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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Computer modeling of three-dimensional structure of DNA-packaging RNA (pRNA) monomer, dimer, and hexamer of Phi29 DNA packaging motor.

A striking common feature in the maturation of all linear double-stranded DNA viruses is that their lengthy genome is translocated with remarkable velocity into the limited space within a preformed protein shell and packaged into near crystalline density. A DNA-translocating motor, powered by ATP hydrolysis, accomplishes this task, which would otherwise be energetically unfavorable. DNA-packaging RNA, pRNA, forms a hexameric complex to serve as a vital component of the DNA translocating motor of bacterial virus Phi29. The sequential action of six pRNA ensures continual function in the DNA translocation process. The Phi29 motor has been assembled with purified components synthesized by chemical or biotechnological approaches and is able to pump the viral DNA into the protein shell in vitro. pRNA dimers are the building blocks of the hexamer. The computer models of the three-dimensional structure of the motor was constructed based on experimental data derived from photoaffinity cross-linking by psoralen, phenphi (cis-Rh(1,10-phenanthroline)(9,10-phenan-threnequinone diimine)Cl(2)(+)), and azidophenacyl; chemical modification and chemical modification interference with dimethyl sulfate, 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide metho-p-toluene sulfonate, and kethoxal; complementary modification; and nuclease probing by single- and double-stranded specific RNases. The shapes of these computer models are very similar to the published pRNA images of cryo-atomic force microscopy. pRNA hexamer docking with the connector crystal structure reveals a very impressive match with the available biochemical, genetic, and physical data.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed1975

Patient package inserts. II. Toward a rational patient package insert.

Analysis of the response to a questionnaire on various aspects of drug information showed several significant trends. The importance of the physician as an information source varied directly with age and inversely with educational level of patients. The doctor's importance as a source of information was also greater for those who visited physicians' offices or clinics more and if they were on long-term treatment. Younger persons, those with higher levels of education, and those who were not in regular contact with a physician placed greater importance on non-physician sources. Persons consulting physicians regularly desired less information and knew less about drugs than those who did not regularly see a physician. These findings suggest that the educational role of the physician could be improved and should be directed particularly at the low-income, older patient. In the design of the package insert, particular attention should be given to self-prescribed medications where no other information sources will be operating.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

MEP (Mars Environment Package): toward a package for studying environmental conditions at the surface of Mars from future lander/rover missions.

In view to prepare Mars human exploration, it is necessary to promote and lead, at the international level, a highly interdisciplinary program, involving specialists of geochemistry, geophysics, atmospheric science, space weather, and biology. The goal of this program will be to elaborate concepts of individual instruments, then of integrated instrumental packages, able to collect exhaustive data sets of environmental parameters from future landers and rovers of Mars, and to favour the conditions of their implementation. Such a program is one of the most urgent need for preparing human exploration, in order to develop mitigation strategies aimed at ensuring the safety of human explorers, and minimizing risk for surface operations. A few main areas of investigation may be listed: particle and radiation environment, chemical composition of atmosphere, meteorology, chemical composition of dust, surface and subsurface material, water in the subsurface, physical properties of the soil, search for an hypothesized microbial activity, characterization of radio-electric properties of the Martian ionosphere. Scientists at the origin of the present paper, already involved at a high degree of responsibility in several Mars missions, and actively preparing in situ instrumentation for future landed platforms (Netlander--now cancelled, MSL-09), express their readiness to participate in both ESA/AURORA and NASA programs of Mars human exploration. They think that the formation of a Mars Environment working group at ESA, in the course of the AURORA definition phase, could act positively in favour of the program, by increasing its scientific cross-section and making it still more focused on human exploration.

Atmosphere↗
PubMed2003

Improved packaging system for generation of high-level noncytotoxic HSV-1 amplicon vectors using Cre-loxP site-specific recombination to delete the packaging signals of defective helper genomes.

Amplicons are promising helper-dependent HSV-1-derived vectors that allow the transfer and expression of very large foreigner DNA into dividing and quiescent cells. We had already described an approach to prepare large amounts of high-titer amplicon vectors, using Cre-loxP site-specific recombination system to delete the packaging ("a") signals of an HSV-1 recombinant helper virus (HSV-1 LaL). Amplicon vectors prepared using such a system showed a level of contamination with helper particles lower than 1%. The residual helper particles generated by this system are, however, replication-competent, thus precluding their use in gene therapy. To avoid such potential spread of residual particles, we present here the development of a defective Cre-loxP-based helper virus (HSV-1 LaL Delta J), deleted of the genes encoding ICP4 and ICP34.5 proteins from the helper genome, in addition to the native "a" signals. HSV-1 LaL Delta J carries a single floxed "a" signal in gC locus. To produce HSV-1 LaL Delta J and to prepare the amplicon vectors, we have constructed two novel cell lines expressing the essential ICP4 protein, either alone or in combination with Cre recombinase. These cell lines were conceived to complement ICP4 while minimizing the probability of generating replication-competent particles. In this paper we present results demonstrating that the novel helper system allows ready production of large amounts of high-titer amplicon vectors. Residual helper particles generated still do not exceed 0.5% of the viral population and can grow only in cells expressing ICP4. Amplicon vectors produced with this method showed no cytotoxicty for infected cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The UNAIDS Estimation and Projection Package: a software package to estimate and project national HIV epidemics.

This paper describes the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) for estimating and projecting HIV prevalence levels in countries with generalised epidemics. The paper gives an overall summary of the software and interface. It describes the process of defining and modelling a national epidemic in terms of locally relevant sub-epidemics and the four epidemiological parameters used to fit a curve to produce the prevalence trends in the epidemic. It also provides an example of using the EPP in a country with a generalised epidemic. The paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the software and its envisaged future developments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Safety assessment of paper and board food packaging: chemical analysis and genotoxicity of possible contaminants in packaging.

In order to identify potential genotoxicant(s) in recycled paperboard, samples were fractionated using multiple liquid/liquid extraction, and gel permeation chromatography, and analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The rec-assay was used as an indicator of genotoxicity. Genotoxicants in the recycled paperboard were identified as dehydroabietic acid (DHA) and abietic acid (AA). DHA and AA were detected in two out of five virgin products, and in all seven recycled products for food-contact use. Total amounts of DHA and AA were 240 and 990 microg/g in the virgin products and 200-990 microg/g in the recycled products. A good correlation was observed in the total amount of DHA and AA content determined in paper products and DNA-damaging activity. Moreover, genotoxic effects in paper products showed a good match with standard compounds, indicating that the genotoxic effects of these paper products was mostly attributable to DHA and AA.

Abietanes↗