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Microcomputers enhance student health fairs.

To stimulate student interest in learning about health, faculty assigned students the task of planning and implementing a university health fair. Two questions were posed: (1) Could sophomore students effectively plan and implement a health fair as a learning opportunity? (2) Could microcomputers be used appropriately to influence client participation and to enhance the nurse-client interactions? Literature regarding the efficacy of the health fair as a mode of health care delivery and as a student learning opportunity and literature addressing the advantages of microcomputer use were reviewed. Two health fairs were piloted. Microcomputers were employed in three areas: nutrition, stress, and substance abuse. Students, with faculty guidance, developed educational materials using principles of teaching, learning, and health promotion. Clients rated the health fair as congruent with their health needs. Students identified learning gained from the experience. Students and clients were receptive to computer use. Future directions are discussed.

Community Participation

Microcomputer applications in allied health education: some new alternatives.

Allied health educators should consider that today low-cost microcomputer hardware and software that can significantly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of teaching are available. These alternative educational applications of microcomputer technology in allied health can be developed by faculty themselves without programming or reliance on computing experts. Such applications include word-processing software for creation and revision of syllabi, exams, and handouts; data base management software for creation of large sets of bibliographic references, storage and retrieval of data on student admissions and matriculation, and management of clinical affiliations; spreadsheet software for preparation of budgets, calculation of student grades and test item analyses, and demonstration of physiologic and biologic phenomena; and graphics software for production of graphs and charts and printing of graphic images. These instructional support uses of microcomputers hold the greatest promise for near-term cost benefit in allied health education.

Audiovisual Aids

[Application of the microcomputer "Electronika BK-0010" in programmed monitoring of the degree of students' assimilation of a course in pathologic anatomy according to tests at the first level].

To optimize the programmed checking of the students' knowledge on pathological anatomy, it is feasible to use an "Elektronika BK-0010" microcomputer. In terms of the limited internal storage of the computer, a package of questions and answers to them is recorded on a magnetic tape, the microcomputer being loaded with it before each study. For maximal employment of the microcomputer's internal storage, it is expedient to use the programs based on the combined application of a text in the form of questions and computer-assisted processing of the students answers.

Computer-Assisted Instruction

The microcomputer as a clinical research tool.

A microcomputer system has been developed for clinical perinatal-neonatal research. This system is composed of commercially available hardware and software that is readily available, relatively inexpensive, and easy to learn to use. Systems like this permit compilation of data, statistical analysis, and the possibility of intercommunication with other microcomputers and mainframe systems in collaborative research endeavors. Further, microcomputer systems allow investigators immediate access to data and data analysis within their own offices.

Data Collection

Using microcomputer telecommunications.

The field of computers and communication is rapidly growing. Microcomputer telecommunications is a fairly simple new tool that can increase productivity and improve work skills. For those who have access to a microcomputer, the cost to add telecommunication capability is minimal while the payoff is unlimited. The next time you need an article about a particular topic or try to remember where you read a particular article, make travel plans or write a letter to a colleague in another state, think how easy it would be with your microcomputer and a modem.

Computer Communication Networks

The microcomputer and basic peripheral equipment.

This article has presented the basic information needed for setting up a microcomputer work station. The four basic components are the central processing unit (CPU), the monitor (CRT), the keyboard, and the disk drive. A brief overview of how the microcomputer works was presented, including the concepts of random-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The use of peripheral devices to enhance the operating capabilities of the microcomputer has allowed this technology to become practical and useful both at home and in business and research. Special furniture is available to assure a comfortable and practical environment. Perhaps one of the most important concepts presented in this article is the necessity of backing up data on a regular basis. Finally, computer equipment must be cleaned and maintained on a regular basis.

Computers

Microcomputers in nursing administration. A software overview.

The current environment of prospective payment systems and cost control requires nursing administrators to have fast access to useful, reliable information. Microcomputers can be used by individuals who are not computer experts to generate that information. This article discusses the various types of computer software used on microcomputers and gives examples of nursing administration applications for microcomputer software.

Administrative Personnel

Future applications of the microcomputer in dietetics.

The microcomputer has potential in both clinical and educational aspects of dietetics. Computer-assisted learning (CAL) applications may be of value to students, to newly qualified staff and to patients needing to understand the background of their disorders. The most widely developed use of the computer at present is in dietary analysis, but other areas of CAL may be fruitful, particularly tutorial and simulation programs. An appreciable amount of work has been carried out exploring the patient-computer interface, and dietitians may wish to make greater use of patient interview and counselling systems in the future. The microcomputer could have value in setting up data files for recording patient and nutritional information. In addition, there are opportunities for increasing the use of computers in the general administration of a dietetics department. The microcomputer is therefore capable of having a marked effect on the future work of the dietitian, with a variety of avenues showing potential for further investigation.

Computer-Assisted Instruction

The personal microcomputer: its operation and application in the laboratory.

Several laboratory vendors have begun marketing quality control programs for use on personal microcomputers. To appreciate fully its utility, the first-time microcomputer user must have a basic understanding of its operation, application and limitations. This article presents an introduction to microcomputer operation for the computer novice. Laboratory applications and criteria for selecting additional application programs are discussed.

Computers

A microcomputer based interactive system for the recording and automatic analysis of esophageal pH-studies.

A microcomputer based system for the recording and automatic analysis of esophageal pH-studies has been developed. It consists of a microcomputer interfaced with a pH-meter, one video display, two disk-drives for five inch diskettes, one printer and a fully interactive program written in BASIC. Every second, the microcomputer records the values of pH measured by the pH-meter. The options available in the program are: 1) Creation of medical records; 2) pH probe calibration; 3) pH-basal value acquisition; 4) Standard Acid Reflux Test (SART); 5) Acid Clearing Test (ACT); 6) 24-hour pH-monitoring test; 7) Summary of patient's current results; 8) Printing and data file management. Each one of these options provides access to other related functions. This system and its software has the following advantages: 1) it achieves a high standard in the execution of esophageal pH-study tests; 2) it provides an objective real-time analysis of the results; 3) it reduces the total cost of the investigation.

Computers

Collection and analysis of kinetic data from a stopped-flow spectrophotometer using a microcomputer.

A method of interfacing an inexpensive microcomputer to a stopped-flow kinetics spectrophotometer is described. It allows software-selectable sampling frequencies between 0.1 ms and 8 s and large numbers of data points to be collected. Machine language routines to use the interface are described and these allow the sampling frequency to be altered during data collection to ensure adequate numbers of points in critical regions of the kinetic profile. BASIC programs for collection and analysis of multicomponent kinetic data using this system are also described. Due to the large number of data points that can be collected and the ability to selectively sample transmittance values in regions where the signal is rapidly changing with time, relatively unsophisticated methods of data analysis can be used. These methods are suitable for use by microcomputers and mean that data analysis and acquisition can be performed on the same microcomputer in real time. To illustrate this, multicomponent analysis of kinetic transients is performed on simulated data and on the dissociation kinetics of the ethidium-DNA complex.

Automation

Microcomputer programs for complex epidemiologic procedures. II. Test for equality and trend of adjusted rates.

The microcomputer program presented in Part I of this series (M. H. Dong, Comput. Biomed. Res. 22, 349 (1989)) is useful for computing adjusted excess rates. That program, however, does not provide a means for a quantitative analysis of the adjusted rates computed for the categories of a risk factor. At times it is crucial for us to determine whether after adjustment a factor exerts a dose-response effect that is statistically significant. Recently a hypothesis test for analyzing such an effect has been reported. The test is based on score statistics obtained directly from a product model assumed for the excess rate. The objective of this second part is to continue to make available a microcomputer program that has been written to implement the computation of these score statistics, which likewise entails a complex and lengthy iterative procedure. In this communication the test is described and the application of the microcomputer program is illustrated.

Biometry

Three-dimensional reconstruction from serial sections: II. A microcomputer-based facility for rapid data collection.

A microcomputer-based facility is described that permits the data required for three-dimensional reconstructions to be collected quickly and inexpensively from serial sections. The facility consists of a microcomputer, a digitizer tablet, a graphics terminal, a printer, a plotter, and telephone coupler. Images of serial sections are superimposed on the digitizer tablet. Contours of interest on each section are digitized and the coordinates are stored on "floppy" disks. The problems of putting successive sections in correct register and of taking into account magnification factors are discussed briefly. Use of the facility for high-resolution applications is also considered.

Animals

A microcomputer-based graphical reconstruction technique for serial sectioned objects, with hidden line removal.

The presented software package fulfills the need for processing serial sections with a microcomputer configuration, enabling three-dimensional reconstruction with hidden line removal. The language used is an interpreted BASIC-dialect (HPL). The input is performed via an interactive program. The object can be rotated in space. The Hidden Line algorithm does not depend upon a raster technique. Points of intersection of successive contours are calculated and inserted, thus providing drawings of high resolution and quality. The handling time can be said to be short, especially when considering the capacities of the microcomputer configuration used.

Animals

Microcomputer analysis of indicator dilution curves to determine Qp/Qs.

We developed and tested, in an animal model, a method for collecting and analyzing indicator dilution curves to determine the pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) using a programmable microcomputer. Curves were digitized in real time by an analog to digital converter. A gamma variate curve fitting algorithm, similar to that used in nuclear cardiology, was used to determine the area under primary and recirculation portions of a single cardiogreen dye curve. A ratio of these areas was used as a measure of Qp/Qs. In an animal model simulating patent ductus arteriosus, there was close correlation of Qp/Qs measured by the Fick method and by the microcomputer method (computer Qp/Qs = 0.95 X Fick Qp/Qs + 0.22, R = 0.97, N = 14, SEE = 0.14). The computer method of measuring Qp/Qs is rapid, easily repeatable, and does not require catheter manipulation. Therefore, it may be particularly useful in the clinical cardiac catheterization laboratory for studying the effects of interventions on Qp/Qs.

Animals

Pharmacokinetic analysis of single- or multiple-dose plasma drug concentration data with a microcomputer using multi-fraction absorption models.

A Basic program for multi-fraction absorption models was developed to link with another microcomputer program, MULTI, and was named MFA-MULTI. A main frame computer program SIMP, based on a simplex method using differential equations, was also operated using a microcomputer equipped with a FORTRAN compiler and a 8087 floating-point coprocessor. These two programs [MFA-MULTI and SIMP (M)] were applied to the analysis of plasma concentration data of several drugs with irregular absorption profiles. The results by MFA-MULTI and SIMP(M) for the single- or multiple-dose data were almost coincident with those obtained by a SIMP program. The result for nalidixic acid estimated using MFA-MULTI or PKM-MULTI was also compared. The plasma nalidixic acid concentration, with irregular absorption profiles due to characteristics of dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract, was found to be described by a two-fraction absorption model. The MFA-MULTI program was applied to the analysis of plasma cimetidine concentration data with double peaks in humans. Pharmacokinetic absorption behavior of a sustained-release preparation of theophylline after repetitive oral administration was adequately evaluated using MFA-MULTI. In addition, application of multi-fraction absorption models to population pharmacokinetics is discussed.

Administration, Oral

The use of laboratory microcomputers to hold NMR data bases.

Computer-based data bases are essential tools for NMR spectroscopists working with complex mixtures such as tissue extracts. Algorithms are described which are easily implemented on a small laboratory microcomputer and which can be used to make, edit, and query personalized laboratory data files. The data are stored in a series of small files accessed by pointers to overcome inherent redundancy in the information. Performance times are tabulated for a BBC Model B microcomputer working in the BASIC language and using 5.25-in. floppy discs as virtual memory.

Algorithms

Microcomputer assisted measurement of inhalation parameters during smoking.

A microcomputer aided, battery operated method for analysing puff parameters during smoking was developed. The equipment included a sensitive, differential pressure transducer, a portable microcomputer and a modified cigarette flowmeter. The method is based on measuring pressure differences between two points within the flowmeter. The pressure difference is linearly proportional to smoke flow according to the Poiseuille-Hagen principle. The calibration curve, the mean flow as a function of (the area of puff curve)/puff duration, showed to be linear (r = 0.99) for calculating flow and volume of smoke. In experiments with 11 male volunteers the total inhalation volume reached the range 296-678 ml, the mean puff volume 19-65 ml, the mean puffing rate 15-26 ml/s, the mean puff duration 1.3-3.5 s, the number of puffs 9-16 and the mean interval between puffs 17-25 s.

Adult