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Results for “Mainstreaming”

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PubMed2002

Comparison of a sidestream capnograph and a mainstream capnograph in mechanically ventilated dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the ability of a sidestream capnograph and a mainstream capnograph to measure end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) and provide accurate estimates of PaCO2 in mechanically ventilated dogs. DESIGN: Randomized, double Latin square. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult dogs. PROCEDURE: Anesthesia was induced and neuromuscular blockade achieved by IV administration of pancuronium bromide. Mechanical ventilation was used to induce conditions of standard ventilation, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. While tidal volume was held constant, changes in minute volume ventilation and PaCO2 were made by changing the respiratory rate. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed and ETCO2 measurements were obtained by use of either a mainstream or a sidestream capnographic analyzer. RESULTS: A linear regression model and bias analysis were used to compare PaCO2 and ETCO2 measurements; ETCO2 measurements obtained by both capnographs correlated well with PaCO2. Compared with PaCO2, mainstream ETCO2 values differed by 3.15 +/- 4.89 mm Hg (mean bias +/- SD), whereas the bias observed with the sidestream ETCO2 system was significantly higher (5.65 +/- 5.57 mm Hg). Regardless of the device used to measure ETCO2, bias increased as PaCO2 exceeded 60 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: RelevancehAlthough the mainstream cas slightly more accurate, both methods of ETCO2 measurement correlated well with PaCO2 and reflected changes in the ventilatory status. However, ETCO2 values > 45 mm Hg may inaccurately reflect the severity of hypoventilation as PaCO2 may be underestimated during conditions of hypercapnia (PaCO2 > 60 mm Hg).

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Integrating gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues into mainstream psychology.

Despite the growing clinical and research literature dealing with gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) issues, mainstream psychology has tended to ignore much of the work that has been done in this area. This article illustrates how clinical and research writings on GLB issues continue to remain invisible to mainstream psychology in such areas as life span development and aging, teenage suicide, substance abuse, victimization and abuse, and family and couple relationships. It also deals with some of the determinants of well-being among GLB individuals, such as family support, and notes the benefits accruing to mainstream psychology from studying GLB issues. A network of family members within psychology having GLB relatives has been formed--AFFIRM: Psychologist Affirming Their Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Family--and is dedicated to supporting its own family members, encouraging other family members to do likewise, supporting research and clinical work on GLB issues, and closing the gap between GLB clinical and research work and mainstream psychology.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2003

Epilepsy in mainstream and special educational primary school settings.

This population based study compared the prevalence, nature and management of epilepsy between primary school children in mainstream education and those attending a special educational placement (children with special needs). The overall prevalence of epilepsy was 4.3/1000, but was 30 times higher in children with special needs, many of whom also had severe physical disabilities. Seizure types and the proportion of subjects with multiple seizures were similar in mainstream children and those with special needs. Epilepsy syndromes were identified in 74% of children. Although seizures were better controlled in children at mainstream school, 44% of these children did not have well controlled seizures. Children with epilepsy are an educationally vulnerable group and both education and health staff need to be aware of the additional support that many of these children require in all types of primary educational settings.

Child↗

PubMed2000

Perceptions of mainstreaming: a systems approach.

This paper examines the perceptions of mainstreaming among six young people (mean age, 15.5 years; range 13 to 18 years) with physical disabilities, their parents, and seven teaching staff of one 'designated' school in the United Kingdom. The study used semistructured interviews to allow the participants to talk about their experiences of mainstreaming in their own words. The results were then analysed and formed the basis for a multiperspective case study. The analysis revealed that the processes involved that exclude the child with a physical disability from mainstream school life are highlighted. They appear to be subtle and also specific to individual children and families.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Social adjustment of children with cerebral palsy in mainstream classes: peer perception.

The aim of this study was to describe the social experience of children with cerebral palsy (CP) in mainstream classes in Canada and compare it with that of their classmates without disability. The CP group included 25 females and 35 males (mean age 10 y 5 mo [SD 0.95], range 10 y 4 mo-10 y 10 mo) diagnosed as having hemiplegia (n=44) or diplegia (n=16) and classified as Level I on the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Fifty-seven comparison children, born at term and without any motor and/or sensory impairment, were recruited from the classes of the children with CP during a school visit (mean age 10 y 3 mo, [SD 1.0], range 10 y-10 y 6 mo). They were matched to children with CP for sex, age, parents' education level, and family income. Social adjustment measures (social status, reciprocated friendships, social isolation, aggression, sociability/leadership, and verbal and/or physical victimization) were obtained by conducting a class-wide sociometric interview (n=943) in the classes of the children with CP. Findings showed that children with CP (specifically females with CP and irrespective of their type of disability) had fewer reciprocated friendships, exhibited fewer sociable/leadership behaviours, and were more isolated and victimized by their peers than their classmates without a disability. This seems to suggest that females and males with CP are perceived differently from their peers in a mainstreaming context. The discussion addresses the issue of age- and sex-related differences and provides avenues of intervention relating to personal and environmental factors that could facilitate or interfere with the social experience of children with CP in a mainstream environment.

Cerebral Palsy↗

PubMed2003

Negotiating deaf-hearing friendships: coping strategies of deaf boys and girls in mainstream schools.

BACKGROUND: Increasingly, deaf students are educated in mainstream school environments. This poses a question of how deaf children negotiate the demands of forming friendships with their hearing peers. The present study was designed to examine coping strategies of 35 deaf children attending full or partial mainstream school settings. METHOD: Using a qualitative analysis design, a range of coping strategies used by the children was described based on parents' reports. The relative success of these coping strategies in establishing relationships with hearing peers was assessed by examining strategies that increased the social success of deaf girls and boys. RESULTS: The results showed differences by gender in the effectiveness of coping strategies used by the participants. Deaf girls who were confident and frequently asked for clarifications or who were comfortable playing alone tended to achieve good relationships with hearing peers. In contrast, deaf boys' relationships with hearing peers benefited mostly from the boys' ability to perform well in sports. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are discussed in light of existing research on coping and current debates on the benefits of mainstreaming for deaf children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Classroom performance of children with cochlear implants in mainstream education.

OBJECTIVES: We compared classroom performance of children with a cochlear implant (CI) with that of their normal-hearing peers in mainstream education. METHODS: Thirty-two CI children in mainstream education, congenitally or prelingually deaf, participated in this study, as did 37 hearing classmates. Their teachers filled out 2 questionnaires: the Assessment of Mainstream Performance (AMP) and the Screening Instrument for Targeting Educational Risk (SIFTER). A high Fletcher index and open-set speech perception scores were obtained. RESULTS: The children with CIs scored above average on the AMP and sufficiently well in all but one area (communication) of the SIFTER questionnaire. Class rankings did not differ significantly between the CI students and their normal-hearing peers. Overall, the normal-hearing group outperformed the CI group. The classroom performance of CI children correlated negatively with duration of deafness and age at implantation. All longitudinal audiological data of the CI children showed improvement in open-set speech recognition. CONCLUSIONS: Although the results are encouraging, the CI group scored significantly less well than their normal-hearing peers on most questionnaire domains of both the AMP and the SIFTER. The most important variables for the outcome in this study were age at implantation and duration of deafness.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Academic behavior and grades of mainstreamed students with mild disabilities.

This study examined the relationship between the classroom behaviors and final grades of mainstreamed students with mild disabilities in three urban schools in Grades 3-9. Significant correlations were found for all academic behaviors except attendance and homework at the elementary level and written work at the junior high level. In addition, significant differences in reading scores were found between mainstreamed and regular elementary school students. Findings indicate that mainstreamed students with mild disabilities may participate in academic lessons as well or nearly as well as their peers without disabilities.

Achievement↗

PubMed2026

The work of specialist nurses in the mainstreaming of germline genomic testing in cancer: an investigation.

BACKGROUND: Specialist nurses are increasingly working in the mainstreaming of germline genomic testing in cancer. AIMS: The study aimed to investigate the work of specialist nurses in the mainstreaming of germline genomic testing in cancer, with a focus on Lynch syndrome, and to consider the future of genomics in nursing. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 12 specialist nurses and three genetic counsellors, and thematic analysis was carried out. FINDINGS: Prominent themes arising from the data were: the capability and capacity of specialty-based clinical nurse specialists, for whom genomics is an added part of their wider role, to deliver genomic testing; and whether these specialty-based nurses or specialist genomic nurses, who work only in genomics, are best placed to deliver genomic testing. CONCLUSION: When planning service provision in the mainstreaming of genetic testing, the capacity and capability of specialty-based clinical nurse specialists should be considered alongside the possible need for specialist genomic nurses.

Humans↗

PubMed1989

Social acceptance of mentally retarded children in regular schools in relation to years mainstreamed.

This study examined whether the social status of mainstreamed retarded children among their nonretarded peers improved as a consequence of extended contact. A sociometric questionnaire was administered to the nonretarded classmates of two groups of retarded children mainstreamed for an average of 1.7 yr. and 4 yr., respectively. Social acceptance of retarded children was low relative to their nonretarded peers. However, in contrast with previous research, retarded children did not receive higher social rejection ratings. Acceptance and rejection measures did not indicate any improvement in social status of the retarded children as a result of an extended period of mainstreaming.

Child↗

PubMed2006

Mainstreaming Sure Start speech and language therapy services.

Mainstreaming is the process of transferring policy, activity or good practice from a community-based initiative, such as Sure Start, into the core service. This paper will explain how one Sure Start programme developed a strategy for speech and language therapy (S&LT) that had an impact on the development of mainstream S&LT provision. The strategy explained here has shown the potential for team working and multi-agency delivery of new services. The new service was based on quality standard setting (as highlighted in government policy); positive multi-agency working based on sharing and skill development; and consumer involvement in a quality evaluation cycle. This paper discusses the different factors in developing and mainstreaming a Sure Start initiative. These critical processes have been applied to one local Sure Start programme as an example of these elements in action.

Benchmarking↗

PubMed1998

Use of sociometric techniques to assess the social status of mainstreamed children with learning difficulties.

Research on sociometric data collection and analysis methods is reviewed and implications for assessing the social status of mainstreamed children with learning difficulties are evaluated. Recommendations are made for changing existing procedures to account for factors specific to children with learning difficulties and to classrooms where mainstreaming is occurring. Variations between frequently used sociometric classification systems (which categorize children as popular, rejected, average, neglected, and controversial) are described, and information on their reliability and validity is discussed. Further reliability research with mainstreamed children is recommended, as is the application of theoretical accounts of affiliation in designing sociometric methods.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Is death row obsolete? A decade of mainstreaming death-sentenced inmates in Missouri.

Death-sentenced inmates in Missouri have been integrated or "mainstreamed" into the general population of the Potosi Correctional Center since 1991. By comparing the rate of violent misconduct among these mainstreamed death-sentenced inmates with that of the life-without-parole and parole eligible inmates under fully integrated conditions of confinement, this study provides the first empirical (statistical) evaluation of this innovative alternative to segregated death row confinement. The mainstreamed death-sentenced inmates committed no inmate or staff homicides, or attempted homicides. Comparison of their rates of institutional violence revealed frequencies that were similar to those of life-without-parole inmates, and well below those of fellow inmates who were sentenced to parole eligible terms. These findings cast serious doubt on the security-driven assumptions that have typified the segregation of death-sentenced inmates and have dictated highly restrictive confinement policies for this group. A conclusion that death-sentenced inmates can be safely integrated into a general prison population has significant implications for allocation of scarce fiscal resources and correctional staff, as well as for inmate mental health, particularly given the extended tenure that death-sentenced inmates typically serve between sentencing and relief/execution.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Comparative studies on the genotoxic activity of mainstream smoke condensate from cigarettes which burn or only heat tobacco.

The in vitro genotoxic activity of mainstream cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) from cigarettes which heat but do not burn tobacco was compared to that of CSC from cigarettes which burn tobacco. CSCs from five cigarettes were compared. Three of the cigarettes [the Kentucky reference research cigarette (1R4F), a commercially available ultra-low tar brand (ULT) and a commercially available ultra-low tar menthol brand (ULT-menthol]) burn tobacco while two of the cigarettes [a regular (TEST) and a menthol (TEST-menthol]) heat tobacco. CSC from all cigarettes were collected by identical standard techniques, which involved collecting mainstream smoke particulate matter on Cambridge filter pads under FTC smoking conditions. The pads were extracted with DMSO, and the CSCs obtained [10 mg total particulate matter (TPM)/ml DMSO] were evaluated at identical concentrations in an in vitro genetic toxicology test battery. CSCs from 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes were mutagenic in Ames bacterial strains TA98, TA100, TA1537, and TA1538 in the presence of metabolic activation (S9 from Aroclor-induced rat liver) but negative in strain TA1535. In the absence of metabolic activation, 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol CSCs were not mutagenic except for a weak response in strain TA1537 for the 1R4F and ULT CSCs. TEST and TEST-menthol CSCs were nonmutagenic in all five bacterial strains, both with and without metabolic activation. CSCs from 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes were positive in the CHO-chromosomal aberration assay and in the CHO--sister chromatid exchange assay both with and without metabolic activation while TEST and TEST-menthol CSCs were negative in both assays, either with or without metabolic activation. CSCs from 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes were weakly positive in inducing DNA repair in cultured rat hepatocytes while TEST and TEST-menthol CSCs were negative in this assay. All five CSCs were nonmutagenic in the CHO-HGPRT assay both with and without metabolic activation. CSCs from the 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes were cytotoxic in the CHO-HGPRT assay, both with and without metabolic activation, while TEST and TEST-menthol CSCs were not cytotoxic under either condition. These results demonstrate that mainstream CSCs from the TEST and TEST-menthol cigarettes are neither genotoxic nor cytotoxic under conditions where CSCs from 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes are genotoxic and/or cytotoxic in a concentration-dependent manner.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2: Chemical composition of mainstream smoke.

The chemical composition of mainstream smoke from an electrically heated cigarette (EHC) and that of mainstream smoke from the University of Kentucky Reference Cigarette 1R4F was analyzed. In contrast to the 1R4F, which is a conventional, lit-end cigarette, the EHC is smoked in a microprocessor-controlled lighter with electrical heater elements. The electrical heating causes the tobacco under the heater element to burn at a low temperature during each puff. A comprehensive list of chemical constituents was analyzed in mainstream smoke. The list is a combination of those compounds suggested for analysis in cigarette smoke by a US Consumer Product Safety Commission proposal in 1993, and those cigarette smoke constituents identified by the International Agency on Research on Cancer as being present in cigarette smoke and characterized as carcinogens. The low pyrolysis/combustion temperature of tobacco in the EHC causes distinct shifts in the composition of the smoke compared with a conventional cigarette. A significant drop was seen in the yields of almost all toxicologically relevant constituents. On a per cigarette basis almost two-thirds of the constituents were reduced by at least 80%, whereas on an equal total particulate matter basis about two-thirds of the constituents were reduced by at least 50%, with many constituents reduced by more than 90%.

Electricity↗

PubMed1981

Quantification of phencyclidine in mainstream smoke and identification of phenylcyclohex-1-ene as pyrolysis product.

Parsley cigarettes containing [3H]phencyclidine were machine smoked, and the mainstream smoke was trapped in glass wool filters. Radioactivity was extracted from these filters with chloroform. The average recoveries of radioactivity were 76, 85, 70, and 69% for cigarettes containing 3, 10, 30, and 50 mg of [3H]phencyclidine hydrochloride, respectively. TLC and GLC-mass spectrometry were employed to identify and quantify compounds in the filter extracts. Approximately one-half of the recovered radioactivity represented a pyrolysis product, phenylcyclohex-1-ene. Formation of this product involved loss of piperidine from phencyclidine. Piperidine, which was not radiolabeled, also may appear in smoke intact. The remainder of the radiolabeled material represented unchanged phencyclidine. Therefore, the percentage of [3H]phencyclidine delivered was approximately 40% of the amount smoked. This result was independent of puff frequency and quantity of phencyclidine hydrochloride smoked over the range tested. The [3H]phencyclidine delivery was compared to the quantities of [3H]-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and [3H]nicotine delivered in mainstream smoke. The recovery of unchanged [3H]-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol from placebo marijuana cigarettes injected with a solution containing 3 mg of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol was 60%. Tobacco cigarettes injected with [3H]nicotine yielded 70% unchanged nicotine in mainstream smoke.

Cannabis↗

PubMed1978

Mainstreaming psychiatry: some personal commentary.

The psychiatric education establishment is depicted as zealously searching for a set of educational principles that will allow maximum bandwagonry, maximum fundability. "Medical mainstream" is the current catch phrase selected for discussion. The contention of the author is that--instead-sound bio-social principles, easily available from child psychiatry as a field, would provide a dynamic substructure that would not be voguish and evanescent. Far from pursuing the medical mainstream, psychiatry might be more secure as an academic discipline were it to adopt an evangelical, illuminating attitude toward other medical specialties. In short, the proposal is made that general psychiatry and its fellow medical specialities ought to be brought into the child psychiatry mainstream. What child psychiatry could give to medicine and to general psychiatry is considered under these headings: a developmental perspective, a behavioral science sophistication, a medical foundation and lifestyle ("Aesculapian authority"), a humanistic attitude, and a stance of patient advocacy.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2004

Analysis of alpha- and beta-carbolines in mainstream smoke of reference cigarettes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The levels of 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AalphaC or 2-amino-alpha-carboline), 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeAalphaC or 2-amino-3-methyl-alpha-carboline), 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (norharman), and 1-methyl-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (harman) have been determined in the mainstream smoke condensate from three reference cigarettes, namely Kentucky reference 1R5F, Kentucky reference 2R4F, and CORESTA CM4. The amino-alpha-carbolines, and norharman and harman (beta-carbolines) can be classified as heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) and are listed as biologically active agents in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes. For the analysis, the mainstream smoke condensate from cigarettes was collected on a filter pad, the analytes were isolated using solid-phase extraction (SPE), and quantified without derivatization on a GC-MS. Total amounts of carbolines found in the condensate increased from ultralight 1R5F to full-flavor CM4 cigarettes. The level of harman was about 250 ng/cigarette for the 1R5F cigarette and about 1025 ng/cigarette for the CM4 cigarette. Norharman was typically three times more abundant than harman. The AalphaC was found at about 10 times lower level compared to harman, and MeAalphaC was about 50 times lower than harman. The use of reference cigarettes can provide a common measure for laboratories to assess carboline amounts among cigarette brands.

Carbolines↗