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PubMed1984

[Description of a marital mobility model and its application to Quebec].

"The marital mobility model allows for the simultaneous study of the formation and break-up of couples in a given cohort. The model is equally suited for longitudinal and for period analysis. Its essential feature is the construction of a multiple status life table that deals either with initial status changes or with successive ones. Preliminary results obtained for Quebec indicate that, in recent generations, individuals marry less and divorce more; at the same time the prevalence of cohabitation and the number of births out of wedlock both continue to increase." (summary in ENG, SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed1993

A new approach for interpreting the genetic diversity in space: 'Mobile Site Method'. Application to Gm haplotype distribution of twenty-seven Amerindian tribes from North and Central America.

We present a new approach, called 'Mobile Site Method' (MSM), to the construction of 'genetic similarity maps' more efficient than that described in a preceding paper (Hazout et al. 1991). After building a triangular mesh between the geographical sites, the method consists of moving these locations at each iteration to reduce the overall differences between the geographic and genetic distances. The genetic similarity map, i.e. the final distorted map, allows the interpretation of the genetic diversity of a population set. We have applied this method to the study of Gm immunoglobulin allotypes of twenty-seven Amerindian groups from North and Central America. By a local weighted linear regression, we have reconstituted the distorted contour of America. This representation completes the observations of the sites during the map distortion. In this study, we have defined a large geographical factor in the genetic data (84% of the variability explained), related to a linguistic factor.

Central America↗
PubMed1990

Application of micellar mobile phases for the assay of drugs in biological fluids.

Although micellar chromatography has been used for the determination of drugs in biological fluids since 1985, relatively few researchers have applied the technique to therapeutic monitoring. The reasons for this are rather unclear. It may be that most of the present extraction/reconstitution techniques are well established or that the method development procedure is unfamiliar. Significantly lower detection limits can be obtained with micellar mobile phases and column switching than with micellar mobile phases alone. Only two groups have used micellar mobile phases in conjunction with column switching for the determination of drugs in biological fluids. Since column switching with micellar mobile phases is a relatively new and untried technique, it will take some time before the full range of its applicability and limitations are known.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1979

[Clinical and pathologic-anatomical results following the application of a mobile argon-laser beam in aphakic pupillary block glaucoma (author's transl)].

In the last four years we have treated with the mobile argon-laser beam 25 cases of aphakic pupillary block glaucoma (p. b. g.). According to the time of manifestation of the p. b. g. the patients were divided into an "early" and a "late" group. In the "early" group (17 eyes) the glaucoma manifested itself 1--4 days after cataract extraction. In the "late" group (8 eyes) p. b. g. appeared from 4 weeks to 3 years after cataract extraction. In 14 of the 17 cases of the first group we achieved a prompt reformation of the anterior chamber and a considerable decrease of intraocular pressure immediately after laser application. In 3 cases of the first group, where the pupil was under relative or absolute mydriasis before argon-laser treatment, the mobile laser beam failed to produce satisfactory results. In all of the 8 patients of the "late" group a reformation of the anterior chamber was achieved, but in only 4 of them did i. o. pressure normalize owing to extensive anterior synechiae. Laser application left either very slight or no traces at all on the iris. In order to ascertain the actual effect of the laser beam upon the iris, we applied laser under identical conditions in eyes which had no glaucoma but were to undergo enucleation because of choroidal melanoma. The histological examination revealed a slight degree of hyperaemia of the iris as an oedema of the connective tissue, while the iris sphincter did not appear to be affected by laser treatment.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Mobilizing communities: local applications of the Diabetes Today national training center project.

In 1992, the Division of Diabetes Translation developed the Diabetes Today program to train representatives of state and local health departments on how to develop, implement, and evaluate community-based diabetes prevention and control programs. This commentary briefly describes the evolution of the Diabetes Today program in the United States. The Diabetes Today program utilizes a training curriculum to increase expertise in community assessment; coalition building; adult-learn principle, program planning, implementation, and evaluation. The training curriculum contains four modules: defining diabetes and mobilizing a community response; assessing diabetes in your community; planning your diabetes program, and evaluating your diabetes program. Two versions of the curriculum have been utilized--one in English and the other in Spanish. This commentary presents two examples of Diabetes Today efforts--The Missouri Diabetes Control and Prevention (English) and the United States/Mexico Border Diabetes Project (Spanish version)--to briefly describe how this program planning, implementation, and evaluation model can generate a community response to diabetes.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed2006

Application of ion mobility spectrometry in cases of forensic interest.

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been known as an analytical technique since the late 1960s and early 1970s. To date, it has been successfully utilized for the detection of environmental pollutants, warfare agents, explosives, herbicides, pesticides, petroleum products as well as for the detection of prescription and illicit drugs. In this paper the authors describe the use of the IMS technology in cases of forensic interest in Salzburg, Austria. We report the use of the IMS methodology for the rapid analysis of hallucinogenic mushroom material as well as for the analysis of samples taken after an explosion. A new application of the IMS technology for the analysis of postmortem sweat samples for drugs is also presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Application of ion mobility spectrometry to the rapid screening of methamphetamine incorporated in hair.

Using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), a simple, sensitive and rapid screening for methamphetamine (MA) incorporated in user's hair has been developed. To completely unbind MA from hair matrix and to achieve its effective vaporization for the IMS detection, the hair sample was digested in 5 M NaOH (methanol-water, 4:1, v/v) solution prior to IMS measurement. MA in hair was semi-quantitatively detected by monitoring the digested hair sample employing dibenzylamine (DBA) as internal standard. The minimum amount of hair sample required was 2 mg and its digested sample was ample for four IMS measurements. The detection limit of MA in hair was 0.5 ng mg(-1). This proposed method was applicable to the semi-quantitative detection of MA in users' hair samples, and to the sectional analysis for MA in a limited amount of user's hair. The IMS results obtained were in good agreement with their GC-MS determination.

Hair↗
PubMed1989

Application of mechanical mobility of periodontal tissues to tooth mobility examination.

Tooth mobility examination is important in planning dental treatment, as it may give an indication of alveolar bone loss and the condition of the periodontal ligament. In clinical dental diagnosis a manual tooth mobility examination is useful. However, its determination of tooth mobility is subjective and depends on the skill and experience of the clinician. The authors have previously reported on a device for measuring the biomechanical properties of human periodontium using an impedance head. Using this device, the mechanical mobility of periodontium can be measured and the mechanical parameters of the periodontal physical model are obtained. Tooth mobility is defined objectively on the basis of discriminant scores of mechanical parameters, and a mobility triangle (MT) figure is drawn as a record for visual interpretation. The paper describes the validation of the mechanical mobility measurements and their interpretation using mobility parameters and a personal computer to produce a mobility triangle figure. The method is compared favourably with clinical mobility measurement. The relationship of the model to underlying pathology is tested by measurements performed on various tooth model systems.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2002

Surface area determination of a polystyrene-divinylbenzene chromatographic packing material via ionic amphiphile adsorption from aqueous mobile phases and application of Gouy-Chapman theory.

A method for the determination of the chromatographically accessible area of a reversed-phase column similar to the method of Hägglund and Ståhlberg [J. Chromatogr. A 761 (1997) 13] is applied to a column containing a polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin. Its theoretical basis is Gouy-Chapman theory in combination with an electrostatically modified linear adsorption isotherm. The surface area value determined for the resin, 96 m2/g, is much less than the reported surface area value, 400 m2/g, determined by N2 sorptometry and application of Branauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory. The method also provides a value for the number of moles of native anionic sites present on the column.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1997

Application of mixed mobile phases and a step gradient method in capillary electrochromatography for the separation of isomeric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside adduct mixtures prepared in vitro.

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) was used for the analysis of mixtures of neutral isomeric compounds derived from the reaction of carcinogenic hydrocarbon (benzo[g]chrysene and 5,6-dimethylchrysene) dihydrodiol epoxides with calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The CEC analysis demonstrated higher resolution, greater speed and lower analyte consumption than high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the analysis of the same samples using the same type of stationary phase. Proper selection of the mixed mobile phases was critical for the separation of these complex mixtures with enhanced speed and selectivity. The use of a step gradient further improved the speed of the CEC analysis resulting in electrochromatograms that required only 25-70% of the corresponding HPLC analysis times.

DNA Adducts↗
PubMed2004

Development and application of a mobile laboratory for measuring emissions from diesel engines. 1. Regulated gaseous emissions.

Information about in-use emissions from diesel engines remains a critical issue for inventory development and policy design. Toward that end, we have developed and verified the first mobile laboratory that measures on-road or real-world emissions from engines at the quality level specified in the U.S. Congress Code of Federal Regulations. This unique mobile laboratory provides information on integrated and modal regulated gaseous emission rates and integrated emission rates for speciated volatile and semivolatile organic compounds and particulate matter during real-world operation. Total emissions are captured and collected from the HDD vehicle that is pulling the mobile laboratory. While primarily intended to accumulate data from HDD vehicles, it may also be used to measure emission rates from stationary diesel sources such as back-up generators. This paper describes the development of the mobile laboratory, its measurement capabilities, and the verification process and provides the first data on total capture gaseous on-road emission measurements following the California Air Resources Board (ARB) 4-mode driving cycle, the hot urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS), the modified 5-mode cycle, and a 53.2-mi highway chase experiment. NOx mass emission rates (g mi(-1)) for the ARB 4-mode driving cycle, the hot UDDS driving cycle, and the chase experimentwerefoundto exceed current emission factor estimates for the engine type tested by approximately 50%. It was determined that congested traffic flow as well as "off-Federal Test Procedure cycle" emissions can lead to significant increases in per mile NOx emission rates for HDD vehicles.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2004

Development and application of a mobile laboratory for measuring emissions from diesel engines. 2. Sampling for toxics and particulate matter.

Limited data are available on the emission rates of speciated volatile and semivolatile organic compounds, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM) from mobile, in-use diesel engines operated on the road. A design for the sampling of these fractions and the first data from in-use diesel sources are presented in this paper. Emission rates for carbonyls, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylene, PM, and elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC) are reported for a vehicle driven while following the California Air Resources Board (ARB) four-mode heavy heavy-duty diesel truck (HHDDT) cycle and while transiting through a major transportation corridor. Results show that distance specific emission rates are substantially greater in congested traffic as compared with highway cruise conditions. Specifically, emissions of toxic compounds are 3-15 times greater, and PM is 7 times greater under these conditions. The dependence of these species on driving mode suggests that health and source apportionment studies will need to account for driving patterns in addition to emission factors. Comparison of the PM/NOx ratios obtained for the above tests provides insight into the presence and importance of "off-cycle" emissions during on-road driving. Measurements from a stationary source (operated and tested at constant engine speed) equipped with an engine similar to that in the HHDDT yielded a greater understanding of the relative dependence of emissions on load versus engine transients. These data are indicative of the type of investigations made possible by the development of this novel laboratory.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2006

Applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) to the analysis of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-hydroxyvalerate in toxicological matrices.

The predator drug gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its lactone form gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) continue to present significant analytical challenges to forensic toxicologists and chemists. The five-carbon analogue (gamma hydroxyvalerate GHV) and the corresponding lactone GVL) are emerging as substitutes for GHB, adding further complications. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) was investigated as a method of screening urine and breath for the presence of these drugs and their degradation products. Sample was introduced into the instrument via a programmable split/splitless injection port with thermal desorption. The injection method in effect replaces problematic solvent extraction methods with a physical extraction, an efficient method in the present case considering the hydrophilic nature of GHB. No chromatography was employed and results were obtained within a few seconds. The negative ion mode showed the greatest sensitivity with detection limits in the low parts-per-million range for GHB and GHV. Because GHB is often delivered in alcoholic beverages, ethanol and acetaldehyde, along with potential interfering compounds methanol, isopropanol, and acetone, were also analyzed. None were found to interfere. The thermally induced ring opening prevented differentiation of GHB and GBL using direct injection/thermal desorption protocol, but IMS does show promise as a rapid, simple, and affordable screening technique for GHB and related compounds.

Alcoholic Beverages↗
PubMed2006

A functional-dependencies-based Bayesian networks learning method and its application in a mobile commerce system.

This paper presents a new method for learning Bayesian networks from functional dependencies (FD) and third normal form (3NF) tables in relational databases. The method sets up a linkage between the theory of relational databases and probabilistic reasoning models, which is interesting and useful especially when data are incomplete and inaccurate. The effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method is demonstrated by its implementation in a mobile commerce system.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

[Application of heteroduplex mobility assay in genetic subtyping on human immunodeficiency virus type 1].

OBJECTIVE: Using heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) to subtype human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) for the purpose of understanding HIV-1 subtype epidemic in Fujian province. METHODS: DNA fragments of HIV-1 env gene were amplified from peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cocultures of HIV-1 infected individuals by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Heteroduplexs were formed through hybridizing PCR products from the samples and reference plasmid. According to the mobility of heteroduplexs in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, HIV-1 subtype from that sample was characterized and further confirmed by nucleotide sequencing analysis. RESULTS: Thirteen of 15 (86.67%) samples were successfully subtyped by HMA, except 2 failures. Subtype E and B took up 80% (12/15) and 6.67% (1/15) respectively. Results indicated a high concordance between HMA and nucleotide sequencing analysis and concordance rate was 86.67% (13/15). CONCLUSIONS: Subtype E appeared to be the major epidemic strain of HIV-1 in Fujian. HMA showed the characteristics of fastness, easiness, economic and with high specificity, and can be used in the surviellance for the epidemic strain of HIV-1.

Genotype↗