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PubMed1996

Ogden's autistic-contiguous position and the role of interpretation in psychoanalytic theory building.

Ogden's proposed addition of the 'autistic-contiguous' position to the existing P-S and D positions is critically examined. It is concluded that it is not an equivalent concept to the existing positions. The case vignettes offered by Ogden as illustrations of his proposed position are analysed and doubt is thrown on the way in which interpretations may be used to elicit apparent confirmation of theoretical positions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Use of extratransference interpretation in psychoanalytic psychotherapy].

BACKGROUND: In psychoanalytic psychotherapy, the transference analysis takes the central position of the work. The work in the extratransference sphere and experience in a professional practice with extratransference interventions have not been reported much in the literature. Extratransference sphere includes less transfering relation to a psychotherapist, transference to other objects, or may refer to the external reality rather than the psychic reality or fantasy. CASE REPORT: We pointed out extratransference interventions. We demonstrated an application of a genetic interpretation and reconstruction, too, which could restore and establish the connections between the past and the present, in order to understand the influences of the current reality and the past, and helping us, further, to resolve the infantile conflicts. CONCLUSION: Interpretation of extra-transference situations takes an important part of an analytical work and it is an essential category of the interpretation. Analytic understanding should include transference and extratransference spheres, fantasy and reality, past and present. Working with neurotic patterns and character resistance needs an optimal choice of intervention in the given moment of the analytic process. Extratransference interventions are an essential cathegory of intervention, irreplaceable for its effectiveness in the analytic process.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[The individual case study as a psychoanalytic research instrument].

The attacks mounted by Grawe, Donati and Bernauer on the individual case study as an instrument of research in psychoanalytic studies has had major political repercussions, not least with regard to professional corporate identity. The author takes the opportunity of inquiring into the quality and the advantages of scientific inquiry into the individual case. She proceeds in this from a discussion of the familiar quandary posed by the fact that the necessarily idiosyncratic nature of the individual case will by definition resist generalization. The very definition of inquiry that qualifies for the term "scientific" is, however, precisely that it should be able to make statements with a claim to general validity. The line taken by Leuzinger-Bohleber is that the internal (narrative) coherence of psychoanalytic interpretations should be supplemented by an external form of coherence in such a way as to ensure that genuinely psychoanalytic interpretations and concepts do not stand at odds with accepted knowledge in other scientific disciplines. With special reference to Moser's arguments, she demonstrates that a trial-and-error research approach with an inbuilt suspicion of and resistance to orthodox tenets, professions of faith and ultimate truths is quite definitely in a position to proceed from individual cases to subsequent generalizations, from data to metaphors, concepts and finally theories susceptible of validation by further new data. By referring theoretical models back to new practical situations (the therapeutic situation, the experimental situation, computer simulation) the author feels that it is entirely possible to at least sustain, if not resolve, the tension between individual case study and scientific claims of general validity. This is entirely in line with the view of psychoanalysis as a "science between the sciences", an approach reconciling "understanding" and "explanation", hermeneutics and hardcore science.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

[Interpretation between determinism and hermeneutics. A new approach].

There are two traditional views of psychoanalytic interpretation. One takes its bearings from Freud and regards the present condition of the subject as determined by his/her real past. The objective is then to uncover the "real" history. The other may be termed hermeneutic/creative and has its origins in authors such as C.G. Jung and Paul Ricoeur. It looks upon interpretation as a process of conferring subsequent significance on a fragmentary past devoid of meaning. In an attempt to break away from this rigid dualism, the author describes interpretation in the analysis context as a method of deconstruction with the aim of creating scope for new constructions that are the work of the person undergoing analysis. In the light of this approach interpretation reveals itself as an expression of the unity of constraint (determinism) and freedom (hermeneutics).

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed1983

Empathic understanding: a review of the concept and some theoretical considerations.

A review of the psychoanalytic literature shows that empathy has always played an important part in the practice of psychoanalysis, but that as a concept it has not been well understood. This confusion and a certain mistrust of empathy that it engenders were traced to an incomplete understanding of the meaning of the term, and to the lack of an affect theory that could explain the communication involved in the empathic process. These problems were examined and suggestions for their resolution were made. A line of affective development that culminated in empathic understanding was proposed. An operational approach to empathy was described and the role of empathy as the basis for and the prelude to psychoanalytic interpretation was discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed1995

Psychological processes in psychogenic voice disorder.

Using Freud's hysterical conversion model as a basis for reviewing the psychological features in psychogenic voice disorder, this paper describes research findings which show that individuals with this condition are not usually suffering from severe psychopathology but tend to be women who are experiencing high levels of stress (commonly associated with interpersonal relationship conflicts, low self-esteem, the burden of responsibility and feelings of powerlessness), and have above-average musculoskeletal tension as well as difficulties in voicing their feelings or views. The review indicates that the psychoanalytic interpretation of psychogenic voice loss continues to have relevance. However, it is suggested that in most cases Freud's hysterical conversion model should be reformulated, reducing the core focus to unconscious conflicts, repression, denial and secondary gains, in order to emphasise the psychosocial causes and maintenance of intrapsychic conflict and physical dysfunction. It is also suggested that a reformulated psychoanalytic interpretation of psychogenic voice loss has a lot in common with a cognitive-behavioural conceptual model. A psychoanalytic approach may be valuable when focused on early trauma and repressed experiences or feelings, whereas cognitive-behavioural treatment strategies, such as stress management and assertiveness training, appear to be particularly relevant in this condition. The paper concludes by briefly considering some areas of future research.

Affect↗
PubMed1990

The velveteen rabbit. Fragment of an analysis.

This paper develops a psychoanalytic interpretation both of the popular children's story and of the process by which interpretation of the story unfolded within the writer's experience as an analysand. Questions of attachment and separation prove central to both investigations.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Some changes observed in a clinical case.

The author presents clinical material from a 36-year-old female patient with depressive and hysterical traits, whose personal history shows her psychosexual development to be at a pregenital level. It is intended to demonstrate the type of clinical interpretations that enabled a change towards an oedipal transference in order to reach a psychoanalytic approach. Some of the psychoanalytic interpretations during the treatment process are described, related to several behavioural changes and a discrete structural change.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The 'Medea fantasy'. An unconscious determinant of psychogenic sterility.

The author begins by pointing out that myths have always been powerful vehicles for the projection of ubiquitous unconscious fantasies. Having noted the importance of certain male protagonists of the Greek myths in Freud's theories, she observes that their female counterparts exert an equal fascination and suggests that the Medea myth as recounted by Euripides can be invoked to elucidate a central unconscious fantasy found to underlie the psychogenic frigidity and sterility of several of her female patients. The manifestation of this 'Medea fantasy' is illustrated by a clinical account in which a dream is analysed. The author next summarises the Medea story as told by Euripides and attempts a psychoanalytic interpretation of it. She draws attention to features of the 'unconscious truth' inherent in the myth that were shared by all the members of her group of patients. A case history then shows how the progressive understanding and working through of the Medea fantasy led to a change in the analysand's experience of femininity and enabled her to have children. It is postulated that both early infantile sexual fantasies and repressed memories of early object-relations traumas such as maternal depression combine with ubiquitous bodily fantasies to produce the unconscious Medea fantasy.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The psychoanalytic conceptualization of perinatal loss: a multidimensional model.

Much has been learned about perinatal loss over the past 20 years through clinical investigations and quantitative research. However, a review of studies over the past decade reveals that perinatal loss is increasingly being seen in the same way as a death of any other member of the family, rather than as a unique bereavement. A comprehensive understanding of perinatal loss anchored in a theoretical framework of pregnancy is lacking. This article offers a multidimensional model for examining this loss by applying four psychoanalytic interpretations of pregnancy. 1) From the perspective of pregnancy ushering in the new developmental phase of parenthood, perinatal loss becomes a developmental interference, disrupting a significant milestone as well as causing isolation from peers. 2) In light of the usual recapitulation of earlier conflicts during pregnancy as noted by drive theory, perinatal loss may lead to an intensification of intrapsychic conflicts. 3) Understanding pregnancy as the creation of a specific person in an object relations model highlights the importance of mourning after perinatal death, as well as the need to tend to associated unresolved grief from earlier losses. 4) Finally, a model of narcissism describes how pregnancy reorganizes self-esteem, thereby delineating the intense narcissistic injury and rage that often follow perinatal loss. These multiple frameworks help to explain the many repercussions of this loss as well as to account for individual differences. Research findings are selectively reviewed to support the validity of this model. Conversely, this model may productively guide future avenues for research.

Bereavement↗
PubMed1989

[Critique of social criticism in the interpretation process].

Parin discusses the objections that Rolf Vogt and Peter Passett have raised in Psyche and elsewhere against his call for the incorporation of social criticism into psychoanalytic interpretations. He sketches the development of his own thinking and demonstrates that the psychoanalytic method and a critical view of the societal conditions in which patients as well as therapists live are not incompatible as his critics unanimously alleged.

Freudian Theory↗