[Mathematical registration of kidney function loss in chronic kidney failure].
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Creatinine↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Loss of function”
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Functional vision loss.
BACKGROUND: Functional vision loss (FVL) is a condition whereby a patient experiences a visual deficit without an organic or sensory basis. FVL is a diagnosis of exclusion, made only after organic pathology and sensory problems have been ruled out. METHODS: The authors reviewed the literature on FVL, delineated the etiologies and applied their clinical experience to the subject to provide the reader with a clinical appreciation and practical approach to FVL. This includes diagnostic strategies and etiology-based management. RESULTS: There are numerous sociopsychological etiologies of FVL of which the optometrist should be aware. Since FVL is a non-organic condition, the optimal treatment is usually multi-disciplinary, including a range of providers. CONCLUSIONS: The authors present an overview of FVL, classification of etiology, a diagnostic strategy, comanagement recommendations, and case reports.
Adolescent↗
Functional visual loss.
Patients with functional loss of visual acuity or visual fields range from the "deliberate malingerer" to the "suggestible innocent." Between these extremes are patients with varying mixtures of fraud and suggestibility. These patients do not, as a rule, have psychiatric disease and do not need to see a psychiatrist. The ophthalmologist must be able to control frustration with these patients to prove that the patient has better visual fields and visual acuity than admitted to, and so that he can perform a careful, dispassionate examination to establish that no organic disease is present. This examination makes it possible to offer believable reassurance to the patient. Simple reassurance seems to be effective therapy.
Evoked Potentials, Visual↗
Predicting loss of pulmonary function after pulmonary resection for bronchogenic carcinoma.
Studies of regional pulmonary function using radioactive 133xenon gas and spirometric tests (forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second) were performed before and after unilateral pulmonary resection for cancer of the lung. Ninety-one patients were evaluated; 47 underwent total pneumonectomy, and 44 underwent lobectomy. The postoperative serial evaluations were classified into short-term and long-term studies (less than or more than three months, respectively). The preoperative and postoperative data were utilized to derive formulas for predicting an estimate of the overall functional loss after pulmonary resection based on the number of segments removed. The correlation between the predicted and measured postoperative values was good for resections involving more than three segments (r = 0.83). Prediction for smaller resections was unreliable. While both regional and overall pulmonary functions were relatively stable after pneumonectomy, there was a disproportionate early loss, followed by significant functional improvement with time following lobectomy. The anticipation of and preparation for this early loss of function may be crucial in the treatment of these patients.
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic↗
Loss of visual function associated with microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus: a pilot study.
Visual function loss has been documented in diabetes mellitus in relation to flicker and contrast. However, no direct correlation between the degree of loss in sensitivity and the level of retinopathy has been established. It has been suggested that such non-invasive psychophysical procedures actually reflect metabolic disturbances within the diabetic retina. This study investigates the possibility of whether early nephropathy demonstrated by microalbuminuria, is an indicator of microangiopathy which may be a cause of retinal disturbance leading to a loss of visual function. The visual function of a group of diabetics showing microalbuminuria was studied. Contrast and flicker threshold were measured and the results compared with those obtained with an age-matched control diabetic group. The procedures used effectively separated the two groups and raises the issue of incorporating psychophysics in retinal screening programmes.
Albuminuria↗
Combined effects of Ret coding and enhancer loss-of-function alleles cause progressive loss of inhibitory motor neurons in the enteric nervous system.
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital enteric neuropathy caused by disrupted development of enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDCs). Although pathogenic coding variants in RET account for many cases, the largest genetic contribution to HSCR risk arises from a common noncoding variant (rs2435357) within a SOX10-bound RET enhancer (MCS+9.7) that reduces RET gene expression in vivo and triggers expression changes in other ENS genes in the human fetal gut. However, the ENS cell types affected by this enhancer and the mechanisms by which these transcriptional changes lead to HSCR remain unknown. Here, we investigated the role of this enhancer by generating mice carrying a deletion of the orthologous Ret mcs+9.7 enhancer (Δmcs+9.7). Single-cell RNA sequencing of E14.5 embryonic gut demonstrated that enhancer deletion reduced Ret expression by 8% without altering ENS cell composition. However, reduced Ret expression was restricted to differentiating neurons and inhibitory motor neuron lineages, revealing cell type-specific enhancer activity. To determine the functional consequences of further reducing Ret dosage, we generated compound heterozygous mice carrying both the enhancer deletion and a Ret coding null allele (+/Δmcs+9.7;+/CFP). These mice exhibited additive reductions in Ret expression, altered Sox10 expression, dysregulation of cell-cycle and neuronal differentiation programs, and selective depletion of developing inhibitory motor neuron lineages. These findings establish a cell type-specific role for the mcs+9.7 enhancer in modulating Ret dosage and reveal how subtle enhancer perturbations alter neural subtype specification without overt hypoganglionosis, suggesting that HSCR arises from a cascade of cellular defects triggered by >50% loss of Ret function.
Journal Article↗
Role of laminin in maintenance of type II pneumocyte morphology and function.
Loss of differentiated function by type II pneumocytes plated on plastic surfaces was demonstrated by decreased lamellar body content, increased cellular protein, and rapid cellular flattening, changes that were retarded modestly by plating cells on laminin-coated surfaces. Laminin surfaces also inhibited [3H]thymidine (THM) incorporation into cellular DNA by 40% compared with plastic at 40 h, but did not alter an additional mitogenic effect of rat serum over fetal calf serum. In contrast, cells plated on the laminin-rich basement membrane-like gel formed from an extract of EHS mouse sarcoma, matrix gel (MG), maintained a high content of intracellular lipids in lamellar inclusions and retained a rounded morphology for at least 3 days. MG markedly inhibited THM incorporation and morphological changes when cells were cultured on this surface or when MG was formed over cells initially plated on plastic for various intervals. The importance of the laminin component of MG was demonstrated when these surfaces were pretreated with a highly specific antilaminin serum. Type II cells commenced flattening on the treated MG surface, and THM incorporation increased with the same time course as did control cells on plastic. The data suggest that short-term culture and study of differentiated type II pneumocytes may require a laminin-rich substratum. THM incorporation into type II cell DNA provides an important early and sensitive index of cell-basement membrane interaction and subsequent maintenance of function.
Animals↗
The conceptual problem of 'functional hearing loss'.
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Hearing Loss↗
Personality and functional hearing loss in children.
Thirty children with functional hearing loss were seen for psychological assessment. The sample included twice as many girls as boys. Most had experienced middle-ear problems and scored outside normal limits on the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory. Introversion alone or combined with neuroticism was the most important personality dimension, especially for girls. The relationship between introverted behaviour, hearing impairment and previous experience of hearing problems is discussed.
Audiometry, Pure-Tone↗
Psychological characteristics of children with functional hearing loss.
The terminology used to describe functional hearing loss (FHL) and some explanations of the phenomenon are discussed briefly. Previous studies of FHL in children are reviewed. Characteristics of 30 children seen for psychological assessment following diagnosis of FHL are described. There were twice as many girls as boys in the sample. A large proportion of the children had experienced middle ear problems. The mean IQ for the sample was below average, but the range of intellectual ability was wide. Nine children showed serious educational retardation. The children were assigned to one of three psychological problem groups depending on whether they had minor, school-based, or deeper, psychological problems. Those with deeper psychological problems tended to show greater hearing losses on pure tone audiometry. FHL seemed to be related to attentional factors in those with only minor or school-based problems but not for those with deeper psychological problems. These findings are discussed with reference to the need for psychological assessment of children with FHL.
Adolescent↗
The use of decision-theoretic approach in regulating toxicity.
This paper presents a general decision model for quantitative risk analysis to help in solving the problem of setting the optimal exposure level of a potential carcinogen in regulatory decision-making. This model consists of a probability function and two loss functions. The probability function describes the dose-response relationship for a potential carcinogen at various exposure levels. The two loss functions include the cost of using a potential carcinogen, e.g., health loss, and the cost of not using the compound, e.g., economic loss. Using the principle of minimum expected loss, a fundamental formula for setting the optimal beneficial dose level is derived. The formula equates the probability function to a ratio of loss functions. The general form of loss functions is described in the paper. Under certain conditions, the current approach for quantitative risk assessment is a special situation of this general model.
Carcinogens↗
Hyperthermic injury versus crush injury in the rat sciatic nerve: a comparative functional, histopathological and morphometrical study.
Functional and morphological changes of the rat sciatic nerve after local hyperthermia (30 min, 45 degrees C) and crush treatment were compared. After hyperthermic injury nerve function loss developed in a time period of about 7 h. Nerve crush led to an immediate loss of nerve function. Nerve function loss was assessed by a motor and a sensory function test. Recovery from function loss took place in both treatment groups and was complete in 4-5 weeks. Early (within 8 h post-treatment) histopathological changes in the nerve after heating included edema, possible blood stasis and changes in the blood vessel wall, like swelling of the media. During this period some axonal changes were observed. Immediate after crushing axons were severely damaged, while many blood vessels remained normal. Within one week after both treatments, degeneration of axons and myelin was observed at the site and distal from the site of the lesion (Wallerian degeneration). Three weeks after treatment a major part of the axons had regenerated and remyelinated. Vascular changes at the site of lesion could still be observed in the heat-treated nerves. Twelve weeks after both treatments, blood vessels appeared to be normal again. Morphometrical analysis of the treated nerves confirmed the histological observations. Three and 12 weeks after treatment average axon diameters were significant smaller and average myelin sheaths were significant thinner compared to untreated nerves. These parameters did not differ significantly when the two treatment groups were compared.
Animals↗
Functional hearing loss presenting as sudden hearing loss: a case report.
A case of functional hearing loss presenting as sudden sensorineural hearing loss in the only hearing ear of a musician is presented. Pure-tone audiometric evaluation showed good intratest and intertest consistency. The pitfalls of diagnosis, ultimately made by brain stem evoked response audiometry, are discussed in light of the literature on sudden and functional hearing loss. Psychiatric evaluation revealed features consistent with hysterical conversion. It is argued that it is important to establish the exact etiologic agent of functional hearing loss despite the difficulty of diagnosis so that the patient may receive appropriate treatment.
Adult↗
DPhK-gamma, a putative Drosophila kinase with homology to vertebrate phosphorylase kinase gamma subunits: molecular characterisation of the gene and phenotypic analysis of loss of function mutants.
Partial and total loss of function mutant alleles of a putative Drosophila homologue (DPhK-gamma) of the vertebrate phosphorylase kinase gamma-subunit gene have been isolated. DPhK-gamma is required in early embryonic processes, such as gastrulation and mesoderm formation; however, defects in these processes are seen only when both the maternal and zygotic components of DPhK-gamma expression are eliminated. Loss of zygotic expression alone does not appear to affect normal embryonic and larval development; some pupal lethality is observed but the majority of mutant animals eclose as adults. Many of these adults show defects in their leg musculature (e.g. missing and degenerating muscles), in addition to exhibiting melanised "tumours" on their leg joints. Loss of only the maternal component has no obvious phenotypic consequences. The DPhK-gamma gene has been cloned and sequenced. It has an open reading frame (ORF) of 1680 bp encoding a 560 amino acid protein. The predicted amino acid sequence of DPhK-gamma has two conserved domains, the catalytic kinase and calmodulin-binding domains, separated by a linker sequence. The amino acid sequence of DPhK-gamma is homologous to that of mammalian PhK-gamma proteins but differs in the length and amino acid composition of its linker sequence. The expression of DPhK-gamma mRNA is developmentally regulated. We discuss the implications of these observations.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Functional hearing loss and its relationship to resolved hearing levels.
The nature of functional hearing loss was retrospectively studied with respect to hearing sensitivity after resolution of the nonorganic components in 63 adults with bilateral exaggerated losses (126 ears). The configuration of the functional components (difference between the functional and resolved thresholds) was found to be related to that of the resolved hearing levels. The size of the functional overlay was essentially the same across the audiometric frequency range when the hearing was actually normal or if there was only mild loss. In cases of precipitously sloping high-frequency losses, the magnitude of the functional overlay became dramatically smaller for the impaired frequencies than for lower frequencies where hearing was normal or only mildly impaired. Moderate and severe losses represented a transitional situation, in which the functional components became gradually smaller with increasing frequency. Subjects with different resolved hearing in each ear (e.g., mild loss in one ear and a precipitous loss in the other) demonstrated nonorganic overlays that were consistent with the actual hearing levels for each respective ear. The findings suggest the use of an internalized, loudness level-based anchor by subjects with functional losses: the test signal must sound as loud as the anchor at each frequency in order for an exaggerated threshold response to be volunteered at that respective frequency. The pure-tone audiometric configuration and amount of functional loss at least in bilateral cases is thus consistently accounted for on the basis of known and explainable auditory factors.
Adult↗
Developmental and psychodynamic issues related to cases of childhood functional hearing loss.
The literature is scant regarding the details of the personality organizations of children exhibiting functional hearing losses. Projective data gleaned from five clinical cases of childhood functional hearing loss is presented. The core pathology involves a poorly consolidated image of the self. Threats to the continuity and cohesiveness of the self are avoided through a form of selective inattention.
Adolescent↗
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: pain-related and psychosocial aspects and their relevance for assessment and treatment.
Objective. To review literature in the area of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that has focused on pain experience, functional losses, and psychosocial functioning. Methods. This article provides a critical review of research addressing these three primary issues. Results. Subjective and behavioral measures have been developed to assess pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients, but further work is needed to determine the validity and reliability of these instruments. Tools to assess functional losses in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients also appear promising in preliminary studies. Patients can be at risk for difficulties in psychosocial functioning, although research suggests that there are a variety of family, parental, and child variables that influence child and sibling adaptation. Methodologic shortcomings prevent definitive conclusions in this area. Conclusions. Although methodologic limitations have plagued this research in the past, new advances are facilitating improved understanding of children and adolescents with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Implications for future study with this challenging population are offered.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Functional hearing loss in children.
This report reviewed 39 school-age children diagnosed as having a functional hearing loss utilizing auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry during the past 5 years at the Department of Otolaryngology, Kyushu University Hospital in Japan. Twenty-seven cases were females and 12 were males. Seven cases had a hearing loss unilaterally and 32 bilaterally. Although pure-tone audiometry revealed a variety of audiogram shapes, two-thirds of the cases had a flat or saucer-shaped audiogram with a mild to moderately severe hearing loss. ABR audiometry for the frequencies of 1, 2 and 4 kHz indicated a normal hearing threshold in 65 ears of 35 patients, and mild threshold elevations of at least one frequency in the remaining 6 ears of 4 patients. Three illustrative cases were demonstrated, and a discussion was held regarding the features in audiometric tests, and environmental factors surrounding the children with this condition. We emphasized that the physiological hearing measurement such as ABR audiometry should be performed when any discrepancy was noted between the patient's history and results of pure-tone audiometry, because of not infrequent occurrence of functional hearing loss.
Adolescent↗