SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Lunch”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed1990

Caloric compensation for lunches varying in fat and carbohydrate content by humans in a residential laboratory.

Two groups of three subjects participated in a residential study that assessed the effects of varying the macronutrient and caloric content of a required lunch meal on subsequent food choice and intake. Lunches contained 431 or 844 kcal, with the caloric differential created by manipulating the calories derived from either fat or carbohydrate (CHO). Each lunch condition (high-fat, high-CHO, low-fat, and low-CHO) was examined for 3 consecutive days. Subjects controlled their own patterns of food intake and could consume any item or number of items at any time during the day or night. There were no significant differences in total daily caloric intake across conditions, indicating that subjects compensated for the caloric content of the lunch regardless of the macronutrient content. Total daily caloric intake under the high-fat and high-CHO conditions was 2824 +/- 151 (mean +/- SEM) and 2988 +/- 187 kcal, respectively, whereas intake under the low-fat and low-CHO conditions was 2700 +/- 131 and 2890 +/- 247 kcal, respectively.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Caries and treatment patterns in children related to school lunch program eligibility.

This article presents the caries prevalence and treatment patterns of children relative to a classification of family economic status, based on the child's eligibility for the free or reduced-cost school lunch program. Dental caries prevalence is reported for children aged 8-11 years at the beginning of a longitudinal clinical trial in the nonfluoridated city of Tampa, Florida. These children were placed into one of three school lunch subsidy categories--poverty, near-poverty, and nonpoverty--using federal government income eligibility guidelines for the school lunch program. The results support an inverse relation of caries prevalence to economic status, as well as the expected direct relation of family income to treatment needs met. The nonpoverty group exhibited the lowest number of decayed surfaces and had nearly 70 percent of their treatment needs met. The poverty group had significantly higher scores both for total caries experience (DMFS) and decayed surfaces (DS) than either of the other groups. Filled surfaces (FS) scores were not significantly different for any of the groups. This method of classifying children by school lunch program eligibility is considered valid because of the rigorous requirements used in determining family income, as well as the thorough verification procedure that is applied. The method is easy to use once officials have been convinced that confidentiality will be maintained.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of caffeine given before and after lunch on sustained attention.

Previous research has shown that caffeine increases alertness and improves sustained attention. In contrast to this, consumption of lunch leads to a decline in the ability to maintain attention. The main aim of the present study was to determine whether caffeine removes or reduces the postlunch drop in performance, an issue which is of considerable practical importance and theoretical interest. The results showed that caffeine improved performance on the Bakan vigilance task and removed the post-lunch dip observed in the decaffeinated condition. Similar effects were observed in one of the conditions of a mental rotation task. The lunch X caffeine interaction observed in the Bakan task did not change over the course of the task. In contrast to the performance data, lunch X caffeine interactions were not observed in analyses of cardiovascular function or subjective mood.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Percentage of carbohydrate and glycemic response to breakfast, lunch, and dinner in women with gestational diabetes.

We studied the relationship between 1-h glucose response and the percentage of carbohydrates in a given meal in 14 gestational diabetic women who did not require insulin therapy and were between 32 and 36 wk gestation. Each subject was greater than 130% ideal body weight and was placed on a diet of 24 kcal.kg-1.24 h-1, with 12.5% of calories at breakfast and 28% of the calories at lunch and again at dinner, with other calorie intake divided among three snacks. Glycemic response was monitored by self-monitoring of blood glucose 1 h after the start of each meal. Ten postprandial values for each meal were averaged for each of the 14 women. The correlation between percentage of carbohydrates and postprandial glucose level at 1 h was strongest for dinner (r = 0.95, P less than 0.001), with more variability seen at breakfast (r = 0.75, P = 0.002) and lunch (r = 0.86, P = 0.001). To maintain a 1-h postprandial whole-blood glucose level less than 7.78 mM required the following percentages of carbohydrates in each meal: 45% at breakfast, 55% at lunch, and 50% at dinner. If 1-h postprandial whole-blood glucose level was to remain less than 6.67 mM, then the respective values were 33, 45, and 40%. We conclude that the glycemic response to a mixed meal in subjects with gestational diabetes is highly correlated with the percentage of carbohydrates of the ingested meal and varies among individuals and among breakfast, lunch, and dinner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Reducing fat and sodium in school lunch programs: the LUNCHPOWER! Intervention Study.

This study developed, implemented, and evaluated a healthful school lunch program that provided tasty food choices that were lower in fat and sodium. The LUNCHPOWER! Intervention Program was implemented in 34 elementary schools in four school districts that represented diverse geographic areas of Minnesota. A team of registered dietitians, foodservice directors, and cook managers reduced the fat and sodium content of school lunches by modifying recipes and food preparation methods and by identifying and selecting vendor products (prepared food products) that were lower in fat and sodium. Nutrition education messages for students and parents were developed for the 5-month intervention. Monthly menus were analyzed for fat, sodium, and energy content before and after the intervention. There was a significant decrease in both total grams of fat and percent of energy from fat between baseline and follow-up. At all 34 schools, mean daily amount of total fat in the lunch menu decreased 39% (from 32 g to 20 g) and percent of energy from fat decreased 29% (from 40% to 28%). We found that schools could serve lower-sodium and lower-fat meals and retain student participation in the school lunch program.

Child↗

PubMed1980

Factors differentiating participants and non-participants of the National School Lunch Program. I. Nutrient intake of high school students.

Dietary recalls were used to assess the impact of the school lunch program on nutrient intakes of two groups of tenth and eleventh grade students: Those who were frequent participants in the school lunch program and those who infrequently or never participated. Both boys and girls who participated had better total diet and lunch ratings than did non-participants. Iron was the only nutrient notably low in participants' lunch intakes; non-participants failed to consume at least one-third of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for calories and all nutrients except protein.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Health status and school achievement of children from Head Start and Free School Lunch Programs.

School health records of 332 children through the eighth grade were examined in a retrospective comparative analysis of physical health status and school achievement of children from Head Start and Free School Lunch Programs. The objective was to determine if nutrition early in the lives of children as a part of a comprehensive health and education program such as Head Start produces greater or different benefits for disadvantaged children than nutrition intervention later through free lunches when the child enters school. Cross-sectional longitudinal, and case-study approaches were used in the analysis. A group of no-food-program disadvantaged children and a group of advantaged children served as comparisons. Results showed that advantaged children performed better on all parameters of school achievement and health status compared with the disadvantaged children, regardless of the form of intervention. Measures of school achievement of Head Start and Free Lunch children did not differ from those of the disadvantaged comparison group, but there were significant differences in measures of health status between the disadvantaged groups. Fewer boys from Project Head Start fell below the 25th percentile for height compared with boys in the Free Lunch Program. Head Start children also scored higher in physical fitness and had fewer reported absences from school due to illness.

Achievement↗

PubMed1997

Dietary analysis of meals served in the breakfast and lunch programs of Puerto Rican schools.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional analysis of meals in the Federally-sponsored Breakfast and Lunch Programs in Stateside Schools has recently been completed. However due to ethnic and cultural differences, the findings may not be directly applicable to similar nutrition programs in Puerto Rico. It is our aim to carry out an analysis of meals served in Federal programs in Puerto Rico and to compare results to the stateside study. METHODS: Twenty eight different breakfast meals and 96 different lunch meals being cycled in elementary, middle and secondary schools throughout the entire island of Puerto Rico were analyzed for content using the Minnesota Nutrition Data System 32 and compared with: 1) compliance to meal pattern requirements of federal programs, 2) dietary guidelines for Americans (DG) and 3) recommended dietary allowances (RDA's). RESULTS: Breakfasts and lunches served in Puerto Rican Schools satisfy federal meal pattern requirements however most frequently offered foods different from programs in the mainland, reflecting ethnic and cultural food preferences. In terms of DG's adequate protein was present, cholesterol content was satisfactory but meals had excess percent energy from fat as well as excess energy from saturated fat, high sodium and a lower than recommended level of energy from carbohydrate. In terms of RDA's meals had prescribed levels of vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin C, calcium, folacin, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium. Below prescribed levels included vitamin B6, copper, vitamin E, energy, fiber, iron, niacin and zinc. CONCLUSIONS: While differences in food preferences exist between foods available in the Breakfast and Lunch Programs in Puerto Rican and U.S., schools, they have similar strengths and weaknesses when compared to compliance with U.S. Dietary Guidelines and with recommended dietary allowances.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Food intake in the daily environment after energy-reduced lunch, related to habitual meal frequency.

Twenty women were offered two energy-reduced lunches in 48 h and five similar normal-energy lunches within a week, with snacks and evening meals provided and their own standard breakfasts. The subjects were categorized as "nibblers" or "gorgers" (10 per group), by the criterion of habitual eating of "snacks" between mealtimes. Compensatory energy intake occurred in the nibblers within 5 h of the "light" lunch. In the gorgers compensation of energy intake was not reached within 48 h. We conclude that differences in short-term compensation of intake can arise from habitual snacking or its absence.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Brief naps during post-lunch rest: effects on alertness, performance, and autonomic balance.

This study was designed to examine the effects of brief naps taken after lunch on alertness, performance, and autonomic balance. Three groups each comprising ten healthy subjects, who had slept normally at home the previous night, were randomly assigned to groups taking one of three 'lengths of nap (0, 15, and 45 min) after lunch. The P300, an event-related potential which is a neurophysiological correlate of cognitive function, subjective sleepiness (visual analogue scale), and electrocardiogram were measured before, 30 min after, and 3 h after the naps. Each measurement was followed by an English transcription task lasting 90 min. The P300 latency was significantly shorter after the 15-min than after the 45-min nap, or after no nap had been taken, while its amplitude was not affected by the length of nap. Subjective sleepiness was lower after both naps than after no nap. The task performance was significantly better during the second half of the last task session after the 15-min nap than after no nap. The high-frequency component of the R-R interval spectrum increased significantly during the 45-min nap, showing a temporary shift to a predominance of the parasympathetic nervous system. Mean total sleep times during the 15- and 45-min naps were 7.3 and 30.1 min, respectively. These results would indicate that the 15-min nap may serve to shorten the stimulus evaluation time, reducing subjective sleepiness, and slightly improving task performance. Our data demonstrated that in our subjects a brief nap after lunch was effective for enhancing subsequent alertness and performance after normal sleep the previous night.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Aspartame: effect on lunch-time food intake, appetite and hedonic response in children.

Two experiments were conducted, each with 20 healthy 9-10-year-old children. After an overnight fast, subjects were given a standardized breakfast at 0830 hrs, the treatments at 1030 hrs, and a lunch containing an excess of foods at 1200 hrs. Visual analog scales of hunger, fullness, and desire to eat were administered 5 min before and 20 and 85 min after treatment. Lunch-time food intake was measured. In experiment 1, either aspartame (34 mg/kg), or the equivalent sweetness of sodium cyclamate, was given in an ice slurry (300 ml) of unsweetened strawberry Kool-Aid with carbohydrate (1.75 g/kg polycose). In experiment 2, drinks (300 ml) contained either sucrose (1.75 g/kg) or aspartame (9.7 mg/kg). In both experiments, significant meal- and time-dependent effects were observed for subjective feelings of hunger, fullness and desire to eat. Treatments, however, did not affect either subjective feelings of appetite or lunch-time food intake. Thus, aspartame consumed without or with carbohydrate, did not affect either hunger or food intake of children when compared with the sweeteners sodium cyclamate and sucrose, respectively.

Appetite↗

PubMed2005

"Kids Choice" school lunch program increases children's fruit and vegetable acceptance.

The "Kids Choice" school lunch program used token reinforcement, food choice, and peer participation to increase children's fruit and vegetable consumption without later drops in food preference sometimes found in past research and often called 'overjustification effects.' Participants included 188 school children (92 boys, 96 girls; mean age = 8.0; 95% Caucasian). After four baseline meals, children were randomly assigned for 12 meals to receive token reinforcement for eating either fruits or vegetables. Observers recorded fruit and vegetable consumption and provided token reinforcement by punching holes into nametags each day children ate their assigned foods, then once a week children could trade these tokens for small prizes. Fruit and vegetable preference ratings were gathered with child interviews during baseline, and during follow-up conditions two weeks and seven months after the token reinforcement program. Consumption increased for fruit and for vegetables and the increases lasted throughout reinforcement conditions. Two weeks after the program, preference ratings showed increases for fruit and for vegetables. Seven months later, fruit and vegetable preferences had returned to baseline levels, suggesting the need for an ongoing school lunch program to keep preferences high, but also showing no signs of "overjustification effects" from the token reinforcement used in the "Kids Choice" school lunch program.

Child↗

PubMed2004

Breakfast and lunch meal skipping patterns among fourth-grade children from selected public schools in urban, suburban, and rural maryland.

The objective of this study was to describe breakfast and lunch consumption patterns of fourth-grade students from selected public schools in Maryland and how they differ by geographic location. Data were collected from a sample of 540 fourth-grade public school children (46% male, 62% white; mean age=9 years) from three geographically distinct regions of Maryland (30% rural, 30% suburban, and 40% urban). Data on breakfast and lunch consumption were collected using an in-classroom questionnaire. chi(2) tests were used to compare skipping meal behavior by geographic location. Twenty percent of fourth-grade students reported skipping breakfast and/or lunch at least three times per week. Urban students were more than twice as likely to skip breakfast and to eat school-prepared meals compared with suburban and rural students. Dietitians in all regions need to explore new ways to encourage regular meal consumption among students in their schools.

Child↗

PubMed2004

Improvements in nutritional intake and quality of life among frail homebound older adults receiving home-delivered breakfast and lunch.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the influence that expanding a home-delivered meals service to include breakfast and lunch would have on the nutritional status and quality of life of at-risk older adults. DESIGN: This cross-sectional field study compared two groups. The breakfast group (n=167) received a home-delivered breakfast and lunch, 5 days per week. The comparison group (n=214) received a home-delivered lunch 5 days per week. Participants' 24-hour food recall, demographics, malnutrition risk, functional status, and surveys of quality of life as health, loneliness, food enjoyment, food security, and depression were obtained. PARTICIPANTS: Study participants were recruited from five Elderly Nutrition Programs involved in the Morning Meals on Wheels breakfast service demonstration project. They formed a geographically and racially/ethnically diverse sample. Participants ranged in age from 60 to 100 years, were functionally limited, and at high nutritional risk. Most were low income, lived alone, and had difficulty shopping or preparing food. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics were used to assess group comparability. Independent sample t tests were used to examine group differences, with Bonferroni's method used to control for familywise Type I error. RESULTS: Breakfast group participants had greater energy/nutrient intakes (P<.05), greater levels of food security (P<.05), and fewer depressive symptoms (P<.05) than comparison group participants. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of a breakfast service to traditional home-delivered meals services can improve the lives of frail, homebound older adults. Agencies should be encouraged to expand meals programs to include a breakfast service to a targeted population.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Food type, food preparation, and competitive food purchases impact school lunch plate waste by sixth-grade students.

Because plate waste reduces nutritional benefits of school lunches, the objective of this study was to determine the factors that influence waste. Lunches of 743 sixth graders in three middle schools were photographed after students made food selections and after eating. Sample items were purchased to determine initial portion weights. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (Base 10.0, 1995, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) was used for statistical analysis. Preparation method influenced acceptance rates and plate waste: Whole apples had lower acceptance (23%) and greater waste (62%) compared with applesauce (37% acceptance, 23% waste). Mashed potatoes and heated fries had similar acceptance (approximately 69%), but mashed potatoes were wasted less (19% vs 33%, respectively). Students who purchased competitive food items with lunch (n = 250) had significantly greater waste of fruits (52% vs 36%, respectively, P = .0001), grain products (26% vs 14%, respectively, P = .009), meats (25% vs 16%, respectively, P = .015), and mixed dishes (30% vs 18%, respectively, P = .0001). Changing preparation methods and limiting availability of competitive food items may reduce plate waste.

Animals↗

PubMed2007

Predicting more accurately the overall glucose response to a lunch meal by using the postprandial glucose peak.

Although the assessment of postprandial glycemia is clinically important, the most relevant time points with the smallest number of blood samples giving the highest predictive power have yet to be established. It has been suggested that a sample estimating the postprandial peak concentration would improve this predictive power compared to the usual recommended time points. In this study, we assessed the power of these time points to predict the glucose response to a meal mimicking everyday life. Subjects were 11 healthy young men (mean age, 22 +/- 1 years; body mass index, 21.7 +/- 1.8 kg/m(2)). Plasma glucose, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acids were measured by continuous collection of blood in tubes filled every 5 minutes for 240 minutes after a 2-item lunch meal consumed ad libitum on the first test day, and in the same amount 1 week later. The most relevant time point for the plasma glucose peak level was found at 45 minutes (mean interval, 47 +/- 3 minutes) and was not dependent on the energy intake at lunch. Its coefficient of variation was low (7.0% +/- 1.5%). The best predictive equation for the whole postmeal glucose area under the curve (AUC) was found at 120 minutes and involved glucose, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acids (r(2) = 0.89; P < 10(-7)). The 120-minute postmeal glucose profile constructed with the 0-, 45-, 90-, and 120-minute time points overlapped more accurately with the actual profile than did the time points normally used in the glucose tolerance test, and slightly improved the correlation between the calculated and the actual plasma glucose area under the curve (r = 0.96; P < 10(-7)). In conclusion, in healthy, young, lean male subjects, a blood sample collected 45 minutes after a spontaneous lunch meal estimates the postprandial plasma glucose peak and suggests that including the peak level along with 90- and 120-minute time points may improve the predictive power of the plasma glucose profile after a meal.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Changes in the nutrient content of school lunches: results from the Pathways study.

BACKGROUND: Pathways, a randomized trial, evaluated the effectiveness of a school-based multicomponent intervention to reduce fatness in American-Indian schoolchildren. The goal of the Pathways food service intervention component was to reduce the fat in school lunches to no more than 30% of energy from fat while maintaining recommended levels of calories and key nutrients. METHODS: The intervention was implemented by school food service staff in intervention schools over a 3-year period. Five consecutive days of school lunch menu items were collected from 20 control and 21 intervention schools at four time periods, and nutrient content was analyzed. RESULTS: There was a significantly greater mean reduction in percent energy from fat and saturated fat in the intervention schools compared to the control schools. Mean percentages of energy from fat decreased from 33.1% at baseline to 28.3% at the end of the study in intervention schools compared to 33.2% at baseline and 32.2% at follow-up in the control schools (P<0.003). There were no statistically significant differences for calories or nutrients between intervention and control schools. CONCLUSIONS: The Pathways school food lunch intervention documented the feasibility of successfully lowering the percent of energy from fat, as part of a coordinated obesity prevention program for American-Indian children.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Lunch eating behavior of preschool children. Effects of age, gender, and type of beverage served.

To examine the eating behavior of preschool children offered chocolate-flavored or plain milk at lunch, food consumption by 135 children, aged 18-66 months, was measured. Four different menus were served six times during a 12-week period, each menu being presented twice with each of three test beverages, plain milk (18.1 kcal/oz), sucrose-sweetened chocolate milk (29.4 kcal/oz), or aspartame-sweetened chocolate milk (18.6 kcal/oz). The type of milk beverage served had no significant effect on the consumption of other food items offered at that meal. Subjects did drink significantly more chocolate milk than plain milk during all meals and consequently consumed significantly more energy during those meals in which sucrose-sweetened chocolate milk was served. A macronutrient analysis of lunch-time food intake for each menu revealed significant differences in protein, fat, and carbohydrate content among the four menus. Older children consumed significantly more milk and more energy per lunch-time meal than did younger preschoolers, but no other consistent age-related differences were observed. No significant gender differences were detected in any of the statistical analyses conducted. These findings suggest that young children do not reduce the intake of other food items at a meal to compensate for the increased energy intake that results from excessive sucrose-sweetened milk consumption. Aspartame-sweetened milk increases milk intake in small children without providing them with the additional calories of sucrose-sweetened milk.

Aging↗