methods for continuous ICP monitoring which are readily adaptable to most neurosurgical practices have been discussed. These include the intraventricular catheter, subarachnoid screw, and the closed Rickham reservoir connected to a ventricular catheter. In our institution, the Rickham reservoir has been used to monitor ICP and at the time of this report, satisfactory ICP recordings have been obtained in 27 of 30 head injury patients. Although this method requires a small surgical procedure, we believe that the decreased incidence of infection, the rapid access to ventricular fluid, and its potential for long term monitoring justify its use. Suggestions for monitoring other physiological parameters have also been presented. Particular emphasis has been placed on the management of infants and children with head injuries. The clinical entity of chronic subdural hematoma in infants and children has been used to illustrate the value of ICP monitoring as a guide to further treatment. Finally, we have briefly discussed the place of computers in day to day patient care, research, and monitoring.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Towards computer analysis of pulmonary infiltration.

A feasibility study is described to provide quantitative texture measures to distinguish between normal lung, alveolar infiltrates and interstitial infiltrates. Advanced computer imaging technology and decision making processes were applied to distinguish between these textural patterns. The results, based on computer extracted quantitative measures, show an excellent separation of the three classes considered with 95% accuracy in the training phase and 90% accuracy in the testing phase.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bayesian statistics: a guided tour.

An overview of Bayesian statistical decision theory is presented in the tutorial spirit. A section on fundamental principles is followed by selected applications of the Bayesian approach to parameter estimation, pattern recognition, image processing, computer-aided medical diagnosis, optimal diagnostic test selection, and radiotherapy treatment planning.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1976

Computer data processing in the examination of retinal vessels in essential hypertension and atherosclerosis.

The mean retinal venoarterial width ratio in 100 healthy subjects was measured with a PZO stereoscopic microscope equipped with a calibrated ocular and with an automatic digital image transformer coupled with an ODRA 1204 computer. The mean value was estimated as equal to 1.21 with an SD of 0.071. The same study was performed in 75 atherosclerotic patients and 75 patients with essential hypertension. In the first group the mean retinal venoarterial width ratio amounted to 1.51 (SD 0.054), while in the second one it was equal to 1.53 (SD 0.079).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Mathematical method to utilize a computer for diagnosis of site and type of intracerebral mass lesions.

A mathematical process has been devised which can utilize full clinical data of symptoms and signs, neuroradiological procedures, EEG and isotope scanning to predict the site and pathological process in a patient presenting with disturbance of central nervous system function. The work is a further expansion and modification of the computer program described by Du Boulay and Price (1968).

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1975

Functional imaging of intrarenal blood flow using scintillation camera and computer.

In order to obtain spatial distribution of an index for regional blood flow at each element on a scintigraphic image of the kidney, we attempted the construction of the so-called functional image. After injecting a single bolus of 133Xe into a renal artery by means of a catheter, this objective was accomplished using digital computer processing for a sequence of scintillation camera recordings of the following washout process from the kidney. This is expressed in a form of matrix of disappearance rate constant. Calculation for the rate constant, the flow index of the functional image, was done using either the least squares (LS) method or height-over-area (H/A) method. Although the former method was considered to be theoretically suitable without undue participation of background activities, the latter was preferred because of stable results for image construction. On reviewing the functional image thus obtained from 22 patients representing a variety of renal diseases, the H/A gave specific information concerning regional distribution of the perfusion integrity mainly related to the cortical part of the kidney. This is often difficult to accomplish utilizing the conventional method of compartmental analysis of the xenon washout curve or selective renal angiography.

Angiography↗
PubMed1976

Computer processed 99mTc-DTPA studies of renal allotransplants.

In order to refine the diagnostic possibilities of the radionuclide renal study in transplanted patients and to compensate for the nonspecificity of the 131I-hippuran study in some situation, 99mTc-DTPA WAS USED SIMULTANEOUSLY FOR IMAGING AND TIME-ACTIVITY CURVES. For these curves to be significant, appropriate background subtraction had to be made with a simple computer-processing method. The results obtained have shown that it is possible to distinguish marked acute tubular necrosis from milder degrees, thus affording a prognostic index in the immediate postoperative period, when the hippuran data are often nonspecific. Further, the diagnosis and follow-up of acute rejection episodes can be improved by the DTPA processed curves. Although these curves when examined individually do not show a specific pattern for rejection, they may reveal striking evolutionary changes when compared to the previous studies, even when the hippuran curves are unchanged. The physiologic basis for the differences between the two time-activity curves may be related to the differential handling of the two radiopharmaceuticals by the kidney.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1977

[Electronic data processing in the clinical nuclear medicine].

Computer techniques as introduced into clinical nuclear-medicine 12 years ago, were first exclusively used for scintigraphic purposes. Through the development of a comprehensive pilot system for nuclear medical data processing on the basis of two Siemens Process control computers it could be demonstrated, that besides of scintigraphy there are also other important fields for computer application, e.g. in function diagnostics and therapy planning.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fundamental study of automatic cytoscreening for uterine cancer. IV. Sample requirements for CYBEST and simulation test of cell dispersion.

The preparation of samples with good cell dispersion and without cell overlapping is a particularly important problem, whether for image processing systems or for flow systems. Simulation tests were carried out to estimate a cell density with good cell dispersion and a minimum number of overlapping cells. A little less than 50 cells per mm2 was disclosed to show a condition of sufficient cell dispersion. By microscopical observation and counting of the malignant cells using ten cases of uterine cervical carcinoma, it was found that in most instances over 50 malignant cells were contained in 20,000 to 40,000 cells on the smears. When the cell density is approximately 50 per mm2, the scanning area of the CYBEST of 40 X 20 mm may contain up to 40,000 cells. The probability that such a number of cells contains malignant cells is extremely high, in fact, nearly 100 per cent. By field tests, it was experimentally confirmed that these cell densities are very adequate for the function of the CYBEST.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1977

[Use of a process computer in nuclear medicine].

The picture processing of scintigrammes (scintillation scanner and scintillation camera) has become possible only by use of process calculators. In the processing of individual static pictures by means of mathematical filtration methods, underground subtraction and formation of classes the perceptibility of details is improved. The evaluation of dynamic photographs of the scintillation camera (to 10 pictures/s) presumes the genuine time working of a process calculator. Out of the sequel of pictures the temporary course of activity in marked picture regions (organs, parts of organs) can be calculated as function curve. Using a small computer system KRS 4,200 (Robotron) in the Radiological Clinic of the Leipzig Karl-Marx-University the temporary and logical course of measuring is regulated in nuclear-medical measuring places. Acceptance and processing of the measuring values is performed by 5 working places in genuine time work. Furthermore, organizational tasks of the course of work are treated by computer.

Computers↗