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PubMed1998

Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in urinary bladder cancer metastases.

Bladder cancers frequently exhibit an increased number of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) in comparison to normal urothelium. The EGFR could potentially be a target for toxic conjugates. The aim of our study was to compare the expression of EGFR in metastases with concurrent or primary tumour in the urinary bladder using immunohistochemical techniques and a monoclonal antibody. Tumour material from 20 patients was investigated. The majority (13/20) of the metastases were homogeneously stained and showed a moderate to strong membranous staining for EGFR. The expression of EGFR in primary bladder tumours and metastases was similar. There was no indication that tumour tissue exposed to chemotherapy or radiation had a decreased number of EGFR. Targeting of the EGFR thus seems potentially applicable to metastatic disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Current status of lymphography in patients with cancer.

In the early 1960's lymphography was received enthusiastically. Expectations were high that a very accurate diagnostic method for the detection of metastases had been found. This enthusiasm subsided after it became apparent that small lesions could not be discerned and that the images demonstrated were frequently nonspecific. Better correlation was achieved with advanced stages of cancer but because the presence of metastases was usually already known, it was questionable if the lymphogram contributed much to the management of the patient. In recent years, after the examination was placed in its proper prospective, the value and status of lymphography in patients with cancer were reassessed. The radiographic findings were divided into direct, or actual demonstration of metastastases, and indirect changes--those changes resulting from replacement of lymph nodes or blockage of the vessels by metastases. Lymphography proved particularly valuable in the diagnosis and staging of patients with pelvic cancer arising from such organs as cervix, uterus, vulva, ovary, and from tumors arising from the prostate, testicles, and penis. It also proved valuable in the assessment of extension of disease in melanomas of the extremities. The value of the positive lymphogram is easy to assess. However, when one encounters a "normal" lymphogram, one must realize that this does not exclude the presence of metastatic disease; it merely demonstrates that the the time of the study no lesions were recognized in visualized lymph nodes. Therefore, the negative lymphogram should not result in any modification of treatment which would have been prescribed under the same clinical circumstances if one did not have the lymphogram at hand.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Laser microsurgery in oncology: indications, techniques, and results of 5-year experience.

Multidisciplinary collaboration has enabled us to use the CO2 laser in many different surgical fields. The 5-year experience at the National Tumor Institute of Milan is reviewed for the evaluation of short- and medium-term results of 321 laser surgical operations of the lower genital tract, 475 cases of lesions of the larynx and oral cavity, and 246 cases of skin lesions. A unified approach was used as regards safety measures, preoperative evaluation, and rules of application of laser instruments. The reliability of the surgical procedures, the proper selection of the cases, and the low rate of postoperative complications allowed outpatient treatment in 76% of the cases, thus reducing the hospitalization costs. The use of the microscope for laser resections under magnification was recognized to be preferable in routine surgical oncology practice. Short- and medium-term clinical results with laser microsurgery were comparable to those with conventional surgery, especially when precise and conservative removal of periorificial lesions was required.

Equipment Safety↗
PubMed1986

The use of laser in microsurgical oncology.

CO2 laser resection by freehand or microscopic technique versus laser vaporization were compared in a series of 136 consecutive surgical operations. Forty-nine lesions of the vulva, 61 of the oral cavity, and 19 of the penis were classified as dysplastic, in situ, or initially invasive lesions, ranging from 0.9 to 4.5 cm of maximum extension in width and from 0.4 to 4 mm in thickness (exophytic lesions). Twenty-two lesions were vaporized, whereas 114 were resected. An average of 12% discordance was found between pre- and postoperative histologic diagnosis among the resected group, thus indicating that the laser vaporization procedure is unsuitable for those lesions because it does not offer the entire surgical specimen. More constant depth of tissue removal, reduction of operating time, and safer use were also recognized as further advantages of the excisional technique. Resection under microscopic magnification (6 to 40 X) with the aid of the micromanipulation of the beam was used in 91 of the 114 resected lesions. This led to the optimal intraoperative resolution of the lesion borders, minimized the tissue burning effects because of the direction of the incision orthogonal to the tissue surface, and provided an 81% satisfactory histologic report of radicality, whereas the freehand-resected group reached only 40%. In conclusion, the maximum obtainable surgical precision can be achieved for the studied lesions with proper spot, focal length, and power density of the laser beam delivered through microscopic instrumentation.

Female↗
PubMed1981

Cancer epidemiology: the Indian scene.

Incidence of cancer in India is lower than in the West and the commonly affected sites are very different. Cancers of the upper alimentary and respiratory tracts (oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, and lung) contribute more than half of the cancers in men and about a quarter in women. In this category, cancers of the oral cavity are very common in some parts of the country and cancers of the pharynx, larynx and lung in others. Indigenous habits of chewing and smoking seem to be primarily responsible for the high incidence of these cancers. Cancer of the cervix uteri is a major problem in women and cancer of the penis in men is relatively common in some parts of the country. Practical measures are discussed for the prevention of these cancers common in India.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1981

Genitourinary neurofibromas: clinical significance.

We describe 2 unusual cases of genitourinary neurofibromas. In 1 case a large solitary neurofibroma developed on the glans penis and in the other case a plexiform neurofibroma of the pelvis was present in young women with von Recklinghausen's disease. Each case represents either end of the spectrum of urologic involvement by this rare tumor. The solitary neurofibroma requires only local excision but the plexiform neurofibroma, causing urinary obstruction, necessitates urinary diversion. Recurrence and malignant degeneration, while virtually unheard of in the former, are relatively common in the latter. The prognosis of each type is discussed.

Adolescent↗