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[On the nosological position of the obsessional-compulsive depressions (author's transl)].

After the introduction of the term "Zwangsvorstellungen" (compulsive ideas) into german psychiatry in 1867, there were intensive psychopathological discussions concerning the role of the affective component of this disturbance. The conviction that an affective causation of compulsion has to be repudiated, that a primary compulsive idea is just followed by a secondary affect, contrasted with the belief that alterations of mood are a prerequisite of compulsive symptoms. The latter hypothesis led to the identification of a typical course of illness in the compulsive depressions. After a short review of Lauter's casuistry, some of our own cases are presented. A differentiation between two types of compulsive depression seems to fulfill the requirements of the clinic. The distinguishing criterion is the pattern of the premorbid personality. To the widespread therapeutic pessimism we oppose various psychotherapeutic techniques for the treatment of non-psychotic compulsive phenomenal; for the manifestations occurring in the course of psychotic illnesses, the appropriate psychotropic drugs will be used in the first place, although they are of limited importance in these types of illness which oppose serious difficulties to all methods of treatment.

Adult↗

[Selfinduced gingival mutilations--a diagnostic and therapeutic problem].

A case of factitial gingival traumatism and trichotillomania in a hysteric 28-year-old female patient is reported. During a period of 31 months the patient presented with gingival necrosis which involved the lingual aspects of all four quadrants respectively. A wide range of diagnostical aids failed to enlighten the nature of the lesions until the patient developed an alopecia capitis which was typical for hysteric trichotillomania. The diagnostical and therapeutical aspects of selfmutilation in hysteria are discussed.

Adult↗

Double-blind controlled study in phobias and obsessions.

A double-blind between-patient study is described which was aimed at assessing the efficacy and tolerability of clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmacetuicals) in clinically depressed patients with obsessive-compulsive and phobic psychopathological traits. Twenty patients of either sex aged between 18 and 65 years were randomly allocated to treatment with clomipramine (50 mg twice daily) or to treatment with an identical placebo. Patients were assessed at the commencement of the study and at two-weekly intervals over the six-week duration of the trial. By the methods of assessment used, clomipramine proved to be highly statistically significantly superior to placebo.

Adult↗

[Treatment of a case of chronic obsessive troubles through combined behavioral therapy (author's transl)].

Behavior therapy of a young man, suffering from grave obsessive and compulsive troubles is the first example of combined therapy, with individual therapy, family therapy as group therapy. Two steps are find in the cure. There are benefits--trust and hope--due to psychiatric hospitalization and generous and constant affection of the sponse. The sponse was the key of reciprocal inhibition necessary to the control of anxieties due to the treatment. The aim reached was the control of obsessions and compulsions lasting for more than sixteen years.

Adult↗

The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL)--factors derived from the HSCL-90.

A factor analysis of the 90-item version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, performed on the pretreatment self-ratings of nonpsychotic outpatients with symptoms of depression and anxiety, revealed the presence of 8 clinically meaningful factors. These eight orthogonal factors each contained at least 5 items with loadings above 0.40 and explained 4.5% or more of the matrix variance. They were labeled Somatization, Phobic-Anxiety, Retarded Depression, Agitated Depression, Obsessive-Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Anger-Hostility and Psychoticism.

Adolescent↗

On the psychology of the aging woman. Depression in late mid-life: change or repetition? Another chance for working through.

A woman of 58 came for psychotherapy for the first time suffering from a depressive reaction precipitated by two mid-life events: the marriage of her daughter and the realization that her own cherished marital dream would never be fulfilled. She had postponed coming to terms with the disappointments of her marriage as long as she had had other objects. When these objects were lost, and the distance she had maintained to handle her feelings was threatened, she sought help. There was suggestive evidence that a collusive marital system had sustained an unsatisfactory relationship for 35 years. Her husband was described as an obsessive-compulsive character. His traits were both needed, feared, and resented by the patient, representing the rejected part of herself and aspects of her hated grandmother. Mrs. A. had character traits and a developmental history which supported a diagnosis of primitive hysterical personality. (This type has been described by Zetzel (1968) as "the so-called good hysteric.") The paucity of object relationships in her life, her poor work habits, her inability to tolerate affects were striking. The patient had identified with a pathological mother in a family dominated by rejecting and depreciating attitudes. The patient's use of the defense mechanisms of splitting, projection, and withdrawal as ways of dealing with ambivalence significantly interfered with her self-object differentiation and her capacity for intense emotional or physical intimacy. She could only love men whom she rescued or protected, a pattern consistent with the fact that she could not relate to equals or superiors. Yet she was unable to draw on a good identification with a nuturing mother, so as to really be able to give. There was too much hurt and uncontrolled anger when she was in the superior position with the kind of man who could not meet her dependency needs. Feeling unprotected, she had married a "strong" man, who she expected would meet her narcissistic and dependency demands. He was inhibited and controlled and could neither need nor be needed by her during his active work life. This led to immediate disappointment of her conflicting conscious and unconscious expectations. She wanted him to be strong and ideal, yet to need her and never oppose her. Hence, there was a failure to establish a mature or satisfying marital relationship. She turned to her children for comfort, particularly her daughter, becoming depressed when her daughter married. She found gratification by staying busy tutoring and teaching underprivileged children. In the course of treatment her depressive symptoms disappeared. She felt hopeful, capable of being believed in, and able to cope as a result of the therapist's functioning as her uncritical ally. After she resumed living with her husband she began to acknowledge an ambivalence toward her cherished, confidante daughter and in some ways reversed her previous splitting of husband and daughter. The mean husband became a kindly saint and the darling daughter became a critical, spiteful queen...

Adaptation, Psychological↗