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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

myo-inositol action on gerbil intestine: alterations in alkaline phosphatase activity upon phosphatidylinositol depletion and repletion in vivo.

The influence of phosphatidylinositol (PI) on intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity was studied in myo-inositol deficient gerbils. A reduction of membrane PI in intestinal mucosa to 30-40% of the control was produced by feeding female gerbils a myo-inositol-deficient diet containing coconut oil for 2 weeks. As expected, the animals developed typical intestinal lipodystrophy with abnormal fat accumulation. In the PI-depleted animal, intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity was reduced to 20-30% of the control group. The levels of both membranous and soluble enzymes in intestinal mucosa were affected, but there were no changes in liver, kidney and plasma levels. When the lipodystrophic gerbils were given dietary myo-inositol, the complete repletion of intestinal membrane PI to the control level occurred 36 h later, whereas membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase activity in intestine was not restored to the control level until 72 h later. Administration of cycloheximide or actinomycin D did not block this enzyme induction. Lymphatic output of triacylglycerol into the bloodstream was stimulated 10-fold at 18 h of myo-inositol repletion, but there was no parallel increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in plasma during this early phase of intestinal recovery. Thus, these data suggest a possible regulatory role of PI in the processing and/or turnover of alkaline phosphatase in vivo, but a negative role of alkaline phosphatase in lipid transport across gerbil intestine.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1983

Tissue content and metabolism of myo-inositol in normal and lipodystrophic gerbils.

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of diet and sex difference on the development of an intestinal lipodystrophy due to myo-inositol deficiency. Tissue contents of free and lipid-bound myo-inositol as well as the activities of L-myo-inositol-l-phosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) and phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.25), and myo-inositol oxygenase (EC 1.13.99.1) were determined in male and female gerbils under various conditions. The enzyme study proved that the essentiality of dietary myo-inositol for this species was not due to the lack of such enzyme activity. The lower susceptibility of male gerbils to myo-inositol deficiency could be explained by the contribution of the biosynthesis of myo-inositol in the testis, as shown by a difference between intact and castrated animals. Although feeding coconut oil to the myo-inositol-deficient female gerbils produced greater myo-inositol depletion as well as more severe intestinal lesion than the feeding of safflower oil, the difference in myo-inositol status could be only in part responsible for different degrees of lipodystrophy. Additionally, neither dietary type of fat nor exogenous myo-inositol altered the activities of either hepatic or intestinal synthase and phosphatase, or kidney oxygenase. Thus, this study indicates that both sex and dietary factors might influence myo-inositol status to varying extents, but the diet-induced change in tissue myo-inositol was not reflected by the enzyme activity as measured in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

myo-Inositol action on gerbil intestine. Association of phosphatidylinositol metabolism with lipid clearance.

The synthesis and turnover of phosphatidylinositol as well as clearance were studied in the intestines of lipodystrophic gerbils treated with or without an intraperitoneal dose of myo-inositol by monitoring the incorporation of 32Pi and the retention of absorbed [1-14C] palmitic acid. 1. myo-Inositol deficiency produced an intestinal lipodystrophy with a large lipid accumulation and a decreased level of phosphatidylinositol. Upon myo-inositol repletion, the intestinal phosphatidylinositol rapidly returned to the control level by h, at which time the removal of excess lipid still remained in a lag phase. 2. myo-Inositol injection caused an increase in the incorporation of 32Pi into phosphatidylinositol mainly due to an increased phosphatidylinositol synthesis de novo. As a result, the turnover of phosphatidylinositol molecules might increase because of an expanded pool size. 3. The stimulation of phosphatidylinositol synthesis was then followed by an enhanced clearance of absorbed [14C] palmitate and by an intestinal recovery which was monitored by the loss of accumulated triacylglycerol. 4. This study indicates that myo-inositol availability appears to regulate the in vivo biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol which, in turn, may play a crucial role in normal lipid transport across gerbil intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Whipple's disease - current status of diagnostics and therapy.

Whipple's disease is a multisystemic infectious disease whose pathogen, a gram-unstable actinomycete, has been characterized in the meantime by molecular-biological techniques (polymerase chain reaction). This infectious disease which was firstly described in 1907 by G.H. Whipple as intestinal lipodystrophy appears rarely and sporadically and can affect nearly every organ, in the course of which the small intestine is also concerned in the majority of patients. The symptoms and signs are polymorphous and depend on organic involvement and stage. This leads to significant difficulties concerning differential diagnosis and to a delay in diagnosis. Misjudging the syndromes provokes invalidism and death whereas correct therapy leads to a cure in most of the cases.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2005

[Weight loss, renal insufficiency, aortal stenosis and arthralgias].

The 68-year-old male patient complained of weight loss and -- since 15 years -- of arthralgias and had renal insufficiency and an aortic stenosis. Despite the lack of intestinal symptoms, M. Whipple could be diagnosed, being responsible for his symptoms and clinical signs. Under antibiotic and supportive treatment the patient recovered uneventfully.Whipple's disease, otherwise known as intestinal lipodystrophy, is a disease with various signs and symptoms. The principal signs are rheumatic complaints and weight loss. By contrast, there may be absolutely no gastrointestinal symptoms even at an advanced stage of the disease. The generally chronic clinical course of the disease may worsen acutely and may prove fatal. Symptoms frequently occur not simultaneously but successively. Diagnostically, it is crucial to consider the possibility of infection with Tropheryma whippelii primarily if the patient presents with multi-organ symptoms. The disease is easy to diagnose by taking bioptic samples endoscopically -- even in the absence of intestinal symptoms -- and antibiotic treatment is generally successful. However, permanent organic lesions must be anticipated.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Life-threatening chronic enteritis due to colonization of the small bowel with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.

Chronic diarrheal illness and malabsorption are challenging diagnostic and clinical problems. The identification of the causative pathogens that are involved in gastrointestinal infections is often difficult. It took 85 years after the first description of a case of intestinal lipodystrophy by Georg Whipple in 1907 until the causative bacterium was characterized by using molecular genetics techniques. We here report the complicated clinical course of a young patient with chronic diarrhea accompanied by severe, life-threatening malabsorption with extensive weight loss. Histology and glucose hydrogen breath test were suggestive of a bacterial overgrowth syndrome in the small bowel, but standard culture-based techniques and serology failed to identify the causative bacteria. Thus, bacterial ribosomal DNA (16S ribosomal DNA) was extracted from duodenal biopsy samples and analyzed by community fingerprinting and species-specific polymerase chain reaction. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was identified as the cause of chronic infectious enteritis. Only specific long-term antibiotic treatment with co-trimoxazole had a durable clinical effect and led to normalization of 16S ribosomal DNA profiles. This case shows the role of rare and uncommon bacteria in refractory and chronic human gastrointestinal infections. Genomic techniques, including 16S-based single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, will play an increasing role in the diagnosis of chronic infections with facultatively pathogenic bacteria or in the clinical analysis of complex bacterial communities such as the intestinal bacterial microflora. Future enhancements in detection techniques will show that chronic bacterial infections are more frequent as a cause of gastrointestinal malfunction than commonly thought.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The nutritional significance, metabolism, and function of myo-inositol and phosphatidylinositol in health and disease.

Recent advances in nutritional and biochemical research have substantiated the importance of inositol as a dietary and cellular constituent. The processes involved in the metabolism of inositol and its derivatives in mammalian tissues have been characterized both in vivo and at the enzyme level. Biochemical functions elucidated for phosphatidylinositol in biological membranes include the mediation of cellular responses to external stimuli, nerve transmission, and the regulation of enzyme activity through specific interactions with various proteins. Inositol deficiency in animals has been shown to produce an accumulation of triglyceride in liver, intestinal lipodystrophy, and other abnormalities. The metabolic mechanisms giving rise to these latter phenomena have been extensively studied as a function of dietary inositol. Altered metabolism of inositol has been documented in patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, galactosemia, and multiple sclerosis. A moderate increase in plasma and nerve inositol levels by dietary supplementation has been suggested as a means of treating diabetic neuropathy, although excessively high levels, such as are found in uremic patients, may be neurotoxic. A thorough consideration of the biochemical functions of inositol and a further characterization of various diseases with the aid of appropriate animal models may suggest a possible role for inositol and other dietary components in their prevention and treatment

6-Phytase↗
PubMed1978

Aortic insufficiency requiring valve replacement in Whipple's disease.

Reviews of postmortem reports on patients with Whipple's disease (intestinal lipodystrophy) describe gross valvular deformity in more than 50% with characteristic histological findings of macrophages containing periodic acid-Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant granules. Frequently, congestive heart failure characterizes the terminal stages. In a 58-year-old man with well-documented Whipple's disease for 5 years, gastrointestinal, joint, and pericardial involvement apparently resolved with medical therapy. However, 10 years later, severe aortic insufficiency necessitated prosthetic valve replacement, at which time gross and histological examination of the excised valve demonstrated characteristic changes of Whipple's disease. Clinical recognition of the importance of cardiac valvular abnormalities and of possible late cardiac decompensation mandates close observation of patients with Whipple's disease. Corrective operation should improve the patient's chances of survival.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed2003

Whipple's disease.

Whipple's disease, or intestinal lipodystrophy, is a systemic infectious disorder affecting mostly middle-aged white men. Patients present with weight loss, arthralgia, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain. The disease is commonly diagnosed by small-bowel biopsy; the appearance of the sample is characterised by inclusions in the lamina propria staining with periodic-acid-Schiff, which represent the causative bacteria. Tropheryma whipplei has been classified as an actinomycete and has been propagated in vitro, which allows the possibility of improving diagnostic strategies, for example through antibody-based detection of the bacillus on duodenal tissue or in circulating monocytes. Cell-mediated immunity in active and inactive Whipple's disease has subtle defects that might predispose some individuals to symptomatic infection with this bacillus, which probably occurs ubiquitously. Although most patients respond well to empirical antibiotic treatment, some with relapsing disease have a poor outlook. The recent findings and concerted research might allow development of new strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of patients with Whipple's disease.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

Whipple's disease and Tropheryma whippelii: secrets slowly revealed.

Whipple's disease was described in 1907 and was designated "intestinal lipodystrophy," despite the detection of bacteria in 1 specimen. This finding was later substantiated by the success of antibiotic therapy, which resulted in dramatic clinical responses, and by use of electron microscopy, which detected monomorphic bacilli in affected tissues. Many attempts at culture failed, and these bacteria were characterized as actinomycetes for the first time by means of broad-range 16S rDNA amplification and molecular phylogenetic methods. The name "Tropheryma whippelii" was proposed for this bacterium. Whipple's disease is a systemic disease that affects many organ systems, producing protean manifestations. This article summarizes recent developments with regard to this topic as well as unanswered questions regarding the pathogenesis and acquisition of infection, the biology and ecology of the organism, the clinical spectrum of disease, diagnosis of the disease, and therapy.

Actinobacteria↗