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PubMed1992

What is the proper integration of optometry and ophthalmology?

The delivery of health care services in America today utilizes a variety of approaches based on many economic, political and social factors. The current health care system is coming under significant review and criticism. Many options are being considered and recommended. This paper addresses possible changes in the delivery of eye care, specifically the relationship between the professions of optometry and ophthalmology, that may be needed in the future.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1992

The pros and cons of developing additional schools and colleges of optometry.

There are no manpower studies to give hard statistics of the number of practitioners needed now and in the future. We will still be increasing the number of optometrists in the country by maintaining the same course we are on now, and show no need for any new optometric schools or colleges. Yet, the present schools and colleges of optometry may need to expand or contract their entering class size as educational reform changes optometric education.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1992

Attitudes about women in optometry.

A survey was conducted to examine attitudes that affect women in optometry. Most respondents felt that women have greater difficulty than men entering private practice. On the other hand, the majority felt that female optometrists do not find it more difficult to be employed by other ODs, MDs, or to work in corporate settings, HMOs/health institutions, or academic settings. Examining the results of the survey can help establish programs of professional development that will enable women to practice in the environments that they find most suitable. In addition, an open and honest discussion of these issues can raise the sensitivity of the optometric community to these issues.

Attitude↗
PubMed1992

How can optometry become more effective in recruiting and retaining appropriate numbers of underrepresented and disadvantaged students.

The proportion of minority students in optometry schools remains very small compared to that in the general population. The numbers in the general population are rising and the gap could widen if serious recruitment programs are not implemented. The most effective methods of expanding the applicant pool and recruiting students involve personal contact with people in the profession. Admissions processes must be carefully analyzed to eliminate systematic bias. Retention programs should be in place and can also be used to benefit all students. Financial aid programs must be expanded to accommodate a higher proportion of students from lower socio-economic backgrounds.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Geriatric optometry questionnaire.

A national survey of American Optometric Association Low Vision Section members was conducted by the newly formed Geriatrics and Low Vision Committee during the fall of 1989. The "Geriatric Optometry Questionnaire" was designed to establish a greater understanding of the nature of comprehensive professional services for the unique needs of visually impaired older persons. Of the 481 surveys mailed, 289 were returned for a response rate of 60 percent. Seventy-eight percent of the respondents had completed their formal optometric education after 1970. Results indicated that geriatric optometric care is predominantly delivered in private practices and in low vision agencies. Approximately 69 percent of the patients are above the age of 65, with the majority of those being under 85. Although the average initial low vision appointment lasts 60-90 minutes, this generally represents the low vision examination and evaluation of low vision devices only. Complete ocular health assessments combined with low vision evaluations are provided by only 33.5 percent. While 80 percent of the optometrists responding take psychosocial histories, only 60 percent routinely refer patients for social services and rehabilitative training. Similarly, 57 percent of those responding referred patients for independent daily living skills instruction and only 53 percent for orientation and mobility training. These data suggest that optometrists have not yet completely incorporated the multidisciplinary approach to geriatric health care and that continuing education in this area is needed.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

State boards of optometry requirements of CPR certification for optometric licensure.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) certification requirements for optometric licensure were obtained from 49 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. It was found that 17 percent of the states required CPR certification for optometric licensure while 11 percent required certification to maintain licensure. For initial Diagnostic Pharmaceutical Agents (DPA) licensing 44 percent of the boards required CPR certification while less than 25 percent required maintaining that certification to sustain DPA licensure. Of those states having Therapeutic Pharmaceutical Agents (TPA) legislation, 36 percent required CPR certification for initial licensure but only 8 percent of them required maintenance of certification for license renewal. Optometry can take the lead in health care by requiring CPR certification for all forms of licensure and license renewal.

Certification↗
PubMed1990

Optometry's role in reading disabilities: resolving the controversy.

Optometry's involvement in the management of reading disabilities is often misunderstood. This paper clarifies the confusion surrounding specific reading disabilities and optometric vision therapy in the management of them. Topics include a historical review of dyslexia, theories of brain function, and a neuroanatomical model, as well as operational definitions and behavioral characteristics of the types of dyslexia. Methods for direct diagnosis of coding deficits in specific reading disability (dyslexia) are discussed. This approach explains the beneficial role of optometric vision therapy in the management of patients with reading problems.

Dyslexia↗
PubMed1990

Legislation, litigation, health policy and optometry.

Significant changes in health policy have occurred during the past 25 years. Directed primarily by congressional legislation and judicial opinion, many of these changes have resulted from efforts to control costs, improve quality and increase access. Optometric parity, reimbursement reform, freedom of choice, mandated benefits, commercial speech, self-insurance, competition and peer review are some of the issues that surround many of the more recent attempts at change in the health care market. Optometry has been and will continue to be affected by changes in health policy, especially with regard to issues of cost, quality and access.

Cost Control↗
PubMed1990

Practice profile of University of Missouri-St. Louis optometry graduates.

The results of a survey of the University of Missouri-St. Louis School of Optometry graduates are presented. The practice mode selected and relocation throughout the country is examined for the school's first four graduating classes. Approximately two-thirds of the graduates remained in the state with more than half in proximity of the school. Of these, one-third to one-half maintain "commercial" affiliations.

Demography↗
PubMed1989

Optometry or ophthalmology? A historical review of early literature.

In scientific literature dating back to the days of Leonardo da Vinci and earlier, all works and discoveries--be they in eye care, eyewear, ocular anatomy or surgery--are reported from a medical viewpoint as "contributions" to the development of ophthalmology. This paper reviews some of the early literature, points out those events that lay the foundation for the profession of optometry, and encourages optometrists to preserve their profession's heritage through research and writing from an optometric point of view.

Europe↗
PubMed1988

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: implications for optometry and the public health.

Recognized in 1981, acquired immune deficiency syndrome or AIDS has become a worldwide epidemic. HIV virus is believed to be the causative agent and acts primarily upon T-helper lymphocytes and nerve tissue, damaging the body's immune system. Ocular and systemic opportunistic infections result. Transmission is primarily by intimate contact with infected blood or semen. The virus has been found in eye tissues and raises questions about safety during eye care delivery, as well as optometry's role as a primary eye care profession.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Training programs in geriatric optometry.

Current training programs in geriatric optometry are not uniform among the educational institutions. This paper discusses the importance of such programs, and offers strong recommendations for their future.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

The geriatric evaluation unit: optometry's role.

The geriatric evaluation unit (GEU), or geriatric assessment unit (GAU), is an increasingly popular component of the health care system. Interdisciplinary assessment and management by GEU teams is an effective way to lower the cost of long-term care for frail elderly hospital patients. Optometry can play a very important role on the GEU team because of the importance of vision assessment and care for the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

The chromatic aberration adjustment in laser optometry.

The issues involved in designing chromatic aberration corrections in laser optometry are reviewed. There is considerable disagreement regarding both the magnitude of human eye chromatic aberration and the value that should be assumed for the reference wavelength. Also important are the observer's accommodative state, target luminance wavelength, laser wavelength, intersubject dioptric variations, and several other factors. The appropriate solution for most experiments appears to be to report no chromatic aberration adjustment at all; rather, the investigator should provide basic technical information from which interested readers can make their own corrections, depending on the assumptions of importance to them.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1987

The Skeffington-Alexander National Optometry Education Learning Center.

This article presents a review of the Skeffington-Alexander National Optometry Education Learning Center (s.a. NOEL Center) program. It presents the general philosophy behind the center's activities and further describes its clinical, educational and research activities.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1979

The United States Food and Drug Administration and the practice of optometry.

In the past decade the United States Food and Drug Administration has become increasingly involved with the regulation of materials used in the practice of optometry. It is the purpose of this paper to help the practitioner understand the FDA involvement, historically and legally, organization, how one can have input into the process, the procedures for testing and approving new drugs and devices, their regulation and the advantages and disadvantages of such control.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1987

Professionalism and ethical practice in optometry.

Today there are groups of people who would deprofessionalize optometry by creating conditions which can infringe upon professional decision making and replace it with marketplace decisions based upon cost-effectiveness and products. Traditional definitions of professionalism include words and phrases such as: ethical standards, human concern, patients, public, society, colleagues, compassion, and devotion to service. These are not words traditionally associated with the business marketplace. This paper addresses the conduct which is expected from one who wishes to be judged a professional.

Ethics, Medical↗