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PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental researches in infections with associated myxoviruses in the mouse.

Infections with influenza virus, A/Beijing 353/89 (H3N2) strain, to which there were associated parainfluenza virus type 3, 739-2D strain, adenovirus type 3, and respiratory syncytial virus Long strain, were experimentally induced in white mice. The experimental models were set up so as to permit the obtaining of an associated infection with three viruses, in which the influenza virus should be inoculated the first, the participation of the others being variable, according to their presence by alternation. The infections were detected by means of the presence of homologous serum antibodies, of positive immunofluorescence reactions in the pulmonary tissue, of the histological, histochemical and histoenzymatic lesions at the level of the respiratory system, as well as of pathomorphological changes in other organs. The severity of lesions varied from one to another infection produced by a viral association. At the level of the pulmonary parenchyma, the inflammatory lesion had a frequency of 100%. The severest pathomorphological picture characterized the diffuse interstitial lymphohistio-macrophagocytic bronchopneumonia. The bronchopulmonary block was marked by cytoinfiltrative processes, with a prevalence of lymphocytes in the infection with influenza virus + adenovirus + respiratory syncytial virus, but with a proportionality between lymphocytes and histiocytes in the other infections. The lesion of the highest incidence was the thickening of interalveolar septa, as a consequence of stasis hyperemia, oedema and lymphohistio-macrophagocytic cytoinfiltrate, sometimes associated with hyalinosis of tunica media of the blood vessels and of the Reisseisen's muscle. In other organs, particularly in the liver and kidney, vascular lesions, stasis hyperemia, inflammatory and dystrophico-inflammatory lesions were present; in the spleen, megakaryocyte hyperplasia was recorded at a significant rate in associated infections in which the adenovirus was present.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1975

Serologic studies of acute respiratory infections in military personnel.

The advantages, disadvantages, and uses of serological epidemiology are discussed in relation to acute respiratory infections in military personnel. The prevalence of antibody reflects both current and past experience with respiratory agents and is a measure of susceptinility. Incidence data calculated by testing two serial serum samples, on entry and discharge from the service, has indicated high influenza and mycoplasma pneumoniae rates in South American recruits and low rates of adenovirus and parainfluenza infections. Serologic analysis of reinfection rates showed high protection against influenza infections at HI antibody levels of over 1:40, against adenovirus infections at neutralizing titers of 1:5, and against M. pneumoniae infections at TRI antibody levels over 1:8. Antibody responses persisting at least 7 mo following immunization were demonstrated in 70% of 428 vaccinated young adults for A2 antigen and 20% for influenza B antigen. No relation of ABO blood groups to respiratory infection was found. The lack of myxovirus infections in four Polaris submarines is presented.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1971

Viral infections and malformations of the nervous system.

Experimental viral infections are described which cause malformations of the developing nervous system. These include influenza virus infection of chick embryos causing defects in neural tube closure and flexion, parvovirus infections of rodents and cats resulting in a granuloprival cerebellar malformation, and myxovirus infections of rodents inducing stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius. In each experimental model the pathogenesis of the malformation is different, but in each the resultant noninflammatory malformation bears resemblances to malformations in man considered to have a genetic basis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Antiviral activity of NMSO3 against respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro and in vivo.

NMSO3, a sulfated sialyl lipid was evaluated for its efficacy against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and other myxovirus infections in cell culture. The median effective concentration (50% effective concentration, EC(50)) of NMSO3 against replication of the Long strain of RSV in HEp-2 cells was 0.2 and 0.32 microM by optical ELISA and the plaque reduction method, respectively. On the other hand, the corresponding values for ribavirin were 10.5 and 11.2 microM, respectively. NMSO3 showed potent activity against other laboratory strains as well as fresh clinical isolates of RSV, and the average EC(50) was similar to that for Long strain. NMSO3 exhibited minimal cytotoxicity against HEp-2, MDCK, HMV-2 and Vero cells for which the median cytotoxic concentration (CC(50)) was more than 685 microM. The selectivity index [SI=(CC(50) for HEp-2/EC(50))] of NMSO3 for RSV exceeded 2978 and that of ribavirin was 6. The EC(50) of NMSO3 against influenza virus (FluV) A (H3N2) was 23.8 by the MTT method using HMV-2 cells, and 17.8 microM by the TCID(50) method using MDCK cells. NMSO3 did not inhibit replication of influenza B virus, parainfluenza virus type 2 and canine distemper virus at 103 microM. NMSO3 inhibited RSV infection of HEp-2 cells when it was added between 0 and 1.5 h after virus infection. By a temperature shift experiment during the period of contact between the virus and cells, NMSO3 inhibited both the binding of RSV to the cells and its penetration into the cells. Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of NMSO3 against RSV infection in cotton rats was examined. Intraperitoneal administration of 100 mg/kg per day of NMSO3 to cotton rats from 1 day before or 1 h after to 3 days after the RSV infection, once a day every day, decreased the RSV titer in lungs to 10(-1.26) to 10(-1.63) compared to the control rats which were infected with RSV and left untreated.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of acute respiratory virus infection upon tracheal mucous transport.

Tracheal mucous velocity was measured in 13 healthy non-smokers using a radioisotope-labeled aerosol and a multidetector probe during respiratory virus infections. The movement of boluses of tracheal mucous were either absent or reduced in number in five subjects with myxovirus infection (four influenza and one respiratory syncytial virus) within 48 hr of the onset of symptoms and in four subjects 1 wk later. One subject with influenza still had reduced bolus formation 12-16 wk after infection. Frequent coughing was a feature of those subjects with absent tracheal boluses. In contrast, four subjects with rhinovirus infection had normal tracheal mucous velocity at 48 hr after the onset of symptoms (4.1 +/- 1.3 mm/min). Tracheal mucous velocity was also normal (4.6 +/- 1.1 mm/min) in four subjects in whom no specific viral agent could be defined but of respiratory viral infection. During health tracheal mucous velocity was (4.8 +/- 1.6 mm/min) in the eleven subjects who had measurements made. Disturbances in tracheal mucous transport during virus infection appear to depend upon the type of virus and are most severe in influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1969

Surveillance of acute respiratory virus infections in general practice.

The ordinary postal system provides a simple method for the transportation of specimens for virus isolation to the laboratory. This was used to carry out an epidemiological survey, in general practice, of respiratory viruses in patients with acute respiratory disease. Three distinct outbreaks of myxovirus infections were recognized and most other types of respiratory viruses were isolated sporadically. After the initial "pilot" phase of the study an isolation rate of 24% was obtained over the months from October 1968 to June 1969 (20% isolations from adults' specimens and 29% from those of children).

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Computed tomography halo sign in pulmonary nodules: frequency and diagnostic value.

On computed tomography (CT) scanning, a ground-glass opacity zone surrounding a pulmonary nodule has been named the computed tomography (CT) halo sign. To investigate the frequency and diagnostic value of the CT halo sign, the authors reviewed the CT examinations of 305 patients with proven diseases producing solitary or multiple nodules. The CT halo sign was seen in 22 patients (7%). Eleven patients had a solitary nodule; five patients had multiple nodules; and six patients had nodules associated with areas of pulmonary consolidation, or ground-glass opacity, or both. Solitary nodules were the result of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (n = 5), tuberculoma (n = 2), squamous cell carcinoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, myxovirus infection, and metastasis (n = 1 each). Multiple nodules were the result of metastasis (n = 2), Kaposi sarcoma (n = 2), and Wegener granulomatosis (n = 1). Nodules associated with areas of consolidation or ground-glass opacity were the result of metastasis (n = 2), bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, eosinophilic pneumonia, and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (n = 1 each). The data showed that the CT halo sign is a nonspecific finding. It is known that in immunocompromised patients the CT halo sign should suggest invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, Kaposi sarcoma, and lymphoproliferative pulmonary disorders. However, in immunocompetent patients, the authors found that a solitary nodule with the CT halo sign and pseudocavitations has a high likelihood of being a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.

Humans↗