SEARCH · PubMed Health
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
It has being shown by radiological methods of evaluation of the binding sites with adrenergic, cholinergic and neuropeptide agents that during mice ontogenesis the number of binding sites to these agents is progressively declined. The cAMP accumulation by lymphoid cells after contact with adrenaline is declined also. The regularities shown may reflect processes of the immune change during the age.
Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with postoperative humoral and cellular immune changes. Postoperative decrease in T helper (CD4), T suppressor (CD8), and B lymphocyte counts; decrease or reversal of the CD4/CD8 ratio; and poor in vitro response to mitogens have also been observed. Similar changes in lymphocyte number and function have also been noted in patients receiving transfusions. To determine whether observed changes after cardiopulmonary bypass are related to the bypass itself or to associated blood transfusions, we conducted a study of lymphocyte subsets in transfused and nontransfused patients. A flow cytometric analysis of seven lymphocyte subpopulations was conducted in 18 patients undergoing bypass, eight of whom did not receive a transfusion. The transfused group comprised recipients of both homologous (n = 8) and autologous (n = 2) blood. Total lymphocytes and lymphocytes with markers for CD3 (pan-T cells), CD4, and CD8 decreased significantly postoperatively independent of transfusion. B lymphocytes decreased postoperatively in both the autologous transfusion and no transfusion groups. However, this trend was not seen in patients receiving homologous blood, and three of these patients had evidence of T cell activation, suggestive of an immune response to homologous transfusion. Bypass produces significant changes in selected lymphocyte subsets. Furthermore, simultaneous homologous blood transfusion may specifically elicit an immune response in some patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.
The total count, spontaneous proliferation and proliferative response of thymic and spleen T-cells in mixed lymphocyte culture and Con A-induced suppressor activity do not reveal significant disorders in 10-14-month A/Sn and C3H/He mice with spontaneous mammary tumors (weight under 2-3 g). However, these indices are quite different in varying age (2, 6, 12 month) A/Sn mice and C57Bl/6 mice with low rates of spontaneous tumors. The analysis of thymus-dependent immunity changes observed with age shows that relatively intensive migration of nonmature thymocytes, T-suppressor precursors is noted in mice with high cancer incidence. This phenomenon is considered to be one of major mechanisms regulating immune response in spontaneous-carcinogenesis.
B. burgdorferi is an organism capable of modifying the immune response of its human hosts in a number of specific and nonspecific ways. An understanding of immune changes can help with diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in Lyme disease.
We report a case of malakoplakia coexisting with renal polycystosis, a rare association that had been histologically demonstrated in a patient who developed end-stage renal failure. This condition is reviewed highlighting its localization and coexisting conditions, and the different hypotheses relative to its pathogenesis are discussed. A better understanding of the metabolic and immunologic aspects have provided further insight relative to treatment. Furthermore, there appears to be an increasing tendency towards nosologic and clinical unification of different syndromes with changes in bacterial phagocytosis coexisting or secondary to immune changes.
The relationship between the IgA antibody response in serum (total and polymeric IgA) and intestinal secretions was examined in volunteers subjected to oral and parenteral typhoid vaccination. After oral vaccination (three doses of 10(11) live Ty21a vaccine given at 48-hr intervals), serum pIgA antibody to typhoid lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was detected in seven of the 14 subjects (46.4 +/- 59 U/100 microliters, mean +/- SD). However, all 14 showed a significant intestinal IgA response (993 +/- 2516 and 9349 +/- 6754 U/mg pre- and post-vaccine; t = 5.25, P = 0.0002). The level of pIgA antibody declined rapidly, whereas intestinal IgA antibody levels remained elevated. Serum pIgA antibody was also found after parenteral immunization (two doses of 5 X 10(8) heat-killed bacteria given 14 days apart to six subjects), but an intestinal IgA antibody response was detected in these individuals only after a subsequent course of the oral vaccine given 1 month after initial parenteral immunization. Changes in serum pIgA antibody followed those of total serum IgA antibody rather than those of intestinal antibody. The results indicate that a serum pIgA response can be induced by an antigenic stimulus delivered either orally or parenterally, whereas an intestinal IgA response is induced only by a local antigen stimulus. The regulation of serum pIgA and intestinal IgA appear to be independent.
The aim of the work was to assess the immunity response of the macroorganism to "sound" meningococcal carriership in relation to its length. Furthermore the author wanted to assess the state of immunity changes during the inter-epidemic period. Although the differences in the immunity response in different groups are not significant, they exist and correlate with data reported in the literature. The most important finding is that during the period of the maximum drop of IgG and IgM antibodies there is an increase of the IgA class of immunoglobulins and the C3 component of complement. This correlates with the maximum number of carriers in the investigated group. Despite existing described changes of non-specific humoral immunity, the author considers specific, in particular collective immunity which determines the epidemic process of meningococcal infections, decisive for the development of meningococcal carriership.
Complex examination of 72 patients with obliterating atherosclerosis and 10 patients with obliterating endarteritis was performed. All the patients were given autotransfusion of UV-irradiated blood as conservative treatment, preoperative preparation and postoperative management. The course of AUVIB was followed by a decrease of the lactic acid level, increase of functional properties of hemoglobin, activation of humoral immunity, change of the blood hemostatic potential to the side of hypocoagulation. The AUVIB treatment was most effective in patients at initial stages and those with peripheral forms of the disease.
The modern problem of pesticide-related pathogenic body effect has been studied from different points of view. However, some medical aspects of pesticide-induced diseases, primarily their effect on the immune status, remain insufficiently explored. The study is designed to analyze pesticide effect on basic indicators of humoral and cellular immune factors and also to develop a new principle for assessing their exposure according to the degree of immune changes in those exposed to pesticides. Proceeding from the study results it is possible to conclude that under long-term exposure to pesticide microdoses the human body undergoes complex changes: there develops autoimmunization accompanied by the manifestation of antitissue autoantibodies, reduction of serum complement activity, relative content of T-lymphocytes and elevation of the level of B-lymphocytes. Toxicant-related body sensitization and decline in immuno-resistance can serve as the main cause for the deterioration of health status of the residents of the rural areas characterized by higher chemical exposure.
Immune state was evaluated in 69 schoolchildren. In cases with dental caries, local immunity changes were evident with changes in immune globulins content. This is the first report on the presence of antigen to caries-afflicted dentin in the mixed saliva as detected by the complement binding technique. The course features of the disease were related to the salivary antibodies titer.
Findings of original research on the factors of nonspecific resistance (interferon formation, antibacterial activity of peritoneal exudate cells, and natural cytotoxicity of splenocytes) and immunity (changes in sub-populational composition of spleen lymphocytes) in different types of influenza in mice are analysed. There was no infection-mediated suppression of the studied reactions, that could have been considered as a cause of death or a basis for immunodeficiency status. The correlation of the level of cerebral lipid peroxidation in mice with severe infection formed the basis for testing the synthetic antioxidant ionol as an anti-influenza agent. A prophylactic effect of ionol toward the development of influenza infection has been obtained. Its possible actions and the feasibility of search for prophylactic and therapeutic preparations among the agents with pathogenetic action is discussed.
Psychoneuroimmunology, an interdisciplinary field of research, is concerned with the interactions between the central nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system. In this survey the importance of psychosocial factors is illustrated by means of a number of studies reviewed from the literature: 1. Psychosocial factors related to illness (except aids): In animal experiments it could be shown that the effects of aversive stimulation on tumor growth were dependent on the type and manner of application of the stressors. The influence of personality factors and psychological states on the course and possibly also on the susceptibility to illness was frequently confirmed with regard to upper respiratory infections, coronary artery disease, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. 2. Psychosocial factors related to changes in immunity: Changes in immunity could be demonstrated relating to bereavement of close relatives as well as in mental illness. In spite of immunologic abnormalities found in the various diseases the importance of the aforementioned immunosuppression on possible subsequent onset of illness is not yet clarified. The fact that we can experimentally strengthen or weaken the immune system by means of psychological methods offers a further possibility to influence the course and prognosis of various diseases by means of psychologically induced changes in immunity.
Clinical and immunological parameters of 77 children with tonsillogenic lesions of the heart were investigated. Taking into consideration the pathogenetic mechanisms of cardiovascular pathologies in children with chronic tonsillitis and their immunity changes, a method of autotransfusion of UV irradiated blood was developed and used for their therapy. Before and after tonsillectomy the patients underwent this autotransfusion in order to accelerate their rehabilitation. It was demonstrated that in patients whose treatment involved autotransfusion, cardiac symptoms disappeared and immunological parameters stabilized faster than in the children given routine treatment.
The immune suppression that frequently accompanies severe injury undoubtedly contributes to subsequent infectious complications. Various lymphocyte subpopulations may be identified by surface antigen expression, and alterations in antigen expression by lymphocytes may reflect host immune competence. Using monoclonal antibodies (Moabs) and dual-color flow cytometry, we studied lymphocyte phenotypic expression in mice after either controlled burn injury or hind-limb amputation, with use of peripheral blood, lymph node, and spleen for cell preparation. Moabs were utilized specific for T cells (Lyt-1), helper/inducer cells (L3T4), suppressor/cytotoxic cells (Lyt-2), B cells (IgG), and activated T cells (Ia or IL-2 receptor). The assay techniques called for small amounts of tissue and avoided gradient procedures that might result in selective loss of some lymphocyte populations. The most consistent changes observed were depressions in percentages of L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ cells in spleens of burned mice, accompanied by depression in Ia+ (possibly activated or proliferating) subsets of L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ cells, and the appearance of increased percentages of non-B, non-T lymphocytes. Changes in lymph node cells were minimal. The major alteration seen in peripheral blood was substantial depression of Ia+ subsets, although burned mice had increased circulating Lyt-2+ cells on several late postburn days. Burned mice, unlike limb-trauma mice, had marked splenic hypertrophy with more than a 300% increase in spleen weight after the 30-day postburn period. Eschar excision/implantation experiments indicated that splenic hypertrophy and splenocyte phenotypic changes are related to the presence of burned tissue, which suggests that burned tissue may partially mediate immune changes that accompany severe burn injury.
The prognostic value of ocular manifestations and its correlation with immune changes in HIV-infected subjects was studied longitudinally with an average follow-up of one year (3-22 months). The most common ocular manifestations were retinal cotton-wool-like spots, observed in 58.8% of AIDS patients and in 76.9% of those with ocular involvement. Two of three ARC cases with cotton-wool-like spots developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia a few weeks after ophthalmoscopic examination. A close correlation between ocular changes and decrease of CD4+ lymphocytes was observed. In our opinion, these ocular manifestations are as useful as opportunistic infections or AIDS-related neoplasias in the natural history of HIV infection.
The level and intensity of antitoxic immunity to diphtheria and tetanus in children and adolescents were determined. The presence of tetanus antitoxin in titers exceeding the protective level in 96.3-98.5% of the examined children and adolescents is indicative of a high actual coverage by immunization. Protective titers against diphtheria were lower. There was no essential difference in the levels of protection in children immunized according to the vaccination schedule and in those immunized with some deviations from this schedule. A considerable part of newborns and children aged 3 months had antibodies to diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins. After the third booster immunization changes in antidiphtheria immunity characteristics occurred only in 2.5% of the vaccines and no changes in antitetanus immunity characteristics were observed.
The clinical and immunologic abnormalities of 7 infants with Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV) infection are reported. Indicative immune changes, positive anti-LAV serologic test and/or virus isolation led to the diagnosis. In a case with a particularly severe form of the disease, whose mother died from AIDS, serologic tests and virus isolation were negative. Beside a case associated with blood transfusion, the familial and ethnic context helped the diagnosis. Clinical and biochemical features were close to those in adult AIDS, including hepatosplenomegaly, polyadenopathy, a decreased absolute number of OKT4(+) lymphocytes and hypergammaglobulinemia. The importance of cellular and sometimes also humoral immune deficiency was highly variable. For 4 patients, the severity of the immune deficiency allowed the diagnosis of AIDS. Occurrence of such an infection in the first months of life suggests a fetomaternal viral transmission; however, a postnatal contamination cannot be ruled out. Long-term prognosis is difficult to assess. It depends, among other factors, on the importance of the immune deficiency.
Plasmodium berghei parasites (strain K173) in mice with developing immunity changed to a variant type with increased resistance against antibodies and enhanced invasion of mature erythrocytes; on passages in normal mice this variant type retransformed to the normal type (Kretschmar 1964). On detailed study, parasites of the variant type showed a markedly decreased predilection for polychromatophilic erythrocytes, leading to slowed multiplication during prepatency, increased invasion of mature erythrocytes and rapidly fatal course of the infection. Avoidance of parasitized immature erythrocytes remained unaltered in the variant type. In presence of antibodies many parasites invaded mature erythrocytes even in blood with high concentrations of immature erythrocytes. --Plasmodium yoelii (strain 17X) showed very high predilection for polychromatophilic erythrocytes, only slight lowering of immature erythrocyte concentration and low parasitization of mature erythrocytes. Parasites with altered preference for polychromatophilic erythrocytes were not observed in animals with parasitemia relapsing after spontaneous disappearance of the primary parasitemia or after injection of antiserum. It is suggested that in a variant of Plasmodium yoelii with high invasion of mature erythrocytes (Yoeli et al. 1975), the decisive virulence factor might be a lowered predilection for polychromatophilic erythrocytes. Avoidance of parasitized immature erythrocytes is less marked in Plasmodium yoelii than in Plasmodium berghei. In presence of antibodies more parasites invade mature erythrocytes. --Plasmodium chabaudi showed an appreciable preference for invasion of immature erythrocytes. Moreover, significantly more multiply parasitized mature and immature erythrocytes were found than would have been produced by random invasion of erythrocytes.