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PubMed1985

Intergenerational family support among blacks and whites: response to culture or to socioeconomic differences.

Factors that influence family helping behavior are examined and comparisons are made between black and white families. The question of whether family differences are due to culture or socioeconomic reasons is asked. In the analysis, tests are made for the main and interactive effects of race. Black elderly parents give and receive more help than white elderly parents after controlling for age and sex; however the greater amount of help that is received by older blacks is, to a large extent, the result of socioeconomic factors. The increased amount of help that they give to the middle and younger generations appears to be a combination of cultural and socioeconomic factors. Among black families, attitudes of respect for each generation play a part in determining family support behavior.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1986

Estimation of response to selection and utilization of control populations for additional information and accuracy.

Problems associated with testing and estimation of response to selection are examined. An alternative procedure with increased power for testing hypotheses is given. The increased power results from a more precise method of estimating the variance about response. The new method is based on a Satterthwaite approximation which combines variance components estimated more precisely by other sources of variation in the analysis of variance. The expected variance about response and expected mean squares for the analysis of variance, used in the Satterthwaite procedure, are given. When intergeneration environmental trends cannot be ruled out, a control population must be used to estimate response to selection. However, if the experimental and control populations do not respond in the same direction and with the same magnitude to common environmental effects, then the usual method of estimating response by deviating the experimental values from the control will result in biased estimates. An alternative procedure, using the control as a covariate to adjust for environmental trends, gives relatively unbiased estimates of response in this situation. Some bias results from measurement error associated with the control. However, this bias is usually minimal.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1991

Genetics of Type A behavior in two European countries: evidence for sibling interaction.

Young male twins in The Netherlands and England completed the Jenkins Activity Survey (Dutch and English versions, respectively), a measure of Type A behavior. Separate model fitting analysis revealed a similar pattern of variance estimates and associated goodness of fit across the two countries. The data were then analyzed concurrently, with a scalar parameter included to account for differences in variance due to the disparity of the measurement scales. A model including additive genetic and individual environmental effects gave a good explanation to the data. The heritability estimate was 0.28. Models of social interaction and dominance explained the data even better, the former being preferred. The twins' parents were included in the analysis to examine population variation for Type A behavior intergenerationally. There was evidence for individual environmental experiences having a greater influence on Type A behavior in the older generation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Is birth weight determined genetically?

Birthweight correlations were analysed among 505 intergenerational pairs of first births to women aged 18-25 identified from a large obstetric data bank. After standardisation for fetal sex, maternal height, gestational age, and proteinuric pre-eclampsia residual correlations of between 0.1402 and 0.1725 were found, suggesting only a small genetic effect. It is concluded that genetic factors play only a small part in determining birth weight.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Intergeneric conjugation in Thiobacillus versutus.

In plate matings with Escherichia coli HB101/pUW965::Tn5 (KmR) Thiobacillus versutus reacted as an efficient recipient, producing 10(-2) to 10(-3) kanamycin resistant (KmR) T. versutus exconjugants per donor cell. Analysis of agarose gels of plasmid DNA extracted from the exconjugants confirmed that the suicide vector pUW964 did not persist in the recipient, implying that the kanamycin resistance of the exconjugants is based on effective transposition of Tn5 in T. versutus as well as function of the E. coli kanamycin gene. Transfer was equally efficient when a nalidixate-resistant T. versutus mutant was used as recipient. Hybridization evidence for the presence of Tn5 was consistently negative. The significance of this anomalous result is discussed.

Blotting, Southern↗

PubMed1987

Pediococci and biotechnology.

Nomenclature changes of pediococci postdate the publication of Bergey's Manual. Pediococci possess both a "group" and a "type" antigen. They are gram positive, asporogenous, nonmotile, generally catalase negative, but may possess catalase-like activity. The pediococci may have either a cytochrome or a flavoprotein enzyme system. Anaerobically they are homofermentative using the PEP:PTS and the EMP pathway. Catalase positive strains utilize glucose aerobically and anaerobically while lactose and glycerol are only used aerobically. Some pentoses are fermented to lactate and acetate. Absolute requirement for folinic acid and nearly all amino acids is observed. Pediococci grow luxuriously in All Purpose Tween (APT) broth and are isolated on Rogosa SL agar. Detection can be done by electrical impedance and fluorescent antibody techniques. The Arrhenius concept was utilized in selecting metabolically efficient strains. Antibiotics, antioxidants, some chloride salts and some spices are detrimental to the pediococci. On the other hand, some chloride salts, manganese, and some spices are stimulant. Dialysis-fermentation and immobilization of pediococcal cells were recorded. Some strains decarboxylate histidine to histamine. The resting cell metabolism and the production of bacteriocin have been utilized in antibiosis. An intra and intergeneric genetic transfer system of plasmids from pediococci was by a conjugation-like mechanism. Formation of bacteriocin and fermentation of carbohydrates were linked to plasmids. Lytic bacteriophages to pediococci have not yet been identified. Industrial cultures are mainly frozen concentrates. Linear equations were developed to model the fermentative activity of pediococci and the effects of environmental factors.

Antibiosis↗

PubMed1992

Sponsorship for adolescents with diabetes.

In this intervention, teenagers with diabetes were introduced to insulin-dependent adults who served as their sponsors. The study used an experimental design with 54 adolescents randomized into experimental and control groups. Data were collected from biochemical markers, psychometric instruments, and interviews. Analysis of hemoglobins showed no differences between groups, although means for the intervention group declined. Intervention adolescents were less likely to agree that "I wish I could run away" and "I wish I didn't have diabetes" and showed higher self-esteem with regard to social acceptance and romantic appeal. Interview data showed that the adolescent-sponsor relationship provided a vital source of support that helped the adolescents develop awareness of their potential, contributing to feelings of validation and responsible regimen management. This study provides an evaluation of an innovative strategy for improving compliance in a high-risk population. The effectiveness of the intervention for black and Hispanic teenagers suggests that the program would be particularly viable in medical centers in minority communities.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2026

Fetal hypoxia causes oocyte oxidative stress damage via the Sirt3/Sod2 pathway and can be alleviated by nicotinamide mononucleotide.

Environmental hypoxia exerts detrimental effects on the reproductive capabilities of both humans and animals. A fetal hypoxia model was established in which fetal mice were kept in a high-plateau hypoxic setting from embryonic day (E) 0 to 16.5. In our previous research, we found that fetal hypoxia exposure perturbs the methylation of imprinted genes in adult sperm and causes intergenerational placental impairments in male offspring. However, the specific impacts of fetal hypoxia on the female reproductive system, particularly regarding oocyte maturation, remain poorly understood. First, we found that fetal hypoxia mice exhibited a significant reduction in the average number of pups per litter. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome in oocytes from the hypoxic group and investigated the metabolic alterations within the follicular microenvironment. Fetal hypoxic stress contributed to cleavage and blastocyst rate reduction and induced early apoptosis and DNA damage triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress aggravation and Sirt3/Sod2 downregulation. Additionally, administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) has been shown to prevent oocytes from mitochondrial dysfunction and developmental impairment by increasing the expression of Sirt3/Sod2 and autophagy. The number of pups per litter in fetal hypoxia mice was reduced by 57.7% compared to the control group, while NMN intervention could restore it to 73.1% of the control group. These results indicate that fetal hypoxia exposure exerts multiple potential damages to adult female reproduction, while highlighting the clinical potential of NMN supplementation as a targeted intervention to alleviate such hypoxia-associated female reproductive impairment.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Strengths and needs of black grandparents.

This study was conducted to identify ethnic differences in grandparent performance and effectiveness so that an educational program called Becoming A Better Grandparent could be adapted to maximize its relevance for Black families. MANOVA procedures were used to compare perceptions of 204 Anglo grandparents and 204 Black grandparents as well as 175 Anglo and 295 Black grandchildren. Black grandparents perceived themselves more favorably than did Anglos on every subscale of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory. Black grandchildren assigned grandparents significantly more favorable ratings for teaching and overall success, whereas Anglo grandchildren assigned their grandparents higher scores for coping with difficulty, managing frustration, and meeting information needs. Analyses of grandparent responses revealed significant main effects for age of grandparent, age of grandchild, time spent together, and geographical proximity. Grandchildren responses yielded significant main effects for age of grandchild and time spent together. Findings showed interaction effects for ethnicity by age of grandparent, ethnicity by age of grandchild, and ethnicity by distance. Implications for modifying the program to fit Black grandparents were identified.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Discounting in health care decision-making: time for a change?

Economic appraisal is increasingly being used to inform health care decision-making. To allow comparison, costs and benefits spread over time are weighted according to when they are experienced. The further in the future, the less heavily they are weighted or the more they are discounted. Traditional economic appraisal techniques are based on the view that social decisions should reflect private preferences. The practice of discounting future streams of costs and benefits is principally justified by the fact that individuals have a positive time preference, preferring consumption sooner rather than later. Discounting weights public decision-making in favour of interventions resulting in short-term benefits and against longer-term benefits. This discriminates against preventive and other public health programmes. This paper provides a critique of the foundations of discounting. It is argued that health policy should have a longer time horizon, reflecting social values rather than individual preferences. Factors which make discounting the future rational from the individual's point of view are shown to be irrelevant to a societal perspective. Although uncertainty about the effectiveness of interventions and technological change are good reasons for weighting some future benefits less highly, the routine use of a single discount rate for economic evaluations of health programmes is not justified.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

PubMed1989

Isolation of a corncob (coaggregation) receptor polypeptide from Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Corncobs, which are distinct morphological units formed by the ordered coaggregation of a filamentous microorganism and streptococci, can be made in vitro by using oral strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus sanguis. Previous studies have shown that strains of F. nucleatum contain one of at least two different types of corncob receptor. The objective of this study was to isolate the receptor from F. nucleatum ATCC 10953 as the first step in the elucidation of the molecular basis of corncob formation. The cell envelope fraction from this bacterium was treated with trypsin, delipidated with chloroform-methanol, and subjected to ion-exchange chromatography. A single polypeptide (apparent Mr, 39,500), which was eluted from the column with 0.5 M sodium chloride and extracted with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide to remove contaminating lipopolysaccharide, inhibited corncob formation between strain ATCC 10953 and S. sanguis CC5A. Similarly derived cell fractions from either F. nucleatum FDC 364 or Fusobacterium necrophorum failed to effect coaggregation in the inhibition assay. Amino acid analysis of the polypeptide showed a moderately hydrophobic character (polarity index, 41) and 11% basic residues. Antiserum made against the purified polypeptide agglutinated F. nucleatum ATCC 10953, neutralized the ability of this bacterium to form corncobs, and agglutinated whole cells of S. sanguis CC5A that were precoated with the receptor polypeptide. The identification and isolation of this receptor should greatly enhance our ability to define some of the complex intergeneric coaggregation mechanisms that are thought to occur in the human oral cavity.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Family resemblance for anthropometric and blood pressure measurements in Black Caribs and Creoles from St. Vincent Island.

This paper examines family resemblance for five anthropometric measurements (height, weight, triceps skinfold, upper arm circumference relaxed [UACR] and flexed [UACF] and for systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a group of adult Caribbean islanders of primarily African ancestry. Six hypotheses about family resemblance are tested by using path analysis and likelihood ratios. Significant intergenerational transmission is found only for height and UACR. For weight, UACF, and diastolic blood pressure, non-transmissible sibling resemblance is the primary component of family resemblance, although significant marital resemblance exists for diastolic blood pressure. Triceps skinfold and systolic blood pressure show no evidence of any family resemblance. Although results for highly heritable traits such as height are comparable to reports from other populations, measurements with a large contribution from common family environment or residual environmental effects, such as triceps skinfold or blood pressure, have much lower family resemblance in this population than in other populations. We hypothesize that this difference is due to the fact that adult children and their parents do not share a common household in this culture and to the presence of major nonfamilial environmental factors contributing to obesity and hypertension in this population.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Long-term care personnel assess their attitudes and knowledge of the older adult.

The purpose of this study was to compare long-term care employees' attitude and knowledge about myths of ageing and normal age changes, before and after exposure to formal educational sessions. The researchers investigated if there was a difference in knowledge level and change in attitudes of long-term care employees after educational sessions. The subjects for this study were defined as persons who had any contact with the residents at St Charles Care Center. The final data set used in the analysis contained 84 observations. Each participant attended three 1-hour classes which consisted of simulation of handicaps, normal age-related changes, and myths and realities of ageing. Overall, there was a significant increase in knowledge from the pre-test to the post-test. The study also tested for a negative (anti-aged) bias attitude and a positive (falsely pro-aged) bias attitude among the individuals. At the end of the study there was still a slight negative biased attitude towards ageing. The data suggest that continuing education is an effective means of influencing the knowledge and attitudes of personnel in long-term care facilities. Recommendation for future research should be that this study be replicated in another long-term care facility with the addition of a job satisfaction tool.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Path analysis of familial resemblance of pulmonary function and cigarette smoking.

The techniques of path analysis were utilized to assess the relative importance of genetic factors, personal smoking behavior, and shared environment in the resemblance of pulmonary function among relatives using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data from nuclear families. Data on 1-s forced expiratory volume, FEV1 (adjusted for age, sex, race, height, and ascertainment group) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day were available on 978 individuals in 384 nuclear families residing in the Baltimore metropolitan area. All these individuals were seen twice between 1971 and 1981, with an average of 5 yr between visits. The direct effect of an individual's own smoking explained 10 and 3% of variation in adjusted FEV1 among parents and offspring, respectively. Shared environmental factors influencing personal smoking behavior accounted for 5% of the parent-offspring correlation in adjusted FEV1 and 3% of the sibling correlation in adjusted FEV1 in this sample. Undefined environmental factors that influenced an individual's smoking habits and could be shared among relatives were found to explain 19% of the familial correlations in smoking. Genetic heritability estimates ranged between 36 and 40%, with no evidence of intergenerational differences in the expression of apparent genetic control of pulmonary function.

Adult↗

PubMed2025

Impact of the maternal microbiome on neonatal immune development.

Historically, multigenerational health and disease transmission have primarily focused on genetic inheritance. However, the discovery that beneficial microorganisms known as commensal microbiota outnumber human genes tenfold has reshaped this perspective, highlighting their critical role in maintaining homeostasis and protecting against pathogens. Unlike the human genome, commensal microbiota is not genetically inherited but is acquired anew with each generation. with initial gut colonization playing a pivotal role in shaping an infant's immune system, neurodevelopment, and long-term health, all heavily influenced by maternal factors. In this review, we examine emerging research on maternal microbial influences on the fetus beginning in utero. We provide an updated overview of the current insights into the impact of the vaginal microbiome during parturition on offspring immunity and discuss the potential long-term health implications for infants born via cesarean section. We explore the advantages and limitations of techniques designed to mitigate these effects, such as vaginal seeding and emphasize that the development of the neonatal immune system is a dynamic process influenced by maternal factors beyond birth, including the transfer of microbiota through breast milk and skin contact. Finally, we present gaps in current research and propose future research directions to deepen our understanding of the impacts of the maternal microbiome on her child. Together, these insights demonstrate how maternal influence on offspring health and immunity extends beyond genetic factors, encompassing the transmission of microbiota, which, in turn, has profound long-term implications for health and disease resilience, offering a novel perspective on intergenerational health dynamics.

Humans↗

PubMed1987

Economic policy, intergenerational equity, and the Social Security Trust Fund buildup.

For the next 75 years, the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) system is projected to be close to in balance, on average. For approximately the next 40 years, under current projections, the combined OASDI Trust Fund is expected to continually have excesses of income over outgo, creating a buildup that will peak in 2030 at about +12 1/2 trillion (roughly 23 percent of the gross national product). Thereafter, the system is projected to be in annual deficit continually until the trust fund is exhausted in 2051. This article focuses on two fundamental issues that must be understood if the potential economic consequences of this buildup are to be evaluated properly. The first issue deals with the fact that the nature of Federal economic policy during the buildup period will determine the ultimate economic impact of the buildup. The second issue concerns the effect of the buildup, and its disposition, on the Social Security program's treatment of one generation of workers compared with another. If a fund is actually accumulated as projected, part of the retirement benefits of the "baby-boom" generation will, in effect, be self-financed. If, however, that fund is used for other purposes--directly or indirectly--future cohorts of workers will be required to fully finance benefits promised to the baby-boom retirees.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

Ontogenetic expression of larval and adult hemoglobin phenotypes in the intergeneric salmonid hybrids.

Ontogeny of the hemoglobins of Honmasu (Oncorhynchus rhodurus, HXH),brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis, BXB) and their reciprocal hybrids (HXB and BXH) was examined electrophoretically as well as spectrophotometrically. All of these fish have electrophoretically distinct larval and adult type hemoglobins and the transition from one type to the other occurred early during post-hatching development. In the case of larval hemoglobins, the electrophoretic pattern of a hybrid, BXH, resembled that of the maternal parent, brook trout (BXB), while the hemoglobin of the reciprocal hybrid, HXB, differed markedly from that of the maternal parent, Honmasu (HXH), in that it possesses a diffuse pattern. Spectrophotometric examinations indicated that this was mostly methemoglobin. Adult type hemoglobins at more advanced stages of both hybrids were electrophoretically resolved into the parental hemoglobins. However, no "hybrid" hemoglobins were detected. Because there was abnormal hemoglobin formation in the larval erythrocytes (erythrocytes L) of the HXB hybrid, and then normal hemoglobin synthesis in the adult erythrocytes (erythrocytes A) of the same fish at later developmental stages, it appears that the paternal effects upon the hemoglobin differed in these two erythroid cell lines of the developing trout.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Allelic expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus x Vulpes vulpes). II. Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Artic and silver foxes: purification and properties.

The functional properties of purified glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) from the erythrocytes of Artic foxes (Alopex lagopus) and silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were investigated. It was found that pH optima for G6P D range from 8.15 to 8.25 in Arctic foxes and from 10.2 to 10.4 in silver foxes. For G6P, the estimated Km values were 74 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) and 166 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) in Artic foxes and 58 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) and 40 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) in silver foxes. The Km values for NADP were estimated as 62 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) and 86 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) in the Artic foxes and 15 X 10(-6) M (at pH 10.2) and 12 X 10(-6) M (at pH 8.2) in the silver foxes. It was found that Mg2+ ions exert a significant activating effect on G6P D in the Arctic fox and do not affect appreciably its activity in the silver fox. The experimental data indicate that slight differences in the electrophoretic mobility of G6P D are associated with considerable functional differences in this enzyme between the two fox species.

Animals↗