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PubMed1995

Integrating informatics into the graduate community health nursing curriculum.

Advanced practice of community health nursing is enhanced if the nurse is able to identify, create, and use databases to support nursing assessments of communities and to manage and evaluate community health programs. The College of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, has revised its curriculum for community health nursing graduate students to include a strong focus on nursing informatics. This paper summarizes the integration of theoretical content and practice exercises into a pre-course workshop and four-course sequence. A focal point of this effort has been the "Healthy People 2000 Nursing Informatics Project," in which students develop an automated community-assessment tool and database related to the Year 2000 objectives. The use of this database and related national, state, and local databases to document community needs is emphasized. Students also evaluate nursing information systems and use information technologies to design and evaluate community health grant proposals. Curriculum development, evaluation, and modification are detailed in relation to student learning needs, faculty preparation, and equipment and consultation requirements.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1999

[A review of methodology on community health nursing diagnosis].

PURPOSE: To develop a systematic method and model for community health nursing diagnosis to be used in teaching and in community practices. METHOD: From searching the databases of Medline (from Jan. 1966 to May 1997) and the Japana Centra Revuo Medicina (from Jan. 1987 to Jan. 1997), literature on community diagnosis, community health nursing, diagnosis, assessment and analysis were classified into keywords, purposes, subjects, health problems and methods. RESULTS: 1. As an explanation of the process of nursing diagnosis the community-as-partner model (Anderson and McFarlane; 1995) is useful for understanding the target community and the use of the community health nursing diagnosis process. 2. The methodology of the community health nursing diagnosis is based on three strategies of public health diagnosis. The method of interview surveys was strengthened by incorporating the ethnographic method. 3. Several case studies in the partnership between communities and universities in USA were introduced. CONCLUSION: Changes in community health policy require that public health nurses develop specialized and comprehensive practices in their communities. The authors presented the model of the community health nursing diagnosis process and proposed a partnership between communities and universities. The construction of community health nursing diagnosis process in this paper is based on the public health diagnosis framework consisting of three strategies, to which analysis of existing data, a social survey utilized in epidemiological community diagnosis, and free interviewing from ethnographic methods are incorporated. Developing this systematic diagnosis process of facilitates the search for potential or actual community health problems or concerns, the practice of applying data from surveys and the discussion of concrete strategies toward problem solving. It is useful for educational and research processes and in practice in the community.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1991

Differences in technology among subspecialties in community health nursing.

Interest in differentiating community health nursing from home health nursing has focused on theoretical models, concepts, and examinations of the historical origins and evolution of the roles. Although not usually included in the recent differentiation efforts, school and occupational health nursing traditionally have been considered important subspecialties of community health nursing. Utilizing an approach to technology developed by organizational researchers and focusing not on hardware and equipment, but on the characteristics of the raw materials and techniques employed, this study examined the differences among public health/community health, home health, school health, and occupational health on the three technological dimensions of uncertainty, instability, and variability. Survey data from nurses in the four areas (N = 40) were utilized. Results indicated that home health nursing differed significantly from the other groups on the dimensions of uncertainty and instability.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Community Health Nursing Outcomes Inventory.

The Community Health Nursing Outcomes Inventory (CHNOI) is a 48-item assessment instrument that measures client and nurse outcomes in community settings. The objective of this study was to test the psychometric properties and feasibility of the CHNOI. Results suggest that the CHNOI is an instrument that efficiently measures outcomes sensitive to nursing care in health services research. Managers and researchers may find this instrument useful to assess a community health program's effectiveness.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed2004

Community nursing: health professional and public perceptions.

BACKGROUND: Almost 10 years ago senior United Kingdom nurses met at Heathrow Airport to discuss the challenges and opportunities facing nursing. One aspect of this 'Heathrow Debate' was to encourage nurses to work closer with members of the public. The resulting report stated that nurses have not been effective in working outside their professional area and, in particular, they have not been adept at working in partnership with the public. AIM: The aim of this paper is to report a study to obtain the views of general practitioners (GPs), community nurses and members of the public on how the public perceive community nursing. A further aim was to explore the perceptions of senior health care managers and policymakers about public involvement in primary care. METHODS: A two-stage Delphi investigation was undertaken with community nurses (n = 38), GPs (n = 14) and members of the public (n = 8). In addition, one-to-one interviews were carried out with 34 senior health service managers and policymakers. FINDINGS: There was agreement on the following issues: community nurses must work more closely with members of the public; there is a lack of public understanding on the roles of community nurses and specialist nurses; there is public support for nurse prescribing; there is a preference for seeing the community nurse as opposed to the GP; and people prefer one nurse to care for them rather than a variety of nurses. Comments from managers and senior policymakers showed agreement on the public being involved in primary care, but an acknowledgement that this was problematic. A number of recommendations are outlined.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adaptation of the nursing audit to community health nursing.

A selected literature review has revealed some of the ways in which the audit can be adapted to effectively evaluate the quality of care provided by community health professionals. Although a complex issue, the strengths of the audit can outweigh its limitations when a shared philosophy is adhered to and a review of the quality monitoring process occurs on a regular basis. But its success depends both on the approach and on the action taken. One requirement for an effective audit is a strong commitment of staff to reflect accurately nursing practice in nursing documentation. As the audit is neither inclusive nor exclusive, it should be used in conjunction with other quality assurance mechanisms, and in collaboration with other disciplines. Commitment at all levels--consumer, provider, administrator--is essential for success. There is no doubt that the variety of nursing audit instruments and techniques in existence have served to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of community health nursing audit programs as well as contributing to community health nursing quality assurance. However, the audit clearly remains a challenging issue, requiring further research to establish the reliability and validity of current audit measures and to develop innovative approaches to future community-based audits.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Student-client relationships in a community health nursing clinical setting.

Community-campus partnerships enrich community health nursing curricula in schools of nursing throughout the United States and elsewhere. The York College of Pennsylvania Department of Nursing entered into a collaborative relationship with the local housing authority to provide the nursing component for a nurse-managed Wellness Center that provides a clinical learning site for students in the senior-level community health nursing course. Students work with clients over a seven-week period. Findings after one year indicate that experience in this clinical setting enables students to apply the theoretical concepts of the community health nursing course and learn about the development of the nurse-client relationship.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1990

Clinical competencies for community health nursing.

Cost-containment strategies initiated in the early 1980s caused a major shift in site of care delivery for persons needing nursing care. Where once the majority of clients were cared for in the acute-care setting until they were self-sufficient, now most are discharged to the home environment still requiring acute-care nursing interventions as well as community health nursing skills. This rapid shift in practice sites has placed severe strain on community health nursing agencies. Not only are more nurses required to fill the increased demand for services, but the demand comes at a time when we are experiencing a severe nursing shortage. This has forced many agencies to hire acute care nurses who have little or no community health nursing experience. These nurses come to community health nursing expecting to use the same set of skills and knowledge base used in their acute-care practice; however, the skill levels and concepts required for community health nursing are quite different from the acute care setting. Educational preparation has not kept pace with this shift in practice. Consequently, many nurses are not adequately prepared to enter community health nursing. Preparation must include theoretical and experiential components that focus on assessment skills (of the community and individual), decision making, case management, health systems management, teaching, and leadership. Collaborative efforts between community health organizations and educational institutions would seem to be one solution that would ensure adequately prepared nurses for community health nursing. The establishment and maintenance of strong staff-development programs within community health nursing agencies are also required.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1996

Educational issues in preparing community health nurses to use nursing diagnosis with population groups.

Recently there has been increased interest in the use of nursing diagnosis by community health nurses who work with population groups in community settings. The purpose of this article is to discuss educational issues important in the preparation of undergraduate students and practising community health nurses in the use of nursing diagnosis with population groups. The educational issues discussed emerged from the findings of a preliminary survey of undergraduate students and community health nurses and were related to: differences in the learning requirements of novice and expert practitioners; common errors in the use of nursing diagnosis; and the perceived benefits and barriers in using nursing diagnosis. There is a need to develop an educational strategy to address these concerns for both undergraduate students and community health nurses.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Revisiting the concepts of community care and community health nursing.

As care moves away from hospital settings, continual re-evaluation of community nursing and health care is essential for the wellbeing of patients. With the approach of the year 2000, Jean Clarke examines World Health Organization objectives, particularly in light of the Health for All (1998) policy.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1994

Breast cancer prevention education at a shopping center in Israel: a student nurse community health project.

Community health nursing at the baccalaureate level emphasizes health prevention education. With this focus in view, fourth-year students at a nursing school in Israel were required to organize, present, and evaluate a health fair. One of the subjects presented was breast cancer prevention and early detection. To implement their project, students employed health marketing, educational, and communicational skills. The breast cancer booth, located at a shopping center, served 200 women and 7 men with information on prevention and early detection over a period of about 3 hr. The health fair design, execution, and evaluation successfully met the course goals. In addition, a large public was reached, much interest was displayed, and positive feedback was received.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The community health nursing implications of the self-reported health status of a local homeless population.

This study explored the personal characteristics and the health and health-related concerns reported by members of the local homeless population in order to design population-specific health programming. The study also examined whether there were significant differences between homeless who are shelter residents and those who are not. An exploratory descriptive design was used to analyze retrospective data collected by a local County Health Department in interviews of 132 homeless adults. The demographic characteristics found reflect many common patterns: marked over-representation of males, mean age in the mid-thirties, education levels comparable to similar socio-economic groups, high unemployment rates, and low health insurance rates. One third of the sample reported self-assessed health statuses of fair or poor. The most frequently identified physical health issue was joint problems, followed by cardiovascular disease. Depression was mentioned most frequently as a self-identified mental health problem. Loneliness was the number one fear identified. Chi Square analysis showed that homeless who did not stay in shelters were significantly longer term residents (p < 0.0001) of the community and reported fear of loneliness significantly more frequently (p < 0.01). This study identifies health concerns that local homeless people themselves find important and provides direction for development of sound population-specific health programming.

Adolescent↗