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PubMed1988

Molecular epidemiology of human rotavirus infections based on genome segment variations in viral strains.

Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infections in 621 hospitalized children was investigated by analysis of migration patterns of viral genomic ribonucleic acid (RNA) segments by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Based on migration patterns of RNA segments of 184 rotavirus strains, seven different electropherotypes were identified: 146 (79.3%) strains were "long," and 38 (20.7%) were "short" electropherotypes; 61% belonged to a single dominant "long" electropherotype, which persisted throughout the 15-month period of study, whereas six other cocirculating types appeared at varying intervals. Electrophoretic migration patterns of RNA from viral isolates of two patients suggested mixed infections with different rotaviruses. There was a lack of correlation between the electrophoretic migration of segments 10 and 11 and serologically defined subgroup specificity in three of the rotavirus strains. Rotavirus infections and different electropherotypes were observed throughout the year.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1975

Patterns of migration of the femoral head in osteoarthritis of the hip. Roentgenographic-pathologic correlation and comparison with rheumatoid arthritis.

Characteristic roentgenographic patterns of femoral head migration occur in osteoarthritis of the hip. In a study of 100 patients superolateral migration was noted in 15, superomedial in 48, superior migration of intermediate type in 15, and medial displacement of the femoral head in 22. Correlation with pathologic specimens obtained following total hip replacements and comparison with patterns of femoral head migration in rheumatoid arthritis were accomplished. It would appear that anatomic features of the acetabulum are of prime importance in the determination of the type of femoral head displacement complicating osteoarthritis.

Acetabulum↗

PubMed1991

Black retirement migration in the United States.

The specific aim of this study was to extend the analysis of retirement migration patterns to older Blacks. The 1980 Census public use sample A provided the data for this analysis. Because of their strong initial southern settlement and their labor force out-migration patterns in this century, many older Black migrants are "provincial return migrants" to the South, a migrant type that may decline among Blacks in the future. There is also a regional counterstream migration pattern among older Black migrants. Out-migrants in this stream from the South have elevated indicators of dependency. Suggestions are made for other related studies of Black retirement migration.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1988

Identity--lost and found: patterns of migration and psychological and psychosocial adjustment of migrants.

This paper focuses on patterns of integration in migrant individuals and families. The level of adjustment in traditional and Westernized families has been examined. Different factors affecting adjustment are pointed out. Migration process is interpreted as a transient and necessary crisis situation. Risk factors in the acculturation crisis are reported and predictive and preventive measures are suggested. Characteristics of migrant and remigrant groups are compared. The role of "homesickness" in clinical symptom formation is discussed.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1986

A reexamination of the O1 lipopolysaccharide antigen group of Escherichia coli.

A total of 64 Escherichia coli strains of the O1 serogroup were tested for the migration pattern of their lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. O1:K1 and O1:K51 strains of the OMP5 outer membrane protein pattern possessed LPS with a doublet pattern (O1A1) or the lowermost band of the O1A1 doublet (O1A2). O1:K1 strains of the OMP9 pattern possessed LPS referred to as O1A, which corresponded to the uppermost band of the O1A1 doublet pattern. A few O1:K? strains possessed LPS of different migration patterns (O1B and O1C). O1A and O1A1 LPS were indistinguishable by chemical techniques, and both reacted with each of 10 different monoclonal antibodies tested. However, O1A1 had an additional epitope within the additional band in each doublet, as demonstrated by adsorption experiments with hyperimmune rabbit sera followed by Western blotting. Furthermore, purified polysaccharide from O1A bacteria was incapable of inhibition in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays performed with O1A1 LPS as antigen and adsorbed, specific anti-O1A1 antibodies, whereas O1A1 polysaccharide inhibited this reaction. O1B and O1C LPS differed in all respects tested, including chemical composition, from O1A and O1A1 LPS.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Patterns of femoral head migration in osteoarthritis of the hip: a reappraisal with CT and pathologic correlation.

Although medial, superior, and axial patterns of migration of the femoral head in osteoarthritis of the hip have been well described, it is not clear what anatomic and biomechanical factors determine the direction of migration. The authors studied 22 patients with bilateral (11 patients) or unilateral (11 patients) osteoarthritis by means of conventional radiography and computed tomography (CT) to define any relationships between migration in the coronal plane and that in the transverse plane and to determine whether femoral anteversion, acetabular anteversion, femoral neck-shaft angle, or acetabular inclination were related to particular migration patterns. Anterior migration was evident in 14 of the 19 hips with a superior migration pattern, whereas posterior migration was present in five of the seven hips with a medial migration pattern. In the remainder of cases, no migration in the transverse plane was present. Femoral anteversion as determined with CT, femoral neck-shaft angle, angle of acetabular inclination, and acetabular anteversion angle in this relatively small sample were all found to be within normal limits and appeared to have no influence on the occurrence of a specific pattern of femoral head migration.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Rotavirus epidemiology in Vellore, south India: group, subgroup, serotype, and electrophoretype.

Rotaviruses were detected in 163 of 916 (17.8%) specimens collected from children under 3 years of age with gastroenteritis in Vellore, South India, between August 1983 and July 1985. Rotaviruses were detected throughout the study period, with a peak prevalence in December to February (winter) and June to August (southwest monsoon season). A total of 117 rotavirus strains were tested for subgroup, serotype, and rotavirus double-stranded RNA electrophoretic migration pattern; 24.8% of the strains were subgroup I, 69.2% were subgroup II, and 6.0% were neither subgroup I nor subgroup II. Subgroup I and II strains were circulating concurrently throughout the study. Of the 117 rotavirus strains, 32 (27.4%) were serotyped; 15 were serotype 1, 3 were serotype 2, 2 were serotype 3, and 12 were serotype 4. Three serotypes were circulating concurrently during the periods of peak rotavirus prevalence. In 100 of the 117 strains (85.4%) an RNA pattern was detected. One unusual subgroup I group A rotavirus with a long migration pattern and four atypical rotaviruses serologically related to group C were also detected.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Presence of Triatoma infestans in relation to various cultural patterns in a rural population of the Province of San Juan, Argentina].

This paper reports results from a punctual epidemiological survey performed in San Juan, at Bermejo, a rural village located 100 km east from the provincial capital, in December 1987. The village had been rebuilt after almost complete destruction by an earthquake, in 1977. According to a census performed by local Primary Health Care Agents, there were 82 households, where 72 (88%) of them were inhabited, with a total human population of 198 people. Forty-eight from those inhabited dwellings (67%) were visited, and a general questionnaire was completed. Information gathered included, sex, age, working activity, number of people and domestic animals at the house, construction patterns of houses and outdoor premises, resting habits of animals, specially dogs, domestic use of insecticides and migration patterns of inhabitants. A timed collection of triatomines (man-hour method) was undertaken in 17 out of 48 of the visited households. Sampled triatomines were kept and classified by collection site, instar, and sex at the field. Species identification, microscopical examination of fecal contents to detect trypanosomes and blood-meals identification, were performed at the laboratory. Sixty-nine per cent (33/48) of the dwellings were "ranchos" with mud-brick ("adobe") and cane walls, roofs made of cane and mud dirt floors. The remainder were as follows: 11 (23%), partially improved houses and 4 (8%) had brick walls and were tiled or had zinc roofs. Data of migration patterns of local population were obtained in 31 (65%) out of 48 households. Seasonal movements within San Juan Province, mainly related to vintage were reported in 20/31 (65%) families.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Glial fiber pattern in the developing chicken cerebellum: vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining.

The possible relation between glial fibers and the formation of longitudinal granule cell migration patterns that occur in the cerebellar anlage of the chicken was investigated by immunocytochemistry of vimentin (monoclonal antibody) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (polyclonal antibody against GFAP, PGF) on fixed and unfixed brain tissues. In addition, neuronal development was studied with a monoclonal antibody for neurofilament. Vimentin was present in radial and tangential fibers in the cerebellar anlage during granule cell migration in almost all parts of the anlage. However, no specific topographic relation of vimentin and GFAP to the migration pattern of granule cells was observed. In adults, Bergmann fibers and astroglia were stained with vimentin antiserum and not with GFAP antiserum. Conclusions are that radial fibers do not determine the formation of longitudinal cytoarchitectonic patterns in the chick cerebellum and that vimentin is the main cytoskeletal component of Bergmann fibers and astroglial cells in embryonic and adult chicken cerebellum.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infections in Uppsala, Sweden, 1981: disappearance of a predominant electropherotype.

The molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infections was studied in children with acute gastroenteritis in Uppsala, Sweden, during 1981. Altogether 118 virus strains were investigated by analysis of the RNA migration pattern in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. Six different electropherotypes were seen: two with "short" and four with "long" RNA migration patterns. Forty-two strains (36%) exhibited "short" patterns. The seasonal distribution showed that strains with "long" and "short" RNA patterns cocirculated in equal frequency during the first seven months of the year, until the predominant "short" RNA electropherotype suddenly disappeared. More than 11 RNA segments were seen in two stool specimens. A complete correlation was found between the electrophoretic migration of segments 10 and 11 and the serological defined subgroup specificity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Subgroup classification of porcine group-A rotaviruses, using monoclonal antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Fifty-six samples of feces and intestinal contents from nonvaccinated diarrheal pigs with rotavirus infections were tested, using a subgroup (SGP)-specific ELISA, to determine rotavirus SGP classification. Forty-one percent (23/56) were SGP 1, 25% (14/56) were SGP 2, and 34% (19/56) were not classifiable. For classifiable samples, the geographic distribution for SGP 1 and SGP 2, respectively was: 60%/40% from Ohio (n = 15), 63%/37% from other midwestern states (Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota; n = 16), and 67%/33% from Canada (n = 6). Thirty-seven SGP-classifiable samples were categorized according to age of pigs. Of pigs less than or equal to 1 week old, 22% of samples were SGP 1 (n = 8), and 14% (n = 5) were SGP 2. Of samples from 1- to 2-week-old pigs, 8% were SGP 1 (n = 3), and 5% were SGP 2 (n = 2). Of samples from 2- to 3-week-old pigs, 5% were SGP 1 (n = 2), and 8% were SGP 2 (n = 3). Of samples from 3- to 4-week-old pigs, 5% were SGP 1 (n = 2), and 3% were SGP 2 (n = 1). Of samples from pigs greater than 4 weeks old, 22% were SGP 1 (n = 8) and 8% were SGP 2 (n = 3). Double-stranded RNA extracted from positive controls and from 10 selected field samples (5 from SGP 1 and 5 from SGP 2) was electrophoresed in polyacrylamide gels to detect correlation between subgroup classification by ELISA and long or short double-stranded RNA electrophoretic-migration patterns. All SGP-1 and -2 rotavirus samples tested had typical long double-stranded RNA electrophoretic-migration patterns.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Primary isolation and identification of avian rotaviruses from turkeys exhibiting signs of clinical enteritis in a continuous MA 104 cell line.

Avian rotaviruses were isolated from turkeys with enteritis using MA 104 cell line. MA 104 cells were suitable for primary isolation and propagation of avian rotaviruses. Trypsin appeared essential for the enhancement of infectivity and the occurrence of cytopathic effect (CPE). Serum neutralization (SN), electron microscopy (EM), and analysis of genomic RNA were done to identify and confirm the identity of rotaviruses. Electrophoretic migration patterns of genomic RNA from avian rotaviruses were examined, and they were compared with those from mammalian rotaviruses. The migration patterns differed between these groups.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

In vivo localization of lymphocytes labelled with low concentrations of Hoechst 33342.

Hoechst 33342 (HO 33342) is a fluorescent dye which binds specifically to DNA and can be used to label lymphocytes for in vivo migration studies. Lymphocytes were treated with varying concentrations of HO 33342 and assayed in vitro for effects on viability, mitogen-stimulated proliferation, and motility. In vivo traffic studies were performed to determine a dye concentration with minimal toxicity for lymphocytes, but sufficient fluorescence for detection of cells in frozen sections. The concentration reported to yield quantitative staining of nuclear DNA (10.7 microM, or 6 micrograms/ml) reduced motility and proliferative response, and resulted in an altered lymphocyte migration pattern compared to untreated lymphocytes. A concentration of 0.25 microM, however, produced no toxicity in the in vitro assays, and an in vivo migration pattern similar to that of untreated cells; lymphocytes stained with 0.25 microM HO 33342 for 30 min were readily observable in histological sections. This study indicates that the concentration of HO 33342 optimal for DNA staining may exert deleterious effects on in vivo lymphocyte traffic studies, and that far lower dye concentrations are more suitable for such studies.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ecological determinants of divorce: a structural approach to the explanation of Japanese divorce.

This paper examines the ecological determinants of contemporary Japanese divorce rates on the prefectural level. LISREL and computer-generated graphics are the analytic methods used. The aggregate level of analysis demands the use of the ecological model which posits that demographic changes, economic activities, migration patterns, and the level of urbanization are significant predictors of divorce rate. Our analysis demonstrates that sex ratio, female labor force participation, female in-migration patterns, population increase, and net household income all play a significant role in affecting the divorce rate. Our findings also confirm the well-supported hypothesis that both population density and modernization positively influence modern Japan's divorce rates. The residual analysis also points out that in order to account for the large proportion of the unexplained variance of Japanese divorce, behavioral-related variables and island- or prefecture-specific dimensions need to be included in the ecological model of divorce.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Blood pressure patterns and migration: a 14-year cohort study of adult Tokelauans.

The longitudinal relation between blood pressure changes and migration experience has been studied in a cohort of 654 adult Tokelauans through three survey periods between 1968 and 1982. Migration from a subsistence life-style on a Pacific atoll to an urbanized Western life-style in New Zealand is associated with increases in body mass in both men and women. Both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures of migrant men are significantly higher than would be expected in this cohort on the basis of age when compared with the nonmigrants. This is consistent with a rise around the time of migration to a level which is then maintained, with the diastolic pressures taking longer than the systolic pressures to respond to the migration stimuli. Most of this rise in blood pressure may be attributed to weight gain, but a significant part of the diastolic pressure excess remains unexplained. This pattern is not exhibited by the women, which may be a reflection of the sex roles in this Polynesian society. These findings indicate a need for new immigrants to be encouraged not to gain weight when confronted with new dietary choices.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1987

Partial correlation of distance matrices in studies of population structure.

Anthropological studies of human population structure commonly compare various monogenic and polygenic (metric) distance matrices to distance matrices obtained from measures of geographical dispersion, linguistic differences, and migration patterns in an attempt to infer something about the effects of evolutionary factors (drift and differential selection, in particular). It is, though, commonly recognized that geography, language, and migration patterns may be intercorrelated due to the common effects of historical and social processes. Previous attempts to deal with the problems of assessing relative effects among such sets of intercorrelated factors using partial correlations have resulted in coefficients that are either not well defined or have no known sampling distribution or both. Here, we outline a general approach to partialling distance matrices that results in well-defined coefficients and valid significance testing procedures. Application of the matrix partialling methods to a variety of distance matrices obtained for a sample of eight ethnolinguistic groups from the Harvard Solomon Islands Expedition (Friedlaender et al., 1986) reveals a close association between language dissimilarity and dermatoglyphics controlling for geography, thus reinforcing earlier suggestions that dermatoglyphics, properly used, reflect historical relationships of groups in this region better than do anthropometry, odontometrics, or small batteries of blood polymorphisms.

Anthropology↗

PubMed1989

Electrophoretic heterogeneity of alkaline phosphatase isozymes in seminoma and normal testis.

Electrophoretic patterns of seminoma- and normal-testis-derived alkaline phosphatase isozymes, the placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)-like enzyme and the tissue-nonspecific (liver) alkaline phosphatase (LAP), were studied on starch gel and isoelectric focusing (IEF). Different migration patterns of the PLAP-like enzyme were observed with respect to both seminomas and normal testes on starch gel electrophoresis. On IEF, seminomas showed different staining patterns among different tumors; however, a common main activity was focused at pIs of 4.3-4.6, corresponding to pIs of PLAP. Normal testes showed two enzyme-staining regions, at pIs of 4.1 and 5.0-5.2, which were discriminated from pIs of PLAP and the PLAP-like enzyme in seminoma. The PLAP-like enzyme in seminoma was differentiated from PLAP by digestion with neuraminidase. Neuraminidase treatment simplified the distribution patterns of the PLAP-like enzyme in normal testis, but did not alter the pattern of microheterogeneity in seminoma. Two factors other than sialylation, namely structural modification of the carbohydrate moiety and variation of hydrophobicity, were shown to contribute to the microheterogeneity of the PLAP-like enzyme in seminoma. LAP in seminoma and in normal testis also showed marked electrophoretic heterogeneity and differences in pI distributions from LAP of liver. However, the migration patterns after desialylation were very similar to each other. The findings imply that electrophoretic heterogeneity demonstrated in LAP in seminoma and in normal testis is caused by a difference in sialic acid content in the molecule, and the heterogeneity of the PLAP-like enzyme in seminoma is considerable.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1985

Genetic relatedness among human rotaviruses.

The genetic relatedness of 81 clinical rotavirus isolates to the human rotavirus prototype strains Wa (subgroup 2, serotype 1) and DS-1 (subgroup 1, serotype 2) was examined by RNA hybridization techniques. Labeled single-stranded (+) transcripts of Wa or DS-1 virus were incubated with denatured genomic rotaviral RNAs, and the resulting hybrids were subjected to gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Nineteen of the specimens contained subgroup 1 rotavirus with a "short" RNA migration pattern. These viruses were found to be closely related to the DS-1 strain and were associated with illness of short duration. The remaining 62 isolates belonged to subgroup 2 and exhibited a "long" RNA migration pattern. Fifty-four of these isolates exhibited significant hybridization with the Wa strain probe. Four isolates yielded multiple hybrid bands with the Wa probe but also possessed at least one gene segment homologous to the DS-1 strain. The remaining four subgroup 2 rotaviruses did not exhibit significant homology in the form of labeled hybrid bands when tested with either the Wa or DS-1 probe. These findings suggest that most clinical rotavirus isolates belong to one of two human rotavirus "families" defined as Wa-like or DS-1-like. Our observations also suggest that reassortment occurs in vivo between rotaviruses belonging to the two human rotavirus "families" and that there are one or more additional families of human rotavirus.

Genes, Viral↗