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Results for “Immunologic Factors”

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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Immunologic factors: the major risk for decreased long-term renal allograft survival.

BACKGROUND: Both antigen-dependent (immunologic) and non-antigen-dependent (nonimmunologic) factors have been implicated in long-term renal allograft loss. Differentiating between these two factors is important because prevention strategies differ. METHODS: To isolate the importance of these 2 factors, we studied long-term actuarial graft survival in a cohort of adult kidney recipients who underwent transplants at a single institution between January 1, 1984 and October 31, 1998. Excluded were recipients with graft loss as a result of death with function, technical failure, primary nonfunction, and recurrent disease, leaving 1587 recipients (757 cadaver [CAD], 830 living donor [LD]) who would be at risk for graft loss secondary to both immunologic and nonimmunologic factors. These recipients were analyzed in the following 2 groups: those treated for a previous episode of acute rejection (AR) (Group1; n = 588; 328 CAD, 260 LD) and those with no AR (Group 2: n = 999; 429 CAD, 570 LD). Actuarial graft survival and causes of graft loss were determined for each group. Presumably, graft loss in Group 1 would be caused by immunologic and nonimmunologic factors; graft loss in Group 2 would be caused primarily by nonimmunologic factors. RESULTS: The 10-year graft survival rate (censored for death with function, technical failure, primary nonfunction, and recurrent disease) in Group 2 was 91%. In contrast, the 10-year graft survival rate in Group 1 was 45% (P<0.001 vs. Group 2). Causes of graft loss in Group 2 were chronic rejection in 1.8% (3.0% CAD, 0.9% LD), de novo disease, 0.4%; sepsis, 0.2%; discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy, 0.3%; and unknown, 0.6%. In contrast, 23.8% (29.9% CAD, 16.2% LD) of recipients in Group 1 had graft loss caused by chronic rejection (P = 0.001 vs. Group 2). CONCLUSIONS: This very low incidence of chronic rejection in recipients without previous AR suggests that immunologic factors are the main determinants of long-term kidney transplant outcome; nonimmunologic factors in isolation may have only a minimal impact on long-term graft survival.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Quantitative expression (Walbaum) of immunological factors in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), after infection with either Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Aeromonas salmonicida, or infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus.

To further enhance our understanding of immunological gene expression in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, after infection with naturally occurring pathogens, a series of probes and primers were developed for the quantification of immune factors. Separate groups of specific-pathogen-free rainbow trout were infected with either Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Aeromonas salmonicida or infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Three different concentrations of each pathogen were used and samples from infected and mock-infected fish were taken at either 1 or 5 days after infection. Ten fish were sampled at each time point for individual sections of liver, spleen and head kidney. Organ specimens from five of the fish were used to re-isolate and quantify the pathogen at the time the samples were taken. Total RNA was extracted from the organs of the remaining five animals. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction with fluorescent-labelled probes, the RNA from these organs was examined for the level of expression of the following immunological factors; an interferon related protein (MX-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), the cytotoxic T-cell marker CD-8 and complement factor C3 (C3). They were also measured for the level of beta-actin, which was used as a standardization control for cellular RNA expression. Infection with IHNV produced the greatest change in expression level for all the immunological related factors examined in this study. IHNV elicited the best dose response profile, which was typically seen at 5-days post-infection for MX-1, C3, IL-8 and CD-8. Infection with A. salmonicida and F. psychrophilum showed elevated, but variable expression levels for several of the genes tested.

Actins↗
PubMed1995

Immunological factors and risk of infection in plateau phase myeloma.

AIMS: A series of patients with myeloma were investigated to assess whether immunological risk factors predisposing to serious infection could be identified. METHODS: Patients (n = 102) with predominantly plateau phase myeloma were monitored prospectively for infections. Immunological parameters including total non-paraprotein immunoglobulins and specific antibody titres were measured in all patients and compared with a control population of healthy individuals of a similar age; response to immunisation with Pneumovax II, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids and IgG subclasses were measured in a subgroup of 41 patients. Other characteristics investigated for any association with infection included age, sex, paraprotein type, disease stage, and chemotherapy. RESULTS: Specific antibody titres to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides and tetanus and diphtheria toxoids were significantly reduced compared with the control population. Low antipneumococcal and anti Escherichia coli titres correlated with risk of serious infection and low anti-pneumococcal titres with severity of non-paraprotein immunosuppression. In 41 immunised patients responses to Pneumovax II, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids were poor; IgG subclass levels were significantly reduced and a poor IgG response to Pneumovax II immunisation was associated with an increased risk of septicaemia and low IgG2 levels. The overall serious infection rate was 0.92 infections per patient year and was four times higher during periods of active disease (1.90) compared with plateau phase myeloma (0.49). The predominant site of infection was the respiratory tract. Clinical and laboratory parameters showed only male sex and reduced non-paraprotein IgG and IgA levels to be significantly associated with at least one serious infection. CONCLUSIONS: A subgroup of patients with myeloma with poor IgG responses to exogenous antigens, who are at increased risk of serious infection, can be identified and may benefit from replacement immunoglobulin therapy to reduce the risk of infection.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Immunologic factors in thyroid disease.

The role of immunologic reactions against orbital-specific and orbital-thyroid antigens in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disorders and Graves' ophthalmopathy is discussed. Possible mechanisms for the association of ophthalmopathy and autoimmune thyroid disorders is discussed in relation to the role of autoantibodies against eye muscle antigens.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1996

Regulation of transplacental virus infection by developmental and immunological factors: studies with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus.

Placental and fetal infections with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) were determined by virus titration, indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA), and in situ hybridization with cDNA probes. Experiments were designed to determine the effects of gestational age, timing of maternal LDV infection, and immunological (antibody and cytokine) factors on mouse placental and fetal LDV infection. Virus infection of the placenta was detected at high levels (almost all placentas infected) within 24 h post-maternal infection (p.m.i.), whereas fetal LDV infection was detected only at a low level by 24 h p.m.i. The percentage of fetuses becoming LDV infected progressively increased between 24 and 72 h p.m.i. When fetal infection was studied at 72 h p.m.i., earlier gestational ages (9-11 days) were associated with fetal resistance to infection, whereas between 12.5 and 15 days of gestation, virus infection was detected in 50-71% of fetuses. Maternal treatment with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or anti-LDV monoclonal antibodies was associated with reduced rates of fetal, but not placental, LDV infection. These results demonstrate that both developmental and immunological factors are important in the regulation of transplacental LDV infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

NON-IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS IN ALLERGIC DISEASES.

Many different explanations of the mechanism of asthma and other allergic diseases have been offered. Of these, the immunologic concept has gained the greatest acceptance. During the past 25 years, a renewed attempt to place the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases on a firm scientific basis has yielded many fundamental facts and principles in such varied fields as immunology and psychiatry, but no one of these disciplines affords a satisfactory approach to the practical management of the individual patient. There is a vast gap between scientific fact and medical practice. The need at present is less for basic principles than for their rational application to diagnosis and treatment. This requires a broad knowledge of the basic sciences, and utilization of that which is applicable.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1983

[Do immunological factors play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease?].

Immunological injury is frequently thought to be a critical factor in Alzheimer's disease. In this review we discuss the immunological indices in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and subsequently the nature of cerebral amyloid. We conclude that the results of the immunopathological research program have not contributed to the understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we discuss the problems of neurobiological investigations concerning patients with dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[The role of immunological factors in Meniere's disease].

Involvement of the immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Meniere's disease has been discussed over the past two decades. Nevertheless, we lack well-defined laboratory tests that might confirm the autoimmune background of the disorder. Therefore the diagnosis is often based solely on the patient's clinical profile and the positive response to the immunosuppressive therapy. In this article we present a case of 44 year-old woman with Meniere's disease successfully treated with systemic glucocorticoids. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of immune-mediated cases of Meniere's disease are reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Role of immunological factors in male infertility. Immunohistochemical and serological evidence.

Immunological deposits in the testis and circulating antibodies to spermatozoa are presented as a possible explanation for infertility in man. Testicular biopsy specimens from infertile patients (N = 52) as well as from fertile controls (N = 6) were analyzed immunohistochemically by using semithin sections. Immunoglobulin deposits were found in the testes of 21 patients. Antibody deposits were observed on the seminiferous tubule wall, on germ cells or in the interstitium. In two cases, the C3 complement component was detected on the tubular wall and in one case on atypical spermatogonia. Deposits of immunoglobulin class G were found most frequently, and were often attached to the seminiferous tubule wall. In addition, the occurrence of circulating antisperm antibodies in the sera of these patients was examined by a recently developed method, the immunobeads binding test. A significant number of patients with normal spermatogenesis had antibodies that exhibited a strong binding reaction to spermatozoa as observed by the immunobeads binding test. It is suggested that at least two different immunological mechanisms may be involved in pathological infertility: an immunoglobulin deposit, induced locally in the testis, in a manner specifically against the germ cells and the seminiferous tubular basement membrane, or in a manner nonspecifically against seminiferous tubular wall, and asystemically induced immunoglobulin production which is directed against spermatozoal antigens.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1996

[Immunologic factors in the serum and peritoneal fluid in women after laparoscopy. I. Nonspecific factors].

The authors examined by diagnostic laparoscopy and immunologically 180 patients in 1993-1995. They assessed in serum and peritoneal fluid IgG, IgA, IgM, haptoglobulin, A2-macroglobulin, A1-antitrypsin, transferrin, C4- and C3-complement, orosomucoid, A2AP-glycoprotein, albumin, prealbumin and hemopexin. The authors found that some individual pathological results as regards non-specific immunity supplement the clinical diagnosis, in particular in endomeriosis, multiple adhesions, polycystic ovaries and chronic anovulation.

Adult↗