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PubMed1983

Obesity in young Dutch adults: II, daily life-style and body mass index.

The relationships between aspects of daily life-style and age, level of education, and body mass index (BMI; weight/height) were studied in young adult males (n = 1765) and females (n = 2092) in three age groups (19-21, 24-26 and 29-31 yr) in a Dutch population. By means of principal-components analysis five conceptually meaningful factors could be distinguished within the aspects of daily life-style which were considered. These factors were interpreted as constructs of: (1) slimming behaviour; (2) behaviour characterized by the consumption of coffee and alcohol, smoking habits and the number of hours sleep per night (CASS behaviour); (3) eating sweet and savoury snacks between meals; (4) health-conscious behaviour; and (5) physical activity. After adjustments were made for age and level of education, multiple regression analysis showed that slimming behaviour was positively related to BMI in both sexes, CASS behaviour was positively related to BMI in males, and health-conscious behaviour was inversely related to BMI in both sexes. An observed positive relationship between BMI and occupational physical activity in males could be explained by a confounding effect of socio-economic status. The observed weak positive relationship between number of hours active sport per month and BMI in males is possibly due to a difference in lean body mass. The consumption of sweet and savoury snacks was not related to BMI in either sex. These findings suggest that the daily life-style variables should be interpreted as indicators of more general types of behaviour, some of which may be important determinants of obesity.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[A study of the relationship between job type and/or position to life style and health of male white-collar workers].

The relationship between the type of job and/or position of male white-collar workers to their working life, life style, health behavior, and health condition was examined based on data obtained from a survey of 1129 male workers in a major computer manufacturing company in 1988. The results were as follows: 1. Work, life style, health behavior, and health condition of male white-collar workers are strongly affected by type of job and position when adjusted for education, income, and age. 2. Workers in the sales department and engineering department appeared to have the most problems associated with working life, life style, health behavior, and health condition. Workers in sales, especially, displayed Type A behavior and their job was characterized by a lot of business transactions in a working environment that requires them to work until late at night. This leads to an irregular diet, late bed time, and makes their family relationships worse. Workers in the engineering department had work loads that were heavy because they have the longest working hours, and the content of their jobs is a mixture of both research and sales. Consequently their health is not good. On the other hands, workers in the laboratory had the best situation, and with general workers about average in terms of working life, life style, health behavior, and the state of health. 3. The department heads have the best conditions of life and health over all, except for their diet. The chiefs of sections are generally in the middle between the department heads and ordinary workers in terms of life and health. They drink and smoke heavily and show Type A behavior characteristics. Ordinary workers appear to have the most problems in working life, life style, health behavior, and health condition. From these results it may be concluded that this is associated with the difference in work type and position of these workers compared to managerial class and also with a low level of morale.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Genetic analysis of life-style related diseases].

In our country to which the aging society was invited, life-style related diseases, such as cancer, ischemic cardiac disease, apoplexy, and diabetes, are increasing. These life-style related diseases are multi-factor diseases. And genetic factors, environmental factors, and aging factors are concerned. This genetic factors are prescribed by gene polymorphism between individuals. The method of identifying these gene polymorphism has two kinds, microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). If the relation of life-style related diseases and gene polymorphism will be solved from now on, realization of patient-tailored treatment according to the individual, extension of healthy life expectancy, improvement in quality of life, and decrease of medical expenses are expected.

Humans↗

PubMed1993

Risk factors for stroke in Copenhagen, Denmark. II. Life-style factors.

The objective of the present work was to identify independent life-style factors for stroke and to estimate their causal contribution. The study is based on a random sample of the Copenhagen population selected in 1976 and stratified by age. The present analysis includes 12,961 subjects examined initially, aged 35 or over and without a previous cerebrovascular event, for whom information about life-style factors was recorded between 1976 and 1978. The outcome was the first-in-life stroke or transient ischemic attack during 12 years of follow-up. The events were ascertained at a second examination 5 years later and from hospital records and death certificates through 1988. Cox's regression model was used to estimate the effect on stroke risk of the factors recorded. In the period 1976-1988, 693 initial events were recorded in eligible responders. Among the life-style factors analyzed, a significant, independent effect was found for cigarette smoking, daily consumption of sleeping pills or tranquilizers and body mass index (BMI). There was a tendency for daily alcohol intake to be associated with lower risk, this could not be demonstrated for physical activity at leisure time. Among smokers, stroke risk was influenced by the number of cigarettes smoked, and daily alcohol intake was associated with a significantly lower risk. The effect of smoking decreased with age. BMI in smokers still had a significant effect on stroke risk but neither daily consumption of tranquilizers, nor physical inactivity at leisure time had a significant influence.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Life-style in patients with LUTS suggestive of BPH.

BACKGROUND: Owing to the existing controversy about the role of life-style in the pathogenesis of BPH, the possible associations of LUTS and prostate enlargement with alcohol intake, coffee consumption, smoking, physical activity, body mass index (BMI) and concomitant diseases were studied in the large series of patients of the QUIBUS study. RESULTS: Among concomitant diseases, essential hypertension was the most represented. However no apparent additive or synergistic influence on symptoms was recorded in this subset of the population. Coffee consumption was not associated with prostate volume or LUTS. Alcohol consumption was associated with urgency and intermittence and with an overall higher IPSS. No major influence on symptoms was found in smokers. Physical activity was associated with a lower frequency of incomplete bladder emptying, repeated urination, intermittence and urgency. The postulated existence of an association between BMI and BPH was not confirmed in this study. When a prediction of the IPSS scores was tempted by entering the life-style factors in a multiple regression model, they were able to explain at best 5% of the variance of the dependent variable. CONCLUSION: Life-style patterns bear a greater influence on individual symptoms than on total scores. This difference is sometimes high enough to recommend specific life-style measures to patients with LUTS and prostate enlargement.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Life-style factors do not explain racial differences in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: the Minnesota Heart Survey.

We analyzed data from a population-based survey to determine whether serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations are different in blacks and whites after controlling for life-style characteristics. We studied a total of 741 white men, 453 black men, 786 white women, and 572 black women age 35-74 years. Age-adjusted HDL-C concentrations were higher in black than white men (48.6 vs 40.8 mg/dl) and in black than white women (56.1 vs 54.0 mg/dl). Life-style characteristics associated with HDL-C in women were exogenous hormone use, average number of cigarettes smoked per day, average ounces of alcohol consumed per week, body mass index, and use of beta-blockers. Life-style characteristics associated with HDL-C levels in men included age, average number of cigarettes smoked per day, average ounces of alcohol consumed per week, body mass index, and a self-reported history of diabetes. After adjustment for life-style characteristics, black men and women had HDL-C levels 7.0 and 5.3 mg/dl higher, respectively, than whites. Body mass index was a negative confounder in women; after adjusting for body mass and age, black women had HDL-C levels 4.6 mg/dl higher than white women. These data indicate that the measured life-style factors cannot fully explain the observed differences in HDL-C between blacks and whites. These findings, which are consistent with other reports, may reflect an inability to assess life-style factors accurately and/or genetic or cultural factors yet to be determined.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Improving the life-style of long-term-care employees.

The list of possibilities for helping employees alter their life-styles can be endless. Employees may contribute ideas. Improving employee life-style can result in better health care for nursing home residents and senior citizens. Residents may be more inclined to improve life-styles when they observe employees making effort to stop smoking and by exercising, applying good dietary habits, and participating in stress control. Everyone wins when health providers attain optimal physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The dividends will be worth the investment.

Health Promotion↗

PubMed2004

Using the internet for life style changes in diet and physical activity: a feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: LinkMedica-Heart is a novel Internet based program intended to support people who seek to improve their life style by means of changes in diet and physical activity. The program is currently under evaluation in a clinical study and the present study is a feasibility test of the LinkMedica-Heart Internet based program. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate LinkMedica-Heart, an Internet based program we designed for support and maintenance of patient-led life style changes. METHODS: The feasibility study of LinkMedica-Heart presented here is a qualitative study. Nine general practitioners were invited to participate. Each practitioner was asked to introduce LinkMedica-Heart to not less than two patients, with a maximum of five patients per practitioner. Patients and general practitioners were both asked to participate in testing the program for a period of 6 months. At the end of 6 months, evaluation meetings were held with the general practitioners, and separate interviews took place with some of the participating patients who were selected by the GPs. RESULTS: Five general practitioners and 25 patients participated in the study. The general practitioners and the patients were enthusiastic about the prospect of an Internet based life style change program. However, the program was not able to sustain patient loyalty over an extended period. The doctors found that the program was much too complicated to navigate and that the results from the program could not be trusted. The patients in contrast had fewer complaints about the program design, but found that the advice given by the program was too elaborate and detailed and, in general, did not add to the patient's knowledge on life style change. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that there is a need for, and a receptive attitude toward a Web-based program that supports people who want to improve their life style and health. LinkMedica-Heart in its present form does not satisfy these needs. We suggest a number of design changes and improvements to the program.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Life-style modification in peripheral arterial disease.

OBJECTIVE: To review the published evidence supporting the use of life-style modification in peripheral arterial disease (PAD). DESIGN: A systematic search of the medical literature was performed for relevant studies. MATERIALS: The publications obtained were then searched for randomised clinical trials which reported end-points of mortality or major cardiovascular event rates with various life-style modifications. RESULTS: Only one randomised controlled trial was found reporting relevant end-points. Other trials were of other end-points such as walking distance or biochemical markers. CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of randomised controlled data proving the benefit of life-style modification in improving mortality and reducing cardiovascular events in patients with PAD. Despite this there is sufficient evidence to recommend some life-style modification as part of the overall approach to risk reduction in these patients. There is compelling evidence to support smoking cessation, increased exercise and improved diet.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗

PubMed2000

The characteristics of fatigue symptoms and their association with the life style and the health status in school children.

In order to evaluate the characteristics of fatigue symptoms and their association with the life style and the health status, we examined using data accumulated by the longitudinal surveys from 1992 to 1998, in 118 six-year primary school children and 129 second-year junior high school children. The complaints of "drowsiness and dullness", such as "become drowsy" (71%), "give a yawn" (59%) and "want to lie down" (51%), respectively, were most frequently observed. The proportion of these complaints was high before the first morning class, but decreased when the children leave school. Notably, the complaints of "difficulty in concentration" annually have increased. Children with undesirable eating habits, particularly those who often eat salty foods, or poor life style, such as staying up late at night tended to have more complaints of fatigue symptoms. By correlation analysis, these complaints were significantly related to the obesity degree, blood pressure, HDL cholesterol and atherogenic index. These results support the hypothesis that fatigue symptoms increase or are associated with life style and health status. Consequently, it is necessary to improve the life style such as dietary habits and rhythm of life for the reduction of fatigue symptom.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dual-earner families' stress levels and personal and life-style-related variables.

This study investigated personal and life-style-related variables and stress levels in dual-earner families in the preschool stage of family development. The sample was composed of 92 families receiving child day care through a major day care provider in the Upper Midwest. The Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes was used to measure the family stress level. The majority of dual-earner families in this sample were experiencing a moderate level of family stress based on national stress level norms calculated for families in the preschool stage of development. Parental age and age of children were statistically related to the family stress level. Life-style-related variables statistically significant in this study were amount of income and satisfaction with income level, satisfaction with child care, and flexibility in vacation scheduling. Parents who could easily schedule vacations during the same time period had significantly lower family stress levels than parents who had difficulty scheduling vacations together, p less than .003. Additionally, parents who reported being forced to take separate vacations because of their work schedules had statistically higher scores on family stress than parents who had never had to take separate vacations because of work schedules, p less than .002.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Myocardial infarction may induce positive changes in life-style and in the quality of life.

Eighty-four male patients with a mean age of 56.4 years were subjected to a semistructured interview 12-21 weeks after acute myocardial infarction. Twenty-eight individuals (group A) perceived a considerably or somewhat improved total life situation, 39 patients an unchanged (group B) and 17 patients (group C) a somewhat or considerably worsened total life situation. In all groups there were appreciable alterations with respect to stress on the job, physical activity and intake of fat/calories. Sixty per cent had reduced or quit smoking, and 19% had reduced their alcohol consumption. Fifty per cent of the patients perceived an increased gratitude at being alive. Similar recordings were found regarding "joy of life", value of hobbies, family and having good health. Concern associated with a reduced health status was experienced as the most distressing consequence of MI. There were no significant differences between groups A, B and C with respect to severity of the MI in contrast to the number of "psychiatric cases" (GHQ). The study concludes that it is considered important also to discover and reinforce possible positive changes after MI.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[A socio-medical study of adult diseases related to the life style of Chinese in Japan].

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between life style factors and adult disease for Chinese living in Japan. The mortalities of major cancers and other major diseases of Chinese in Japan were compared with those of Japanese by calculating Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR) for the Chinese using death rates in the Japanese population the standard. The life style data on smoking, drinking and dietary habits for Chinese in Japan were collected by self-administered questionnaire surveys, and age-adjusted proportions were calculated with the truncated world population as the standard. Then the corrected indexes on life style for Chinese in Japan were compared with those of Japanese. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The mortality rates of heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disease, liver cirrhosis, rectum cancer, liver cancer (both sexes), lung cancer (females), breast cancer and cerebrovascular disease (females) for Chinese in Japan were higher than those for Japanese, but the rates of stomach cancer, pancreas cancer (both sexes), uterus cancer (females) and cerebrovascular disease (males) were lower than those for Japanese. 2. The prevalence of current smokers for Chinese males in Japan was lower than that of Japanese, and that of females was higher than that of Japanese. The prevalence of non-smokers for Chinese males was higher than that of Japanese, and that of females was lower than that of Japanese. 3. Although the prevalence of regular drinkers for Chinese of both sexes in Japan were lower than that of Japanese, the prevalence of heavy drinkers who drank over 80 ml of ethanol every day for Chinese males was higher than that of Japanese males. 4. Significant differences were not found in the prevalences of frequent consumers of meat, milk, eggs, fish, other vegetables and food using oil between cooks and non-cooks of Chinese of both sexes in Japan. 5. The age-adjusted prevalences of frequent meat and milk consumers for Chinese in Japan were higher than those of Japanese in both sexes, but those of frequent pickled vegetable and MISO soup consumers were lower than those of Japanese. The dietary pattern of Chinese in Japan was different from that of Japanese with intakes of much fat and less salt. 6. It is assumed that the mortalities due to adult disease for Chinese in Japan are related to their heavy drinking and to their dietary habits.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Prostate cancer prevention: risk reduction through life-style, diet, and chemoprevention.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview of factors related to life-style, diet, and chemoprevention agents that may help lower the incidence of prostate cancer in the future. DATA SOURCES: Analysis of literature from MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD), published journal articles, papers from journal bibliographies, and protocol of the Southwest Oncology Group Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. DATA SYNTHESIS: Information related to prostate cancer prevention is accumulating, which may lead to a decreased disease incidence. Promising areas include use of chemoprevention, identification of life-style and dietary factors that may affect prostate cancer risk, and identification of genetic factors involved in prostatic carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Increased understanding of hormonal and genetic changes that occur during prostatic carcinogenesis may lead to effective methods of preventing this disease. Prostate cancer risk may be reduced by altering life-style and dietary factors and by using chemoprevention agents. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Oncology nurses play an important role in prostate cancer prevention through cancer risk assessment and patient and public education related to risk-reduction strategies.

Diet↗

PubMed1989

Effect of life-style activity of varying duration on glycemic control in type II diabetic women.

Life-style activities such as walking are often recommended for patients with type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Because many of these patients are overweight and sedentary, such low-intensity activity would appear most appropriate, especially during initial intervention. However, there has been little research on the effects of low-intensity life-style activity on glycemic control. This study examined the effects of varying the duration (0, 20, or 40 min) of low-intensity exercise (50-55% of age-predicted max heart rate) on glycemic responses during exercise and a subsequent meal in type II diabetic patients. Glycemic response to exercise was significantly related to the duration of activity; 20 min of activity decreased blood glucose (BG) by 6 mg/dl, whereas 40 min decreased BG by 16 mg/dl. The effect of exercise on glucose was maintained over a 30-min rest period but disappeared after a meal was consumed. Insulin and the insulin-to-glucose ratio were not affected by the length of activity. These data suggest that life-style activity of long duration (20-40 min) produces a significant, but modest, decrease in glucose levels in type II diabetic women.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative genomics of Pneumocystis carinii with other protists: implications for life style.

Three protistan genomes were analyzed for differential genetic traits that may be associated with biological adaptations to their unique life styles. The microsporidian, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, an obligate intracellular parasite; the ascomycetes, Pneumocystis carinii, considered an opportunistic pathogen; and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model organism exhibiting a free-living life style, were used in comparisons of genomic architecture, reproductive strategies, and metabolic capacity predicted by the presence of signature genes. Genome size, gene number, and metabolic function decreased as the organisms became more dependent on their hosts. In contrast, gene density and the percentage of genes dedicated to cell growth and division were substantially increased in the genome of E. cuniculi. The obligate life style was associated with reductions in gene number, genome size, and reduced metabolic capacity while the free-living life style was coincident with gene duplications and duplication of large portions of the genome. The genomic characteristics and metabolic capacity of P. carinii were usually intermediate between those of the other two protistan genomes, but unique characteristics such as the presence of a single rDNA locus may indicate that these organisms could be in the process of becoming more host dependent.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Cross sectional study of the relationship between physical fitness and life style, health-status in healthy aged males].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between physical fitness and life style, as well as health-status in aged males living in a community. METHOD: A total of 304 males aged 60 to 89 years volunteered as subjects for this study. Eleven performance-test items were selected from four physical fitness domains of muscle, joint, neuromuscular and lung functions, with consideration given to the safety, reliability, and feasibility of the tests. To assess life style and health-status, a questionnaire consisting of 40 items was constructed. Principal component analysis was applled to the correlation matrix consisting of 11 physical fitness variables. Statistical techniques for Creamer's association coefficient and theory of quantification I were used to examine the relationships between life style, medical condition and fundamental physical fitness (FPF). RESULTS: Cramer's association coefficient was only significant for the variable of quantity consumed at dinner. Multiple correlation coefficient between FPF and age-grade, life style, and health-status were significant (P < 0.01). Partial correlation coefficients were high for the variables of aged-grade, sleeping hours, and receiving medical treatment. CONCLUSION: Fundamental physical fitness showed a decreasing trend with age. It was inferred that acquisltion of adequate sleeping hours and not taking medical treatment for injury of illness might be related to the decline of FPF level with aging in aged males.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Life style as a determinant of blood pressure in the general population.

This study investigated which life style factors were correlated with the level and the variability of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressure in a random population sample. Ten blood pressure readings were obtained at home in 405 men and 379 women (20 to 84 years). Each person's average pressure level was computed together with the standard deviation as index of variability. Sodium, potassium, and alcohol intake, smoking habits, social class, psychoemotional stress, and the calories spent at work and in sports were assessed from a questionnaire and from determinations on serum and on a 24-h urine sample. A P10 to P90 (10th and 90th percentile) increase of alcohol intake, as reflected by serum gamma-glutamyltransferase, was associated with a 3.2 +/- 0.9 mm Hg higher DBP in men and with a 3.1 +/- 1.6 mm Hg higher SBP and a 1.5 +/- 0.8 mm Hg higher DBP in women. A P10 to P90 increase in the calories spent in sports was accompanied by a decrease in pressure, averaging 1.5 +/- 0.8 mm Hg for DBP in men and 2.4 +/- 1.2 mm Hg and 1.8 +/- 0.8 mm Hg for SBP and DBP in women. A 2.2 +/- 0.7 mm Hg higher DBP was observed in women living in a working class area. After adjustment for age, the variability of DBP was inversely correlated with self-rated physical activity in men, whereas women living in a working class area showed a decreased SBP variability. In conclusion, in an affluent Western population, alcohol intake, participation in sports, and living in a working class area were identified as the life style factors of importance for the blood pressure level. By contrast, blood pressure variability, as measured in the present study, was only to a minor extent influenced by life style.

Adult↗