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PubMed2004

[Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 2003 awarded to the fathers of magnetic resonance imaging].

The 2003 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to the American physical chemist Paul Lauterbur (1929) and the British physicist Peter Mansfield (1933) for their discoveries in the field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Lauterbur devised a method to encode the nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation information in an object spatially and to reproduce it as an image. Mansfield succeeded in exciting a slice perpendicular to the gradient direction, which enabled him to define a third dimension directly. In addition, he developed methods to enhance the speed of imaging. A third scientist, the physician Raymond Damadian, although equally a pioneer in the field of MRI, was--disputably--not a laureate.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2004

[Inspiration to basic researches of traditional Chinese medicine from the 2001 Nobel Prize].

The contributions of the three winners (L Hartwell, RT Hunt and PM Nurse) of the 2001 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine revealed the mystical veil of cell cycle control. It was of far-reaching significance for exploring new method for cancer treatment. It will also give a good deal of enlightenment to the basic research of traditional Chinese medicine. Their understanding about the cause and development of cancers changed from the static view to dynamic dialectical analysis, from simplex study to comprehensive analysis; they stressed regulation, instead of killing in the treatment of cancer; and they thought that the numerous factors driving the normal process of the cell cycle could be summarized as positive and negative factors. These opinions were similar to some theories of traditional Chinese medicine, such as treatment based on syndrome differentiation, integrative treatment, and keeping the balance between yin and yang, and established a connection between traditional Chinese medicine and the western medicine, which would further widen the research on compound prescriptions of Chinese herbs.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Neurons and Nobel Prizes: a centennial history of neuropathology.

Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón Y Cajal were selected as joint Nobel Prize recipients in 1906, "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system." This posthumous Festschrift is written in celebration and commemoration of the 90th anniversary of that event, and the reader is invited to participate in an entertaining journey through the history of neuropathology, as it evolved from the time of Golgi and Cajal. The story, of necessity, is written in broad descriptive terms, highlighting major events and personalities, and strives for continuity of narration and coherence of presentation. The historical framework reflects the personal experience and purview of the author and his mentor, Kenneth M. Earle, who began their careers in neurology and neurosurgery, respectively. Emphasis on the close interface linking clinical neuroscience and neuropathology indicates the antecedents of the latter discipline as well as the overlap characterizing current modes of investigation at the cellular and molecular levels. This article is intended to provide a younger generation of neurologists and neurosurgeons with a review of what has gone before as a foundation for their current studies and future careers.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2005

100th anniversary of Robert Koch's Nobel Prize for the discovery of the tubercle bacillus.

The year 2005 marks the 100th anniversary of Robert Koch's Nobel Prize. Here, we describe the scientific career of Robert Koch, the discoverer of the etiologic agent of tuberculosis but also of those of anthrax, cholera and wound infections. Equally important, Koch developed the methodologies and concepts that made medical microbiology a scientific discipline. Despite great efforts, however, Koch failed to conquer tuberculosis, which still causes enormous health problems worldwide 100 years after his Nobel award.

Anthrax↗
PubMed2005

[The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2005 for the discovery of the stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori].

This year, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the Australian doctors Marshall and Warren for their discovery and further identification of the stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Thanks to their confidence in their own observations, we are now able to cure people with peptic-ulcer disease and low-grade gastric lymphoma and are potentially able to prevent gastric cancer.

Gastritis↗
PubMed2000

[Nobel prize in physiology of medicine for year 2000 for research of signal transduction in the nervous system].

The three Nobel laureates Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel have made pioneering discoveries concerning slow synaptic transmission between neurons. As common theme, for which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2000 is given, the Nobel Assembly chose 'signal transduction in the nervous system'. The work of Carlsson led to the discovery of dopamine as transmitter in the brain and opened the way for the development of the levodopa therapy of patients suffering from Parkinson's disease. His later work concentrated on the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia and the rationale for the mechanism of action of antipsychotics. Greengard pioneered the field of receptor-mediated phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of brain proteins. He was the first to describe the cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase in the brain and the activation of this kinase following dopamine receptor activation. A substrate enriched in cells that bear dopamine receptors is 'dopamine- and cyclic-AMP-regulated phosphoprotein' (DARPP-32). Phosphorylation by the cyclic-AMP-dependent kinase influences its protein phosphatase inhibiting capacity and, as such, DARPP-32 is an important 'feed-forward activator' in the dopamine signal transduction cascade. Kandel received the prize for his contributions to our understanding of the neural substrate of learning and memory. Most of his work was carried out in the sea slug Aplysia in which he was able to relate three psychologically defined forms of learning--habituation, sensitisation, and classical conditioning--to subcellular processes and intercellular signalling. Kandel is known all over the world for his eminent textbook Principles of Neural Science which inspired generations of young neuroscientists. It seems that it is not so much the signal transduction that joins these laureates but their outstanding conceptual approach to, in fact, three different themes of the neurosciences during the second part of the last century.

Austria↗
PubMed2004

Peter Agre, 2003 Nobel Prize winner in chemistry.

Peter C. Agre, an American Society of Nephrology member, is the recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the aquaporin water channels. The function of many cells requires that water move rapidly into and out of them. There was only indirect evidence that proteinaceous channels provide this vital activity until Agre and colleagues purified aquaporin-1 from human erythrocytes and reported its cDNA sequence. They proved that aquaporin-1 is a specific water channel by cRNA expression studies in Xenopus oocytes and by functional reconstitution of transport activity in liposomes after the incorporation of the purified protein. These findings sparked a veritable explosion of work that affects several long-standing areas of investigation such as the biophysics of water permeation across cell membranes, the structural biology of integral membrane proteins, the physiology of fluid transport in the kidney and other organs, and the pathophysiological basis of inherited and acquired disorders of water balance. Agre's discovery of the first water channel has spurred a revolution in animal and plant physiology and in medicine.

Aquaporins↗
PubMed2004

[The 2004 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for research into smell receptors and the organization of the olfactory system].

The 2004 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck, for their discovery of smell receptors and the organisation of the olfactory system. Their original discovery concerned the identification of some 1000 genes that code for smell receptors in the olfactory epithelium of the rat. They also demonstrated that each receptor can only be activated by a limited number of odourants and that there is some overlap in specificity with other smell receptors. Odourants in inhaled air are specifically recognized and bound by the smell receptors on the olfactory neurones in the nasal epithelium. The activated neurones send an electrical signal to the mitral cells, the dendrites of which lie in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. In each olfactory neuron only one smell receptor gene is expressed. Neurones with the same type of receptor are spread throughout the epithelium but converge in the same glomerulus. An olfactory map is formed by means of mitral-cell projections which run to the cerebral cortex as well as to other parts of the brain. Possibly the information gained about odourants will be applied in the areas of physiology and pathophysiology; in the field of pharmacology for example where odourants may be used in the treatment of disorders of fertility, behaviour or mood.

Chemoreceptor Cells↗
PubMed1998

[Nobel prize in Medicine and Physiology 1998 for the discovery of the role of nitric oxide as a signalling molecule].

The Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology 1998 was awarded to three American pharmacologists: Robert F.Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferrid Murad for their work on nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system. This discovery is a classical case of serendipity. NO is an endothelium-derived factor which mediates local vasodilation. It protects the vascular system against atherosclerosis by various effects on leukocytes and vascular permeability. NO appears to be a universal signalling molecule in the body, involved in the inflammatory response, apoptosis and neurotransmission. Its biochemistry is closely linked to that of oxygen radicals.

Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1992

[Ervin Neher and Bert Sakmann, 1991 Nobel Prize laureates for physiology and medicine. Ion channels and the patch clamp technic].

E. Neher and B. Sakmann were awarded the Nobel Prize for achievements in Physiology or Medicine in 1991. They developed the "patch clamp technique" which enables measurement of ionic currents through channels in the plasma membrane of living cells, and characterized their functional properties. An overview of three types of ion channels is presented: voltage gated channels, ligand gated channels and G-protein gated channels. An attempt was made to correlate their function with the structure of the protein complexes that represent ionic channels. The perforated patch clamp technique is mentioned as an alternative that enables recording of membrane currents without washing out the content of the interior of the cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The 1932 and 1944 Nobel Prizes in physiology or medicine: rewards for ground-breaking studies in neurophysiology.

In 1932 Sherrington and Adrian were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons" and in 1944 Erlanger and Gasser were awarded the same prize "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres." Sherrington made important discoveries on the reflex functions of the spinal cord, formulated the concept of the "synapse," defined the principle of the "final common path," studied "reciprocal innervation" and showed that central inhibition was an active phenomenon. He distinguished three types of receptors: extero-, intero-, and proprioceptive, studied the proprioceptive reflexes in the decerebrate animal and mapped their pathways in the spinal cord. Adrian made fundamental discoveries on the function of single nerve fibers, developed new techniques for the amplification of the weak signals and discovered that increased stimulation resulted in increased frequency of the impulses, the amplitude being unaffected. Erlanger and Gasser introduced the cathode-ray oscillograph and demonstrated the existence of three main groups of nerve fibers, A, B, and C, the conduction velocities of which were in approximately linear relationship with the fiber diameter, the A-fibers being the fastest and thickest and the C-fibers the slowest and having the finest diameter. Together the contributions by the four Laureates paved the way to modern neurophysiology.

History, 20th Century↗