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Results for “Immunization, Passive”

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PubMed1990

[The protection of vertebrate animals from experimental tick-borne encephalitis with active and passive immunization against tick antigens].

The active and passive immunization of laboratory animals against Ixodes antigens has been experimentally shown to lead to the development of their resistance to homologous Arthropoda species and a change in the intensity of the circulation of tick-borne encephalitis virus between carriers and their hosts. The immunization of vertebrates with Ixodes antigens may supposedly lead to a decrease in the number of bloodsucking arthropods-carriers of the causative agents of infectious diseases-and protect animals from infections whose causative agents are transmitted by Ixodes ticks.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Neonatal passive immunization by maternal vaccination.

An old concept--passively immunizing a fetus by actively immunizing (vaccinating) its mother--is reevaluated in light of 50 years of data. The history and data reviewed here suggest that this concept is one whose time has come for active modern research and clinical use. In Third World countries, this concept already has provided significant reduction in morbidity and mortality from neonatal infections such as tetanus. Some other neonatal and infant infections--heretofore life-threatening--may now have a practical method for prevention. These include group B beta-streptococcal sepsis and Hemophilus influenzae meningitis.

Female↗

PubMed1990

Passive immunization protects the mouse eye from damage after herpes simplex virus infection by limiting spread of virus in the nervous system.

Mice were treated with serum containing antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or normal serum, 1 day before inoculation on the cornea with HSV-1 strain McKrae. As expected, without passive immunization, mice developed high levels of serum neutralizing antibody. By contrast, in passively immunized animals, such antibody became undetectable by 29 days after inoculation of serum, in spite of the virus infection. There was no difference between passively immunized mice and those given normal serum in the duration of shedding of virus in tears and the duration and severity of corneal epithelial disease. However, non-immunized mice had a high incidence of mortality and developed disease of the iris, corneal stroma and lids, and their corneas became opaque and vascularized. In non-immunized animals, the timing of isolation of virus from nervous tissues and the sequence of appearance of virus antigens in ocular tissues indicate that the disease of deeper eye tissue was caused by virus spreading from the nervous system back to the eye. Restriction of such spread in passively immunized animals seems the likely explanation for their protection from death and severe ocular damage. Despite this restricted spread, passively immunized animals had a high incidence of latent infection in the ophthalmic part of the trigeminal ganglion. However, in comparison with mice given normal serum, there was a far lower incidence of such infection in the other two parts of this ganglion and in the superior cervical ganglion. Since passively immunized animals have a high incidence of latent infection in the ophthalmic part of the trigeminal ganglion and their eyes are normal, they will prove useful in studies involving induction of recurrent disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Passive immunization of the tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, using rabbit antisera to Vibrio harveyi.

Passive immunization, toxicity neutralization and the persistence of passive protection in the tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) were investigated using rabbit antisera to the formalinized extracellular products (ECP) (R alpha ECP) and/or formalinized bacterial cells (R alpha BC) of luminescent Vibrio harveyi strain 820514 originally isolated from diseased tiger prawns. Rabbit antiserum to bovine serum albumin (R alpha BSA) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2) both served as controls. The toxicity of ECP to prawns was neutralized by pre-incubation with R alpha ECP. Passive immunization by pre-injection of R alpha BC or R alpha ECP into prawns 3 d in advance protected against a lethal dose challenge of bacteria. To determine the persistence of passive protection by rabbit antiserum in tiger prawns, the R alpha BC, R alpha ECP, R alpha BSA or PBS were injected into prawns. At 10, 17 or 24 d post-immunization, groups of prawns were given a lethal dose challenge of bacteria. The prawns in the two control groups were all killed within the first 2 d following challenge at all three challenge dates. Pre-injection with R alpha BC and R alpha ECP provided total protection for 10 and 17 d, respectively, with all treated prawns surviving for at least 2 weeks post-challenge. This is the first study using mammalian antisera to investigate toxicity neutralization, passive immunization and persistence of passive protection by rabbit antisera in prawns. The results could be useful in future studies on virulence mechanisms and disease control of vibriosis in cultured prawns.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Passive immunization of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) against the ciliated protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis by use of murine monoclonal antibodies.

Fish acquire immunity against the ciliated protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis following sublethal infection. The immune response includes the elaboration of humoral antibodies against a class of abundant surface membrane proteins referred to as immobilization antigens (i-antigens). Antibodies against these proteins immobilize the parasite in vitro, suggesting a potential role for the i-antigens in protective immunity. To test this hypothesis, passive immunization experiments were carried out with naive channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, using immobilizing murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Fish were completely protected against lethal challenge following intraperitoneal injection of 20 to 200 micrograms of MAb. Although fish succumbed to infection at lower doses, palliative effects were observed with as little as 2 micrograms of antibody. In experiments in which animals were challenged at various times following inoculation, an inverse relationship between parasite load and serum immobilizing activity was seen. Of seven MAbs which conferred protection, all were immunoglobulin G class antibodies. The only immobilizing MAb that failed to protect was an immunoglobulin M antibody that was absent from surface mucosa as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The implications of these findings for the development of a vaccine against I. multifiliis and immunity against surface pathogens of fish are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Suckling in the guinea-pig: the effects of passive immunization with an antiserum to oxytocin.

Lactating guinea-pigs were passively immunized with an antiserum to oxytocin of high titre, specificity and avidity. Single i.v. injections of 0.1-0.4 ml antiserum produced high titres which decayed slowly (half-life congruent to 7 days). Passively administered antiserum was effective in vivo; the clearance of exogenous oxytocin from plasma was greatly slowed in immunized animals. Passive immunization with 0.4 ml antiserum reduced milk transfer to the litter during suckling episodes of 10 min, and overall litter growth rates were significantly decreased. Non-immune serum was without effect. Plasma neurophysin levels showed the same large rises during suckling in immunized animals, indicating that neurohypophysial activation was unimpaired. Despite the presence of high titres of antiserum, some milk transfer still occurred at milk ejection. In-vitro experiments showed that more than 25% of oxytocin remained free 20s after mixing with plasma taken from passively immunized animals. It is probable that the antiserum in the circulation was unable to bind all the oxytocin released from the posterior pituitary gland before it reached the mammary gland.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Passive immunity against pseudomonas sepsis during granulocytopenia.

Specific passive immunity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis was assessed in granulocytopenic dogs. Dogs were infused with either normal or antipseudomonas immune plasma 24 h before pseudomonas challenge. They were challenged intravenously with 10(7) serotype 6 P. aeruginosa during granulocytopenia. Treatment was evaluated by observation of survival periods, febrile responses, type 6 pseudomonas antibody titers, and quantitative cultures of blood and tissues. The results demonstrated that passively immunized dogs did not survive infection. Both normal-plasma and immune-plasma recipients had bacteremia at death, with median values of 980 and 470 pseudomonas per ml of blood, respectively. All dogs had marked febrile responses 24 h after pseudomonas challenge and had high concentrations of pseudomonas in their lung tissue at death, with median values of 10(8) pseudomonas per g of wet tissue weight. After plasma infusion, immune-plasma recipients had high concentrations of anti-pseudomonas antibody, with total antibody titers ranging from 256 to 1,024 and a median value of 1,024. These titers were comparable to titers attained in a previous study from our laboratory using active immunization with pseudomonas lipopolysaccharide vaccine, where the median total anti-pseudomonas antibody titer was 2,048. Actively immunized animals, however, were significantly protected against pseudomonas sepsis and had prolonged survival periods and prevention of bacteremia. The present study demonstrates that circulating type-specific antibody is not solely responsible for the protection afforded to granulocytopenic dogs actively immunized against pseudomonas.

Agranulocytosis↗

PubMed1975

Immunoglobulins and anti-Marek's disease virus antibody synthesis in chickens after passive immunization with immunoglobulin Y anti-Marek's disease virus antibody.

The effect of passive immunization with immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibody against Marek's disease virus (MDV) was examined in MDV-susceptible chickens. The production of IgY, immunoglobulin M, and probably also immunoglobulin A was depressed in passively immunized chickens when compared with that in MDV-exposed chickens which had not been given IgY anti-MDV antibody. In passively immunized chickens, the synthesis of immunoglobulin M and IgY anti-MDV antibodies in response to MDV infection also was delayed as determined by agar gel precipitin and indirect fluorescence antibody tests.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of the efficiency of the screening of anti-HVA IgG antibodies before active or passive immunization].

BACKGROUND: The epidemiological patron of hepatitis A has changed in the last few years and a decrease of the anti-hepatitis A antibodies IgG (Anti-HVA) have been observed at early ages, which will accompany in the future an increase of symptomatic hepatitis. The prevention of hepatitis A requires a strict application of the norms of personal and environmental hygiene and the administration of vaccines or immunoglobulins. In order to determine the convenience of immunization actively or passively with or without the previous detection of Anti-HVA, requires the knowledge of with strategy is more efficient. METHODS: An analysis is carried out to determine the threshold of prevalence, where the reason of efficiency is established by comparing the unit cost of immunization either actively or passively of the population, with a cost of immunizing only the negative Anti-HVA by previous screening, with the formula: the unit cost of the active or passive immunization (unit cost of screening + cost of active or passive (in specific immunoglobuline) immunization in the negative Anti-HVA). The results correlate with the prevalence of Anti-HVA in age group founded in sero-epidemiological studies published by Salleras (1992 and Pérez-Trallero (1994). RESULTS: The threshold of prevalence, the reason of efficiency equals 1, it's situated in 18% and 65% respectively for the active and passive immunization, which corresponds to the age group of 10-19 years and 20-29 years based on sero-epidemiological studies used. CONCLUSIONS: With prevalence of Anti-HVA equal to or above 18% of the population the most efficient strategy is to determine the Anti-HVA before the active immunization; This threshold of prevalence move to up to 65% with passive immunization. Beneath these prevalence it's more efficient to immunize actively or passively without prior screening.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Modulating effect of passive immunization with anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibodies on humoral response in BCG-infected mice.

Previous work has shown that the passive immunization with rabbit anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv antiserum of Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected mice promotes the growth of bacilli in their spleen and induces a late production of antimycobacterial antibodies in their serum. The effect of the passive immunization on the early antibody response in infected mice has now been investigated. It was found that passive immunization with H37Rv antiserum of BCG-infected mice depressed the early humoral response as determined by the plaque-forming cell response to BCG extract when compared with BCG-infected mice treated with the antiserum freed from its mycobacterial antibodies as controls. In the BCG-infected mice treated with the rabbit antiserum freed from mycobacterial antibodies or treated with saline, the antibodies were present in the serum as soluble immune complexes which reached a peak 4 days after infection. These immune complexes were formed with mice antimycobacterial antibodies as determined with an antimouse immunoglobulin serum in the double diffusion test. On the other hand, in BCG-infected mice passively immunized with rabbit antimycobacterial serum, the immune complexes detected were mainly composed of transfer rabbit antimycobacterial antibodies as established with an antirabbit immunoglobulin serm. Comparison of the biphasic humoral response in passively-enhanced mycobacterial infection and allotransplanted normal tissue in the host is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Prolongation of the oestrous cycle in cows and ewes after passive immunization with PGF antibodies.

Three cows and 2 sheep were passively immunized against prostaglandin (PG) F on Day 16 and Days 13-15 of the oestrous cycle respectively. The PGF antiplasma was raised in ovariectomized ewes against a PGF-2 alpha-bovine serum albumin complex and showed 100%, 12.5%, 0.3%, less than 0.05% and less than 0.01% cross-reactivity with PGF-2 alpha, PGE-2, PGA-2, PGB-2 and arachidonic acid, respectively. Control animals were given an equivalent amount of ovariectomized ewe plasma. In all passively immunized animals there was evidence of a persistent corpus luteum as indicated by plasma progesterone concentration and the failure of the animals to return to oestrus until at least 29 days after treatment. These data are consistent with previous proposals that PGF-2 alpha is the uterine luteolytic factor in sheep and cattle.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Passive immunization against tumor necrosis factor partially abrogates interleukin 2 toxicity.

Passive immunization against TNF allowed non-tumor-bearing C3H/HEN mice and tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice to tolerate significantly more doses of IL-2 before death (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.001, respectively). The antitumor effect of IL-2 against both 3-d and 10-d pulmonary metastases was maintained in mice treated concurrently with neutralizing antibodies to TNF. In one experiment with 10-d pulmonary metastases, increased administration of IL-2 made possible by passive immunization against TNF significantly improved the antitumor response compared to equitoxic doses of IL-2 and control antibody. The results indicate that TNF is a mediator of IL-2 toxicity but contributes minimally to the antitumor effects of IL-2. Strategies to inhibit TNF may improve the therapeutic index of IL-2 as a neoplastic agent.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Immunization with parasite-derived apical membrane antigen 1 or passive immunization with a specific monoclonal antibody protects BALB/c mice against lethal Plasmodium yoelii yoelii YM blood-stage infection.

We have purified apical merozoite antigen 1 (AMA-1) from extracts of red blood cells infected with the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii YM. When used to immunize mice, the protein induced a strong protective response against a challenge with the parasite. Monoclonal antibodies specific for P. yoelii yoelii AMA-1 were prepared, and one was very effective against the parasite on passive immunization. A second protein that appears to be located in the apical rhoptry organelles and associated with AMA-1 was identified.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Antibodies in passive immunization studies: characteristics and consequences.

Antibodies to neuropeptides or hormones are frequently used in passive immunization studies to unravel their physiological role in signal transfer. In such in vivo experiments antibodies are considered to bind and thereby to biologically inactivate the endogenous substance during its journey from its site of secretion to its site of action (signalling time). However, little is known about the mechanism of action and characteristics of antibodies that determine such biological activity. Since the signalling time in neuronal and hormonal communication is short, the kinetics of antibody binding is an important feature. Here, we present a theoretical framework to describe antibody binding kinetics which can contribute to the design of passive immunization protocols. The specific effects of variation in antibody concentration, dissociation constant, and on-rate constant on these binding kinetics are demonstrated. Simple methods are described to determine these parameters, which may guide the selection of antibodies for passive immunization studies. When time is limited, the on-rate constant and the local antibody concentration are the most important determinants. Several points are illustrated for CRF signal transfer in the rat. CRF signalling time in the hypothalamo-pituitary complex, as established from dye transport experiments, was 3-7 sec. Based on parameters measured for a rat monoclonal antibody to CRF (PFU 83), we computed that half-maximal and full blockades of ether-induced ACTH secretion were associated with approximately 85% and more than 99% binding of CRF, respectively. From the theoretical framework presented in this study we conclude that, in general, the kinetics of antigen binding are sufficiently fast for antibodies to interfere with hormonal and probably nonsynaptic neuronal signal transfer. However, interference with fast signalling processes (less than 10 msec), which may occur in the brain, is unlikely.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Effects of bovine follicular fluid and passive immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on messenger ribonucleic acid for GnRH receptor and gonadotropin subunits in ovariectomized ewes.

In cultured ovine pituitary cells, inhibin increases concentrations of mRNA encoding GnRH receptor and numbers of GnRH receptors. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that inhibin increases concentrations of ovine GnRH receptor mRNA in vivo. Ovariectomized ewes were used to eliminate effects of endogenous ovarian hormones, and passive immunization against GnRH was employed to avoid possible confounding influences of GnRH on GnRH receptor gene expression. Two groups of ewes (n = 5/group) were treated with 50 ml GnRH antiserum on Days 0 and 3 of the experiment. One group of immunized ewes received 10 ml charcoal-extracted bovine follicular fluid (bFF) as a source of inhibin every 8 h for 48 h on Days 4-6 of the experiment. A third group of ewes was not passively immunized and was treated only with bFF, and control ewes received no treatments. Anterior pituitary glands were collected from all ewes on Day 6. Passive immunization against GnRH, alone or in combination with treatment with bFF, decreased mean concentrations of LH (p < 0.01) and LH pulse amplitude (p < 0.001). In ewes treated only with GnRH antiserum, number of LH pulses was also reduced (p < 0.03). Circulating concentrations of FSH tended to be lower (p = 0.06) in passively immunized ewes compared to controls. Treatment with bFF, alone or in combination with GnRH antiserum, reduced circulating concentrations of FSH (p < 0.02) and amounts of FSHbeta subunit mRNA (p < 0.001) to less than 30% and 10% of control values, respectively. Despite effects of bFF on concentrations of FSHbeta mRNA and secretion of FSH, concentrations of GnRH receptor mRNA were similar among controls, ewes treated with bFF alone, and passively immunized ewes treated with bFF. Passive immunization against GnRH did not affect concentrations of GnRH receptor mRNA but resulted in a reduction (p < 0.05) in amount of LHbeta mRNA. Treatment with bFF did not affect amounts of either alpha subunit or LHbeta subunit mRNA except when combined with treatment with antiserum, when amounts of both alpha and LHbeta subunit mRNA were reduced (p < 0.05). These results do not support the hypothesis that inhibin increases concentrations of GnRH receptor mRNA in the ewe, and they provide evidence that inhibin is not an acute regulator of ovine GnRH receptor gene expression in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Continuous and pulsatile infusions of luteinizing hormone have identical effects on steroidogenic capacity and sensitivity of Leydig cells in rats passively immunized against gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

Adult male rats were passively immunized against GnRH and given iv infusions of saline or 60 or 300 ng NIDDK ovine LH-24/100 g BW.24 h in continuous regimens of 2.5 or 12.5 ng/100 g BW.h and pulsatile regimens of 1-min pulses of 5 or 25 ng/100 g BW every 2 h. Control animals were treated with nonimmune serum and saline. After 10 days of in vivo treatment, Leydig cells were purified and incubated in vitro with 1) increasing concentrations of hCG (0-50 mIU/ml) in the presence or absence of methylisobutylxanthine, 2) a maximally stimulatory concentration of 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP; 1 mM), and 3) a saturating concentration of 25-hydroxycholesterol (10 microM). LH receptor concentrations were quantified by [125I]hCG binding assay. Maximum testosterone production in the presence of hCG, 8-Br-cAMP, or 25-hydroxycholesterol was reduced by more than 90% in Leydig cells from anti-GnRH serum-treated rats (compared to that in cells from control rats), and this reduction in steroidogenic capacity was prevented in a dose-dependent manner by concurrent infusion of LH in either the continuous or pulsatile regimens. These results confirm that the trophic actions of LH on Leydig cells in vivo 1) do not depend on pulsatile secretion of the hormone, and 2) include induction/maintenance of one or more of the enzymes catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol to testosterone. Trophic actions on constituents or processes before cholesterol side-chain cleavage were not apparent; in vivo treatments had no obvious differential effects on hCG-stimulated, 8-Br-cAMP-stimulated, or 25-hydroxycholesterol-supported testosterone production. Sensitivity to hCG was increased (EC50 for stimulation of testosterone production was decreased) by passive immunization against GnRH, and this effect was prevented in a dose-dependent manner by concurrent infusion of LH in either the continuous or pulsatile regimens. Thus, intermittent exposure to low concentrations of LH in vivo desensitizes Leydig cells as effectively as continuous exposure. Neither specific binding of [125I]hCG nor the effect of methylisobutylxanthine on sensitivity to hCG in vitro differed among treatment groups. Therefore, both the trophic and desensitizing actions of LH appear to occur by mechanisms that are independent of changes in available LH receptor concentration and phosphodiesterase activity.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗

PubMed1989

The effect of passive immunization on active immunity against Clostridium perfringens type D in lambs.

Lambs in different stages of development of active immunity against Clostridium perfringens type D were treated with partially purified immunoglobulin in an attempt to superimpose a passive immunity on an existing or developing active immunity. Three different studies were undertaken to determine the impact of partial purified immunoglobulins on these vaccinated animals. In 2 of the 3 studies, active immunity was induced by administering the normal routine enterotoxaemia vaccinations and allowing the basic immunity to become established, for a period ranging from 2 weeks for the animals in study 1 and 4 months for those in study 2, before passive immunization with the partially purified immunoglobulins took place. An increase in the epsilon antibody titre occurred in each of the 2 studies after the animals were passively immunized with immunoglobulin, though this increase was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). In the 3rd study, when the animals were given the initial vaccination of the Onderstepoort enterotoxaemia oil adjuvant vaccine together with the immunoglobulin, an immediate increase in the epsilon antitoxin titre occurred that was statistically significant (P less than 0.05) 2-14 days after administration. No negative effects were noted on the development of an initial active immunity or an existing active immunity against Clostridium perfringens type D when they were passively immunized with partially purified immunoglobulin.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Pattern of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-like stimuli sufficient to induce follicular growth and ovulation in ewes passively immunized against GnRH.

The pattern of GnRH-like stimuli capable of inducing follicular growth, ovulation, and luteal function was evaluated in ewes passively immunized against GnRH. The estrous cycles of 30 regularly cyclic sheep were synchronized using vaginal pessaries impregnated with a synthetic progestogen. Animals were passively immunized against GnRH (groups 2-5, n = 6) or the carrier protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; group 1, n = 6), at the time of pessary removal (PR). Circhoral delivery of saline (groups 1, 2, and 5) or low amplitude GnRH agonist (des-Gly10 GnRH ethylamide [100 ng/hourly pulse]; groups 3 and 4) was initiated at PR and continued for 3 (groups 4 and 5) or 12 days (groups 1-3). In groups 4 and 5, the amplitude of the GnRH-like stimulus was increased to 800 ng/hourly pulse (stimulus-shift) during the 24-h period beginning 72 h after PR. The amplitude of the hourly stimulus was adjusted to 100 ng/pulse 96 h after PR and continued at that level to Day 12. The endocrine changes associated with follicle growth and maturation (serum concentrations of estradiol [E2] above 10 pg/ml), ovulation (surge-like secretion of LH and FSH), and normal luteal function (serum concentrations of progesterone [P] above 2 ng/ml) were evident in ewes passively immunized against KLH (group 1). In this group, the preovulatory surge of gonadotropins was noted 48.7 +/- 1.2 h after PR. These endocrine events were blocked by passive immunization against GnRH (group 2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗