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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Six medical papyri describe the effects of Santorini's volcanic ash, and provide Egyptian parallels to the so-called biblical plagues.

Six medical papyri document how Santorini's volcanic ash from the Bronze Age biphasic eruption, otherwise attested by material retrieved at the bottom of lakes at the edge of the Nile Delta, severely affected the health of the inhabitants of Egypt as well as their society as a whole. Treatments for burns caused by particulate and dissolved acids are documented in the London Medical Papyrus as well as in the Ebers Papyrus, and are compatible with ash fallout and ash in rain, respectively. Furthermore, both instances of ash correlate to the first eight biblical plagues. Moreover, the latter text also presents a series of ailments coherent with serious inhalation of toxic substances in aerosol form. This scenario is confirmed by the Hearst Medical Papyrus, the Carlsberg Papyrus 8, and the Ramesseum Papyrus III, and fits a volcanic plume, which is also coherent with the ninth biblical plague of palpable obscurity as well as Santorini's second phase of its Bronze Age eruption. Finally, a sixth contemporary medical text, the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, a manual to practice on wounded soldiers, supplies an insight into the collapse of the sociopolitical system of the time. The text appears to provide an insight into the sociopolitical climate in the aftermath of the Santorini eruption, possibly describing conditions that would have led to the tenth and final biblical plague of the massacre of firstborn as well as the escape of slaves from local labor camps.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Distribution and retention of faecal coliforms in the Nakivubo wetland in Kampala, Uganda.

Nakivubo wetland, which has been receiving wastewater from the capital of Uganda for more than 40 years is a tropical wetland dominated by Cyperus papyrus and Miscanthidium violaceum. Field, pilot and laboratory studies were carried out to assess the distribution of faecal coliforms and factors responsible for their retention in different compartments of the two macrophytes in the wetland. There were higher coliform numbers in the free water column below the mat of zones dominated by Miscanthidium (11.1 +/- 0.6 x 10(5) MPN/100 ml) compared to those dominated by papyrus (8.9 +/- 3.1 x 10(4) MPN/100 ml). The thick (1.3 m) and compact mat of Miscanthidium restricts vertical transport of wastewater into the mat, resulting in flow-through of wastewater under the mat. The papyrus mat is loose, open and thin (0.5 m) and allows easy vertical penetration of wastewater into the mat. The unrestricted interaction between the wastewater in the water column and that in the mat of papyrus in addition to plant debris and detritus continuously sedimenting out of the mat to the wetland bottom are responsible for the retention of coliforms in the papyrus dominated zones. Attachment, sedimentation and natural die-off were found to be important mechanisms responsible for the retention of coliforms in the Nakivubo wetland.

Enterobacteriaceae↗
PubMed2006

Ancient Egyptian medicine and the concept of heart failure.

BACKGROUND: The cardiac glosses of the Ebers papyrus comprise the concepts and notions of the Egyptian physicians about the heart and its diseases. We sought to analyze some of the cardiac glosses of the Ebers papyrus, focusing on those which may describe early concepts of the syndrome of heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Review of Joachim's German translation and both Bryan's and Ghalioungui's English translations of the Ebers papyrus. One clinical scenario describes patients with "weakness of the heart" or "cardiac dysfunction:" "His heart is bored," "The heart weakens," "This means that the heart does not speak or that the vessels of the heart are dumb. Its information under your hands normally appears because of the air with which they are filled is missing...." Debility that has arisen in the heart." The other clinical scenario supplies information about patients with heart failure and "fluid retention" or "congestion": "His heart is flooded. This is the liquid of the mouth. His body parts are all together weak"..."His heart is over flooded...." CONCLUSION: Whether or not Egyptian medicine and the contents of the papyri paved the way for future knowledge, the clinical scenarios included in the Ebers papyrus may represent one of the earliest documented observations of the syndrome of heart failure.

Cardiac Output, Low↗
PubMed1993

Managing a personal reference list by computer.

Either of these programs will accomplish the task of storing and organizing a personal bibliography. Reference Manager is more widely used, but more costly. Although it contains more input formats than Papyrus, most of the common formats used in medicine are supported by both programs. Importing is the best way to establish a personal database with many references, since it avoids manually typing the data. The import interface in Reference Manager is simpler to use at first, and faster than Papyrus's, but either program accomplishes the task with relative ease. The authors of Papyrus are receptive to updating import formats and adding new formats to their libraries as requested by users. Why not use MEDLINE alone instead of downloading and maintaining a personal reference list? These programs are more useful than MEDLINE in their output formatting capabilities. The most useful output feature is the generation of bibliographies for manuscripts, and both programs accomplish this task nicely. Papyrus includes fewer specific journal formats than Reference Manager, but both programs permit the user to add detailed output specifications to their personal journal lists.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The earliest medical texts.

The first civilization known to have had an extensive study of medicine and to leave written records of its practices and procedures was that of ancient Egypt. The oldest extant Egyptian medical texts are six papyri from the period between 2000 B.C. and 1500 B.C.: the Kahun Medical Papyrus, the Ramesseum IV and Ramesseum V Papyri, the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, The Ebers Medical Papyrus and the Hearst Medical Papyrus. These texts, most of them based on older texts dating possibly from 3000 B.C., are comparatively free of the magician's approach to treating illness. Egyptian medicine influenced the medicine of neighboring cultures, including the culture of ancient Greece. From Greece, its influence spread onward, thereby affecting Western civilization significantly.

Books↗
PubMed2004

Larval damselflies in extreme environments: behavioral and physiological response to hypoxic stress.

The extensive papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) swamps of East and Central Africa form a habitat of great ecological importance due to their extent, the extreme and chronic hypoxia of the interior swamp, and the unique assemblages of water-breathing insects that characterize these communities, including zygopteran (damselfly) larvae. The major goal of this study was to quantify physiological and behavioral responses of gilled and gill-less damselfly larvae of a papyrus swamp specialist, Proischnura subfurcatum, to low-oxygen conditions. Gill autotomization was common in P. subfurcatum of the Rwembaita Swamp in Kibale National Park, Uganda, with one to three gills missing from 56% of the specimens surveyed. We examined behavioral (ventilation activity and vertical migration) and physiological (metabolic rate) response to hypoxia in gilled and gill-less P. subfurcatum. Behavioral response to progressive hypoxia indicated that gill-less individuals rely more on use of wing sheaths (lifting and spreading) than gilled P. subfurcatum larvae. However, both morphs migrated to the surface to gain contact with atmospheric air under extreme hypoxia. On average, the rate of oxygen consumption of gill-less individuals was 51% lower than that of gilled individuals. This observed metabolic depression in gill-less P. subfurcatum may be attributed to the loss of major respiratory appendages. However, the apparent ability of both gilled and gill-less individuals to maintain their metabolic rates to a similar critical tension suggests other mechanisms may compensate for loss of gills, though not enough to mediate metabolic depression.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Computer-assisted ENT medical literature search and literature management--a report of experiences].

The increasing number of medical articles calls for a computer-aided system for literature database programs, literature retrieval and bibliography systems. We report an assessment of a dedicated modem line to DIMDI of Cologne (an institute offering a variety of biomedical, psychological and other literature databases), Medline on Silverplatter, Current Contents on disk and the Papyrus bibliography system. The databases with retrieval software are installed on a IBM-compatible PC (386 with an 80MB hard disc) and 4 CD-ROM players. Medline contains bibliographic citations and abstracts of biomedical literature; Current Contents on disk with its weekly update provides citations of articles published very recently; and the Papyrus bibliography system maintains a permanent collection of reference citations. When linked to a word processor, Papyrus can automatically read the manuscript, create a bibliography and produce a new copy of the manuscript in which the citations have been appropriately edited, and the references can be printed in any desired format. Although not without drawbacks, the configuration described here proved to be a valuable, time-saving tool to access citations precisely.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2006

Carbon and oxygen isotope working standards from C3 and C4 photosynthates.

A preparation of organic working standards for the online measurement of 13C/12C and 18O/16O ratios in biological material is presented. The organic working standards are simple and inexpensive C3 and C4 carbohydrates (sugars or cellulose) from distinct geographic origin, including white sugar, toilet and XEROX papers from Switzerland, maize from Ivory Coast, cane sugar from Brazil, papyrus from Egypt, and the core of the stem of a Cyperus papyrus plant from Kenya. These photosynthetic products were compared with International Atomic Energy standards CH-3 and CH-6 and other calibration materials. The presented working standards cover a 15% range of 13C/12C ratios and 9% for 18O/16O, with a precision<+/-0.2% for n>10.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1979

Transport of divalent cations: cation exchange capacity of intact xylem vessels.

The cation exchange capacity of the intact xylem vessels in cut shoots of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus spec.) has been determined. The cation exchange capacity is independent of the cation concentration in the transpiration stream, and is equal for Ca and Co. The high value of the cation exchange capacity (0.6 to 1 x 10(-7) equivalents per square centimeter vessel wall surface) leads to the hypothesis that the porous structure of the vessel wall, and not only the inner vessel wall surface, acts as a cation exchanger.Differences between anion ([(32)P]phosphate, [(45)Ca]EDTA(2-), [(115)Cd(m)]-EDTA(2-)), and cation ([(45)Ca](2+), [(115)Cd(m)](2+)) movement are explained in terms of transport with the transpiration flux or by exchange reactions. The competition between exchange sites and natural or synthetic ligands for the divalent cations is discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

[Ancient Egyptian Odontology].

In ancient Egypt during the reign of Pharaoh Djoser, circa 2650 BC, the Step Pyramid was constructed by Imhotep. He was later worshiped as the God of Medicine. One of his contemporaries was the powerful writer Hesy who is reproduced on a panel showing a rebus of a swallow, a tusk and an arrow. He is therefore looked upon as being the first depicted odontologist. The art of writing begun in Egypt in about 3100 BC and the medical texts we know from different papyri were copied with hieratic signs around 1900-1100 BC. One of the most famous is the Papyrus Ebers. It was purchased by professor Ebers on a research travel to Luxor in 1873. Two years later a beautiful facsimile in color was published and the best translation came in 1958 in German. The text includes 870 remedies and some of them are related to teeth and oral troubles like pain in the mouth, gingivitis, periodontitis and cavities in the teeth. The most common oral pain was probably pulpitis caused by extreme attrition due to the high consumption of bread contaminated with soil and/or quern minerals. Another text is the Papyrus Edwin Smith with four surgical cases of dental interest. The "toothworms" that were presumed to bring about decayed teeth have not been identified in the medical texts. It was not until 1889 W.D. Miller presented a scientific explanation that cavities were caused by bacteria. In spite of extensive research only a few evidence of prosthetic and invasive treatments have been found and these dental artifacts have probably been made post mortem. Some of the 150 identified doctors were associated with treatments of disorders of the mouth. The stele of Seneb from Sa'is during the 26th dynasty of Psamtik, 664-525 BC, shows a young man who probably was a dental healer well known to Pharaoh and his court. Clement of Alexandria mentions circa 200 AD that the written knowledge of the old Egyptians was gathered in 42 collections of papyri. Number 37-42 contained the medical writings. The household remedies in ancient Egypt were unique and future research will most likely give us new answers about pathology and health care of that time and a better understanding of old medical concepts.

Dentistry↗