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PubMed2004

The relationships among body weight, body composition, and intramuscular fat content in steers.

Angus steers of known age (265 +/- 17 d) and parentage were used in a 2-yr study (yr 1, n = 40; yr 2, n = 45) to evaluate the relationship between percentage of i.m. fat content of the longissimus dorsi at the 12th rib and carcass characteristics during growth of nonimplanted steers. Steers were sorted by age and EPD of paternal grandsire for marbling into high- and low-marbling groups so that steers with varying degrees of genetic potential for marbling were evenly distributed across slaughter groups. All steers were fed a 90% concentrate corn-based diet. Steers were allotted to five slaughter groups targeted to achieve hot carcass weights (HCW) of 204, 250, 295, 340, and 386 kg over the course of the feeding period. Data were analyzed as a completely random design with a factorial arrangement of treatments (year, marbling group, and slaughter group). Marbling group did not affect backfat, LM area, yield grade (YG), or marbling score. Regression equations were developed to quantify the change in carcass characteristics and composition over slaughter groups. Hot carcass weight increased in a linear fashion and differed (P < 0.01) among the slaughter groups as anticipated by design. Yield grade followed a quadratic upward pattern (P < 0.01) as HCW increased. Slaughter group affected the degree of marbling linearly (P < 0.01). There were no slaughter group x marbling group interactions, indicating that no differences occurred in the pattern of marbling attributable to paternal grandsire EPD. Carcasses expressed small degrees of marbling at 266 kg of HCW and obtained a YG of 3.0 at 291 kg of HCW. Fractional growth rates decelerated with increasing HCW. Greater advances in marbling relative to total carcass fatness occurred at HCW less than 300 kg. Management practices early in growth may influence final quality grade if compensatory i.m. fat content development does not occur.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Genetic and phenotypic relationships between individual subcutaneous backfat layers and percentage of longissimus intramuscular fat in Duroc swine.

Progeny (n = 589) of randomly mated Duroc pigs were used to determine the genetic and phenotypic relationships between individual s.c. backfat layers and i.m. fat percent (IMF) of the longissimus. Five days before slaughter, cross-sectional ultrasound images were collected at the 10th rib by a National Swine Improvement Federation-certified ultrasound technician using an ultrasound machine (Aloka 500 SSD) fitted with a 12-cm linear array transducer. Off-midline backfat (SBF) and loin muscle area (SLMA) were measured. Individual s.c. backfat layers were measured at the same location: outer (OBF), middle (MBF), and inner (IBF). Off-midline backfat (CBF) and loin muscle area (CLMA) were measured on the carcass 24 h postmortem. A slice from the 10th rib of the loin muscle was obtained for determination of IMF. Heritability estimates and genetic correlations were calculated fitting all possible two-trait animal models in MATVEC (Wang et al., 2003). The heritabilities for OBF, MBF, IBF, CBF, SBF, and IMF were 0.63, 0.45, 0.53, 0.48, 0.44, and 0.69, respectively. The genetic correlations of OBF, MBF, and IBF with IMF were 0.36, 0.16, and 0.28, respectively, and the genetic correlations of CBF and SBF with IMF were 0.25 and 0.27, respectively. Genetic correlations between OBF and MBF, OBF and IBF, and MBF and IBF were 0.43, 0.45, and 0.67, respectively. Results demonstrate that individual backfat layers are highly heritable, of similar magnitude to total backfat, and have similar genetic correlations with IMF. Individual backfat layers could become candidate traits for implementation into a multiple-trait genetic evaluation to improve IMF, while minimizing the detrimental effect on total backfat depth.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of three models to estimate breeding values for percentage of loin intramuscular fat in Duroc swine.

Three selection models were evaluated to compare selection candidate rankings based on EBV and to evaluate subsequent effects of model-derived EBV on the selection differential and expected genetic response in the population. Data were collected from carcass- and ultrasound-derived estimates of loin i.m. fat percent (IMF) in a population of Duroc swine under selection to increase IMF. The models compared were Model 1, a two-trait animal model used in the selection experiment that included ultrasound IMF from all pigs scanned and carcass IMF from pigs slaughtered to estimate breeding values for both carcass (C1) and ultrasound IMF (U1); Model 2, a single-trait animal model that included ultrasound IMF values on all pigs scanned to estimate breeding values for ultrasound IMF (U2); and Model 3, a multiple-trait animal model including carcass IMF from slaughtered pigs and the first three principal components from a total of 10 image parameters averaged across four longitudinal ultrasound images to estimate breeding values for carcass IMF (C3). Rank correlations between breeding value estimates for U1 and C1, U1 and U2, and C1 and C3 were 0.95, 0.97, and 0.92, respectively. Other rank correlations were 0.86 or less. In the selection experiment, approximately the top 10% of boars and 50% of gilts were selected. Selection differentials for pigs in Generation 3 were greatest when ranking pigs based on C1, followed by U1, U2, and C3. In addition, selection differential and estimated response were evaluated when simulating selection of the top 1, 5, and 10% of sires and 50% of dams. Results of this analysis indicated the greatest selection differential was for selection based on C1. The greatest loss in selection differential was found for selection based on C3 when selecting the top 10 and 1% of boars and 50% of gilts. The loss in estimated response when selecting varying percentages of boars and the top 50% of gilts was greatest when selection was based on C3 (16.0 to 25.8%) and least for selection based on U1 (1.3 to 10.9%). Estimated genetic change from selection based on carcass IMF was greater than selection based on ultrasound IMF. Results show that selection based on a combination of ultrasonically predicted IMF and sib carcass IMF produced the greatest selection differentials and should lead to the greatest genetic change.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Effects of dietary fatty acid pattern on melting point and composition of adipose tissues and intramuscular fat of broiler carcasses.

Soybean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO), or two commercial fat products (FP1, FP2) were incorporated at 3.5% levels into four different corn-soybean meal mash broiler diets. Each of the four diets was fed to five replicates (pens) of broiler chickens for 42 d. After slaughtering the birds, samples of the abdominal fat, subcutaneous fat, and fat extracted from the thigh and the breast portion were collected from 16 birds per treatment. The fat samples were analyzed for their fatty acid composition using gas chromatography and the melting point of the abdominal fat was recorded. The results showed that the abdominal and subcutaneous fat had very similar fatty acid patterns and differed significantly from the composition of the fat extracted from breast and thigh. The different dietary treatments caused significant changes in the fatty acid patterns for all analyzed tissues, although the differences were more pronounced for the adipose tissues. Overall, the adipose tissues contained more polyunsaturated and less saturated fatty acids than the fat from the breast and thigh portions. The melting point of the abdominal fat was significantly altered by the use of different dietary fats: RO gave a lower melting point than SO and FP1; the highest values were recorded for FP2. The data presented here indicate that the selection of certain dietary fat sources has a major impact on the composition and the melting point of broiler adipose tissues. The effect on the fatty acid composition of meat portions, however, is limited.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

Body fat deposition: effects of dietary fat and two exercise protocols.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effects of two levels of dietary fat (0 and 20g beef tallow/100g diet) and two treadmill exercise protocols (low-intensity, high-intensity) on fat deposition in rats. DESIGN: Male Wistar rats (n = 50) remained sedentary or were forced to run 840 meters/day, 5 days/week, on a rodent treadmill. Those on the high-intensity protocol covered this distance in less time (38 min) than those on the low-intensity program (60 min). Responses to high-fat (HF) and low-fat (LF) diets were compared within each exercise group for this 8-week study. RESULTS: High fat feeding, as a single factor, did not affect energy intake, carcass fat, intramuscular fat, or fat associated with any tissue studied. The HF diet also did not affect responses to either exercise protocol. The high-intensity-exercised animals had less carcass fat (LF: 21% less; HF: 33% less), smaller omental fat pads (LF: 20% less; HF: 37% less), and retroperitoneal fat pads (LF: 19% less; HF: 38% less), and lower serum triglyceride levels (LF: 26% less; HF: 41% less) than sedentary rats. Those differences were less marked for the low-intensity-exercise rat. Neither mode of exercise or diet affected lipid concentrations in hindlimb muscles, livers, hearts, or kidneys. CONCLUSION: Exercised animals generally had less fat deposition than sedentary rats but this was more pronounced for high-intensity than low-intensity-exercised rats, and was not affected by feeding a 20% beef tallow diet.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

[Gene differential expression of liver tissues in crossbred versus purebred chicken and their relationship with heterosis of meat trait].

The concept of heterosis has already been put forward for a century. The hypothesis of Dominance, Superdominace and Epistasis has also been brought forward to explain the phenomenon of heterosis. As we know, there is spatio-temporal speciality about the expression of gene and only expressed genes contribute to the formation of heterosis. So the study on heterosis in expression level becomes more meaningful. A lot of studies on heterosis in this level have been done in plants, but there is no such study carried on animals in this area. In this study, the technique of mRNA Reverse Transcription Differential Display was used to research the heterosis molecular mechanism of animal. In order to expound the molecular genetic mechanism of animals heterosis, the 4 x 4 completely diallele cross experiment of 4 purebreds chicken was conducted among White Polymouth Rock (EE), Chinese Silk Chicken (CC), CAU Brown (DD) and White Leghorn (AA). The chicken of 16 cross combinations were reared to 8 weeks old, then 30 chicken in each combination were selected randomly and slaughtered. The traits of body weight of 8 weeks, wing weight, eviscerated weight, eviscerated weight with giblet, breast muscle yield, leg muscle yield, body length, abdomen fat weight, intramuscular fat width, tibia length were measured, and in which 8 individuals in each combination were selected randomly to collect the liver tissue samples, which were stored in liquid nitrogen or at -80 degrees C to be used for total RNA (TRNA) extracting. After the total RNA (TRNA) was extracted, 16 TRNA pools were formed in the same quantitative according to the concentration of 8 individual TRNA. They were reversely transcribed with three anchor primers H-T11 A, H-T11 G and H-T11 C. Then the reverse transcription PCR for each transcript product was done in two repeats at the same time with the same anchor primers and 8 random primers. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of each PCR product was run in Bio-Rad Power 3,000 temperature control system. After electrophoresis, the gel was stained by AgNO3 according to the stain method described by Echt et al. The differential display bands in the polyacrylamide gel were counted. The band displayed is counted as 1 whereas no band is counted as 0 and only expression bands reproducible in two repeats were statistically analyzed. The correlation analysis between heterosis percentage and gene expression patterns was done with statistic analysis software (SAS) package. The statistic results indicated that among 690 total numbers of bands, the percentage of differential expression bands reproducible (457) is 66.23%. Eight kinds of gene differential expression patterns were found and listed as follow: 1): Band presents only in one purebred (P1);2): Band in one crossbred and its corresponding paternal purebred; or Band in one crossbred and its corresponding maternal purebred (P2);3): Band in purebreds and one crossbred (P3); 4): Band only in one crossbred (P4);5): Bands in both crossbreds and one purebred (P5);6): Bands only in both crossbreds (P6);7): Bands only in purebreds (P7);8): Bands both in purebreds and crossbreds P8. The differential expression of gene between purebred and crossbred chicken was detected for the first time. The proportion of each pattern in each kind of purebred combination is different. The percentage of P8 (75.34%) is the highest. The total percentage of differential expression patterns (24.66%) showed that the gene differential expression exists as a matter of fact. Among all the gene differential expression patterns, the percentage of P3 is the highest whereas the percentage of P7, P6 and P4 is very low, it indicated that different genes may have different expression patterns in purebreds and crossbreds. The results are similar to the study results on plants, which indicates that the gene differential expression between purebred and crossbred exists universally in biology. The correlation between gene expression patterns and heterosis percentage was studied, but correlation between P8 and the heterosis percentage is not significant (P > 0.05), it indicates that some patterns of gene differential expression may be the molecular genetic basic of heterosis. Among all the gene differential expression patterns, each pattern affects the expression of meat trait in different manner. There is significantly negative correlation between P4 and heterosis percentage of body weight of 8 weeks, breast muscle yield, leg muscle yield, eviscerated weight with giblet and eviscerated weight (P < 0.05); P1 is of significantly negative correlation with heterosis percentage of abdomen fat weight (P < 0.05) and of very significantly negative correlation with heterosis percentage of body length (P < 0.01); The negative correlation between P2 and heterosis percentage of intramuscular fat width is significant (P < 0.05); The positive correlation between P7 and heterosis percentage of leg muscle yield, wing weight, eviscerated weight with giblet and intramuscular fat width is significant (P < 0.05); The positive correlation between P5 and heterosis percentage of tibia length (P < 0.05) is significant. These results show that these 5 kinds of patterns play important role in heterosis forming of meat trait. P1 and P7 show that expressed gene in purebreds is depressed; P4 indicates that new gene expression occurs in crossbreds; P5 reveals that expressed gene only in one purebred express in all crossbreds. All genes of crossbreds come from purebred, which are not only the simple adding of these purebred genes, giving birth to unknown interaction between these genes coming from different purebreds, then leading to differential expression of genes. These gene differential expressions maybe form the heterosis of meat trait.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Aerobic exercise is necessary to improve glucose utilization with moderate weight loss in women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of weight loss (WL) alone and combined with aerobic exercise on visceral adipose tissue (VAT), intramuscular fat, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, and the rate of decline in free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations during hyperinsulinemia. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We studied 33 sedentary, obese (BMI = 32 +/- 1 kg/m(2)) postmenopausal women who completed a 6-month (three times per week) program of either WL alone (n = 16) or WL + aerobic exercise (AEX) (n = 17). Glucose utilization (M) was measured during a 3-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (40 mU/m(2) per minute). M/I, the amount of glucose metabolized per unit of plasma insulin (I), was used as an index of insulin sensitivity. RESULTS: Body weight, total fat mass, and percentage fat decreased similarly in both groups (p < 0.01). VAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, mid-thigh subcutaneous fat, and intramuscular fat decreased to a similar extent in both groups and between 14% and 27% after WL and WL+AEX (p < 0.05). WL alone did not change M or M/I; however, M and M/I increased 15% and 21% after WL+AEX (p < 0.05). Fasting concentrations and rate of decline of FFA did not change in either group. In stepwise regression models to determine the independent predictors of changes in M and M/I, the change in VAT was the single independent predictor of M (r(2) = 0.30) and M/I (r(2) = 0.33). DISCUSSION: Intramuscular fat decreases similarly with 6 months of moderate WL alone or with aerobic exercise in postmenopausal women. In contrast, only WL combined with exercise results in increased glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity. These findings should be validated in a larger population.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Meta-analysis of factors affecting carcass characteristics of feedlot steers.

A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of biological type (early-moderate or late maturity) and implant status (estrogenic, combination, or nonimplanted; repeats included) on HCW (kg); LM area (cm2); 12th-rib fat thickness (fat thickness, cm); KPH (%), and intramuscular fat (%) at harvest, to provide inputs to an ongoing program for modeling beef cattle growth and carcass quality. Forty-three publications from 1982 to 2004 with consistent intramuscular fat data were evaluated. Two studies were undertaken: 1) with fat thickness as a covariate and 2) with BW as a covariate. The intercept-slope covariance estimate was not statistically different from 0 for LM area (P = 0.11), KPH (P = 0.19), and intramuscular fat (P = 0.74) in study 1, and for LM area (P = 0.44), fat thickness (P = 0.11), KPH (P = 0.19), and intramuscular fat (P = 0.74) in study 2; therefore, a reduced model without a covariance component was fitted for these carcass characteristics. A covariance component was fitted for HCW (P = 0.01, study 1 and P = 0.05, study 2) and for intramuscular fat (P = 0.05, study 2). In study 1, the results for maturity indicated differences between early-moderate and late maturity for HCW (P < 0.01) and LM area (P < 0.01) but no differences for KPH (P = 0.26) and intramuscular fat (P = 0.50); for implant status, an estrogenic or combination implant increased HCW by 2.9% (P = 0.27) or 4.8% (P < 0.01), increased LM area by 3.2% (P = 0.23) or 6.3% (P < 0.01), decreased intramuscular fat by 8.1% (P < 0.01) or 5.4% (P < 0.01), respectively, and decreased KPH by 7.6% (P = 0.34) for estrogenic implants but increased KPH by 1.1% (P = 0.36) for combination implants, compared with nonimplanted steers. In study 2, the results at 600 kg of BW for implant status (implant or nonimplant) indicated no differences for HCW (P = 0.63) and LM area (P = 0.73), but there were differences for fat thickness (P < 0.01), KPH (P < 0.01), and intramuscular fat (P < 0.01); the results for maturity (early-moderate or late maturity) indicated no differences for HCW (P = 0.94), but there were differences for LM area (P < 0.01), fat thickness (P < 0.01), KPH (P < 0.01), and intramuscular fat (P < 0.01). The difference between early-moderate and late maturity (studies 1 and 2) confirmed that frame size accounts for a substantial portion of the variation in carcass composition. Studies 1 and 2 also indicate that implant status had significant effects on carcass quality.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of diet and dietary fatty acids on the transformation and incorporation of C18 fatty acids in double-muscled Belgian Blue young bulls.

Three groups of double-muscled Belgian Blue young bulls were fed during different stages of production diets differing in the proportions of linolenic and linoleic acid by including linseed in the concentrate or giving grass silage as main linolenic acid suppliers. Samples of rumen and abomasal contents and of the longissimus thoracis, subcutaneous fat, and liver were taken to analyze the fatty acid pattern with emphasis on the individual trans (t) C18:1 fatty acids and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (c9t11CLA). Trans C18:1 isomers represented up to 20 g/100 g of total fatty acids in rumen and abomasal contents, whereas the accumulation of c9t11CLA was limited. Total trans C18:1 content in subcutaneous fat and intramuscular fat of the longissimus thoracis comprised 8.4 and 5.2 g/100 g of total fatty acids, respectively, with t11C18:1 being the most abundant one. Compared to rumen contents, subcutaneous and intramuscular fat were enriched in c9t11CLA and contained fewer tC18:1 isomers, resulting in a higher c9t11CLA/t11C18:1 ratio (0.04, 0.22, and 0.22, respectively). This result suggests that the endogenous synthesis of c9t11CLA in adipose tissue by the Delta(9)-desaturase was more important than its ruminal production.

Abomasum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The fate of intramuscularly injected fat autografts: an experimental study in rabbits.

An experimental study was designed to assess the viability and revascularization of intramuscularly injected fat autografts. For the study, 18 rabbits were divided into two groups. In the first group, fat was injected intramuscularly (12 rabbits). Autologous fat was obtained from the inguinal area and subsequently injected into the thigh muscle. In the second group, physiologic saline was injected intramuscularly to determine the effects of cannulation and pressure on muscle tissue (6 rabbits). Fat autografts were performed on the right side of the animal, and the left side was used as the control. Scintigraphic imaging and histopathologic examination of the limbs were performed after injection of adipose tissue on days 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120. On the technetium-99m ((99m)Tc) hexamethylpropylene amine oxime scintigraphy, whereas similar activity distribution was observed between the left and right thigh on days 15, 30, and 45, there was increased uptake at the right thigh on days 60, 90, and 120. This increased uptake indicates that there is viable fat tissue in this region. Histopathologic evaluation showed that microcysts resulting from degeneration of some adipocytes and inflammatory changes on day 15 additionally increased vascularity and fibrosis in some animals on day 30, as well as fibrosis, microcysties, and focal calcification areas in adipose tissue on day 45 and later. It was observed that adipose tissue survived in more than 50% of the graft area in all the animals. These findings show that fat autografts can survive in muscle tissue with less than 50% fibrotic change.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Genetic parameters for carcass traits and their live animal indicators in Simmental cattle.

The objective of this study was to estimate parameters required for genetic evaluation of Simmental carcass merit using carcass and live animal data. Carcass weight, fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, and marbling score were available from 5,750 steers and 1,504 heifers sired by Simmental bulls. Additionally, yearling ultrasound measurements of fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, and estimated percentage of intramuscular fat were available on Simmental bulls (n = 3,409) and heifers (n = 1,503). An extended pedigree was used to construct the relationship matrix (n = 23,968) linking bulls and heifers with ultrasound data to steers and heifers with carcass data. All data were obtained from the American Simmental Association. No animal had both ultrasound and carcass data. Using an animal model and treating corresponding ultrasound and carcass traits separately, genetic parameters were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood. Heritability estimates for carcass traits were 0.48 +/- 0.06, 0.35 +/- 0.05, 0.46 +/- 0.05, and 0.54 +/- 0.05 for carcass weight, fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, and marbling score, respectively. Heritability estimates for bull (heifer) ultrasound traits were 0.53 +/- 0.07 (0.69 +/- 0.09), 0.37 +/- 0.06 (0.51 +/- 0.09), and 0.47 +/- 0.06 (0.52 +/- 0.09) for fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, and intramuscular fat percentage, respectively. Heritability of weight at scan was 0.47 +/- 0.05. Using a bivariate weight model including scan weight of bulls and heifers with carcass weight of slaughter animals, a genetic correlation of 0.77 +/- 0.10 was obtained. Models for fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, and marbling score were each trivariate, including ultrasound measurements on yearling bulls and heifers, and corresponding carcass traits of slaughter animals. Genetic correlations of carcass fat thickness with bull and heifer ultrasound fat were 0.79 +/- 0.13 and 0.83 +/- 0.12, respectively. Genetic correlations of carcass longissimus muscle area with bull and heifer ultrasound longissimus muscle area were 0.80 +/- 0.11 and 0.54 +/- 0.12, respectively. Genetic correlations of carcass marbling score with bull and heifer ultrasound intramuscular fat percentage were 0.74 +/- 0.11 and 0.69 +/- 0.13, respectively. These results provide the parameter estimates necessary for genetic evaluation of Simmental carcass merit using both data from steer and heifer carcasses, and their ultrasound indicators on yearling bulls and heifers.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Feeding value of crambe press cake and extracted meal as well as production responses of growing-finishing pigs and dairy cows fed these by-products.

To analyse the feeding value of crambe press cake (CPC) and crambe extracted meal (CEM), and the incorporation limits in pig diets, a series of balance trials with a total of 12 male castrates was conducted. Additionally, in a feeding trial the effect of 5% and 10% CPC or CEM on growth performance and on pork quality was tested. The CP content of CPC and CEM was 207 and 331 g/kg DM, respectively, and the residual EE 144 and 26 g/kg DM, respectively. The erucic acid concentration amounted to 56% of total fatty acids. Glucosinolate contents were found to be 50 mmol/kg CPC-DM and 70 mmol/kg CEM-DM. The digestibility of OM was 54% for both by-products and the ME contents were 10.6 and 9.3 MJ/kg DM for CPC and CEM, respectively. In the feeding trial, 10% CPC in the diet significantly decreased BWG from 782 g/d (controls) to 742 g/d. Due to glucosinolate intake, the weight of liver, thyroid glands and kidneys was significantly increased. The body fat showed an increased deposition of erucic acid in back fat and intramuscular fat, but changes in sensory properties of the meat were not detected. It is recommended that the incorporation rate of CPC and CEM in diets for growing-finishing pigs should not exceed 5%. The balance experiments, carried out with four wethers each, showed that the OM of CPC and CEM was better digested by ruminants, amounting to 71% or 67%, respectively. The energy content amounted to 7.4 and 6.0 MJ NEL/kg DM, respectively. In the feeding trials with lactating cows, 30% CPC or CEM in the concentrate resulted in a decrease of concentrate intake of about 7%. Due to the high residual fat content of CPC, the milk fat content decreased and the erucic acid content increased. The high glucosinolate intake affected the iodine concentration in the milk. CPC and CEM feeding decreased the iodine content from 271-117 microg/kg and from 182-77 microg, respectively. It is recommended that crambe by-products should not exceed 15% in concentrates or an intake of 1 kg/d for dairy cows.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Effects of forage vs grain feeding on carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition, and beef quality in Limousin-cross steers when time on feed is controlled.

Limousin-cross steers (n=135; 258+/-26 kg) were used to compare forage vs grain feeding on carcass composition and palatability attributes of beef when time on feed was controlled. Diets included a 95% alfalfa silage ration (AS) or a 68% high-moisture corn, 25% alfalfa silage ration (HMC). These were incorporated into six treatments to allow comparisons of end points based on similar days on feed or backfat finish. Dietary treatments included 1) HMC (4 mm), or cattle allowed ad libitum intake of HMC until slaughter at 4 mm ultrasound backfat; 2) AS (HMC-4), or cattle allowed ad libitum intake of AS until slaughter, regardless of finish, when HMC (4 mm) cattle were slaughtered; 3) AS (4 mm), or cattle allowed ad libitum intake of AS until slaughter at 4 mm backfat; 4) HMC (AS-4), or cattle allowed ad libitum intake of HMC until slaughter, regardless of finish, when AS (4 mm) cattle achieved 4 mm backfat; 5) HMC (RES), or cattle fed HMC at restricted intakes until slaughter at 4 mm backfat with feed offered at 75% of intake achieved by HMC (4 mm) and HMC (AS-4) cattle; and 6) AS (8 mm) or cattle allowed ad libitum intake of AS ration until slaughter at 8 mm backfat. Grain feeding generally increased (P < .01) ADG, carcass weight, grade fat, and intramuscular fat content when compared with forage feeding at similar times on feed. Palatability attributes of ribeye roasts and ground beef were generally unaffected (P > .10) by diet with the exception of slightly less beef flavor and more off-flavor in forage-fed vs grain-fed beef. Higher (P < .01) concentrations of linolenic acid and lower (P < .10) concentrations of oleic acid in forage-fed beef may be partially responsible for diet differences in flavor.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Short communication: The nature of heptadecenoic acid in ruminant fats.

Heptadecenoic acid (17:1) is a minor constituent of ruminant fats and its isomeric definition remains undefined in most reports on ruminant milk and intramuscular fat. Samples of milk and intramuscular fat of bovine, ovine, and caprine origin were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) using 3 capillary columns with and without addition of 17:1 cis-10. Additionally, cis isomers of ovine milk fat samples were isolated as methyl esters by preparative thin-layer chromatography and analyzed by GC. The structural analysis of 17:1 present in samples was achieved by chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry techniques. The isomer 17:1 cis-9 is the overwhelming heptadecenoic isomer in ruminant milk and intramuscular fat; 17:1 cis-10 is virtually absent. Moreover, current GC methods were able to resolve cis-9 from cis-10 and cis-8 isomers, so reports on 17:1 contents in ruminant fat should define its isomeric composition.

Adipose Tissue↗