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PubMed1985

Comprehension monitoring in preschool children.

This study examined the ability of 2 1/2-4 1/2-years-olds to recognize comprehension difficulties and to implement strategies for resolving them. In the course of a play interaction, an adult female experimenter made a series of requests, some of which were designed to be difficult for the child to understand or to execute. Children's responses to these requests were compared with their responses to control requests that were easy to comprehend and comply with 3-year-olds exhibited appropriate and selective monitoring responses for some kinds of problems but not others, while 4-year-olds displayed discriminative monitoring for all types of problems presented. In contrast to previous experimental findings, these results indicate that young children are capable of detecting a variety of comprehension problems and possess appropriate strategies for resolving these difficulties with a partner in communication.

Child Development↗
PubMed1995

Validating a model developed to predict prenatal care utilization.

BACKGROUND: Many pregnant women in the United States do not obtain adequate prenatal care. While it is essential to provide women with access to prenatal care, access alone is insufficient to guarantee that all women will receive adequate prenatal care. Previous research has identified a number of personal and cultural barriers to prenatal care. We have integrated these barriers into an explanatory model called the Social Pregnancy Interaction Model, the centerpiece of which is the concept of a "social pregnancy identity," as distinct from the physiologic reality of pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to validate the dimensions of this model. METHODS: Based on previous qualitative work, a questionnaire was developed. It was administered by interview to a convenience sample of 287 pregnant women receiving prenatal care in 11 practices in central Missouri. Item analysis and factor analysis were used to define scales and validate the relationships predicted by the model. RESULTS: With some modifications, the following dimensions of the model were confirmed as distinct and significant: awareness of pregnancy, acceptance of pregnancy, self-care, communication with family, communication with partner, social attitudes toward prenatal care, and attitudes toward the health care provider. CONCLUSIONS: The model has potential for predicting the utilization of prenatal care. The results also suggest that a woman's relationship with her prenatal care provider is important to obtaining adequate prenatal care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

HIV-infected women and sexual risk reduction: the relevance of existing models of behavior change.

This article utilizes constructs of the AIDS Risk Reduction Model (ARRM) to examine condom use in a sample of 215 HIV-infected women in New Jersey. We find evidence that processes affecting condom use in HIV-infected individuals are similar to those found in HIV-negative individuals. Results suggest that partner-related factors are important to consistent condom use in HIV-infected women. Women are more likely to use condoms consistently if they have high perceived power to influence their partner's condom use, have partners who are HIV seronegative, and have partners who do not want more children. Conflicts with the partner decrease the probability of consistent condom use. Also negatively associated with condom use are the woman's use of drugs and/or alcohol and her belief that condoms reduce sexual enjoyment. Implications of these findings for designing interventions for HIV-infected women are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Communicative disorders and voluntary regulation of activity in children with schizophrenia].

Experimental psychological investigation of the peculiarities of voluntary regulation of activity was performed in 106 schizophrenic children and adolescents compared to a group of age-matched (7 to 16 years) healthy persons. Voluntary regulation of activity was studied in its relation to the communicative disorders characteristic of schizophrenic patients. The investigation was designed with due consideration of the subjects interaction and communication with the partner-experimenter. Different degrees of communication in mutual activity involved a variety of disorders in voluntary regulation of activity which had different strength and importance for the child's development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Cooperation between dental practice and the commercial dental technology laboratory].

Questionnaires were distributed to 150 practicing dentists and 150 commercial dental laboratories in Baden-Württemberg in order to work out the state of cooperation and the possibility for improving the partner relationship. Two important points were established: 1. When communication between both partners is improved, the quality of the tooth replacement to be constructed is also improved. 2. Inaccurate impressions and instructions by the dentist confuse the dental technician and lead to independent and often inappropriate decisions and actions.

Dental Impression Technique↗
PubMed1978

Urological and behavioral approach to the treatment of secondary impotence.

Psychogenic impotence is far more common than organic impotence and may co-exist with or be a result of it. Psychological principles of therapy may be needed for all impotent patients treated by the urologist. These principles include 1) re-education in sexual function, 2) removal of pressure for male performance, 3) bringing existing performance fears to the surface for therapy, 4) teaching patients techniques to deal with the fears, 5) teaching the partner proper cooperation and 6) improving the communications between the 2 partners.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1989

Relationships among measures of communication, marital satisfaction and exposure during couples treatment of agoraphobia.

The goals of this study were to examine the relationships among measures of couples interactions (satisfaction and communication), and response to treatment within a group of agoraphobic clients and their partners. The treatment included the clients' partners in structured, graduated in vivo exposure practices. Twenty-two clients and their partners completed pre-, mid- and post-treatment assessments. Treatment responders rated themselves and their partners as more communicative regarding the client's fears, at pre- and mid-assessments in comparison to nonresponders; measures of communication related inversely to levels of anxiety reported during exposures, but marital satisfaction did not relate to any measure of exposure. In addition, level of anxiety during exposure differentiated responders from nonresponders; responders experienced a significant reduction in their levels of anxiety. Finally, ratings of frequency of communication at mid-assessment were highly predictive of treatment outcome at post-assessment. The implications from these findings for communication skills training for a subset of couples who enter couples treatment for agoraphobia are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Multiple sexual partners and their psychosocial correlates: the population-based AIDS in multiethnic neighborhoods (AMEN) study.

In this study we examined multiple partners in a household probability sample of heterosexuals. Thirty-seven percent reported 2 or more partners in the past year, and 6% reported 5 or more partners. Significant interactions among gender, ethnicity, and relationship status revealed complex relations. African American men without a primary partner were the most likely to have multiple partners; ethnic minority women with primary partners were the least likely. Psychosocial factors associated with multiple partners were examined with the AIDS Risk Reduction Model (ARRM). Situational factors influenced how ARRM variables related to multiple partners. Perceived risk, commitment to monogamy, and communication were all important correlates. Prevention efforts must focus on increasing awareness of the risks of heterosexual transmission of HIV for people in dating relationships and on strengthening sexual communication skills with new partners.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

The interplay of communication device output mode and interaction style between nonspeaking persons and their speaking partners.

This study sought to determine how augmentative communication device output modes differentially affected various aspects of interactions between nonspeaking persons (NSPs) and their speaking partners (SPs). It was hypothesized that when an electronic output display (EOD) was added to a communication board, the semipermanent display of information would lessen the dyad's need to adopt specialized turn and message formulation conventions, permitting the NSP to construct more complex messages with fewer communication breakdowns. A series of 10 interactional teaching tasks were recorded for two adult male nonhandicapped dyads performing under the two output conditions (+/- EOD). Interaction transcripts were analyzed with regard to quantitative differences within and between dyads with respect to turn taking, message formulation, propositional content, and several types of insertion sequences (guessing, confirmation queries, message reformulations). With the exception of message reformulation, changes due to output mode were nonexistent or inconsistent for the variables measured within and across dyads. The addition of the EOD significantly lowered the rate of message reformulation and the total number of reformulation-related turns. Results are discussed with regard to research and clinical implications for augmentative communication.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Spouse adjustment to stroke: aphasic versus nonaphasic partners.

A survey of spouses of stroke patients examined the impact of stroke with and without aphasia on spouse role change, emotional problems, social adjustment, and the partner's perceived communication abilities. The results of this study support earlier findings that stroke with aphasia has a greater negative impact on the patient's spouse than does stroke without aphasia. For the spouses of aphasic patients sampled in this study, role changes represented the major adjustment made to a partner's stroke. These adjustments were greater than those experienced by the spouses of nonaphasic patients. The inability of aphasic patients to communicate well with their spouses served to make necessary role adjustments more difficult. Both spouse groups were affected to some degree by the communication problems associated with stroke, with the spouses of aphasic partners being affected the most.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1990

Precopulatory behaviour of male rats: developmental aspects and dependence on female's solicitation.

Sexual communication between sex partners can involve just one sensory modality or a combination, depending upon such factors as species, habitat, and context. Ethological aspects of sexual communication has been widely documented in rodents. In rats, sexual communication between male and female varies according to the production of signals by a female that signal receptivity, proceptivity, and attractivity. However, in the laboratory experiment, such approach is often neglected. In the present study, two types of stimulus female--Lordotic and Darting--were used with the aim to examine developmental changes in precopulatory behaviour of males. Besides the dependence of the male's precopulatory repertoire on the strength of proceptive stimuli emitted by the female was studied. Male rats ranging from 30 to 175 days of age were observed under the dyadic interaction. It was found: (a) Precopulatory behaviour of the 30-day-old males was not clear-cut, the males devoted more time to social investigation of adult (Darting) female. (b) All the 40-day-old males exhibited precopulatory behaviour in the range of the repertoire displayed by adult animals. (c) Precopulatory activity of juvenile (45-day-old) as well as of adult (90-day-old) males exposed to Lordotic female was significantly lower as compared with that exhibited by males toward Darting female. (d) Copulatory readiness of males increased with the age, in fact, all animals aged from 75-135 day were able to pass from the precopulatory into the copulatory phase of sexual interaction. (e) Although the 175-day-old males exhibited pronounced precopulatory activity, they did not initiate copulations. The implications of each of these findings are discussed from the point of view of both the developmental aspects and the stimulus-response relationships. To sum up, the development of normal flow of sexual behaviour of male rats proceeds simultaneously with the development of physiological and morphological parameters. The appearance of precopulatory behaviour is less dependent on the internal (hormonal) readiness than copulatory behaviour. The connection of both phases, i.e. precopulatory and copulatory, is terminated at about Day 75, and is the key moment of sexual interaction from the point of view of reproductive success. In fact, a successful course of sexual interaction is codetermined by the intensity of behavioural stimuli and/or by the completeness of proceptive patterns provided by the female partner. It is clear that the reproductive process cannot be completed without some degree of communication. The deterioration of sexual interaction found in males aged 175 day seems to be the consequence of their absolute heterosexual abstinence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed1977

Urological and behavioral approach to the treatment of secondary impotence.

Psychogenic impotence is far more common than organic impotence and may co-exist with or be a result of it. Psychological principles of therapy may be needed for all impotent patients treated by the urologist. These principles include 1) re-education in sexual function, 2) removal of pressure for male performance, 3) bringing existing performance fears to the surface for therapy, 4) teaching patients techniques to deal with the fears, 5) teaching the partner proper cooperation and 6) improving the communications between the 2 partners.

Erectile Dysfunction↗
PubMed1989

Suicidal persons and their partners: individual and interpersonal dynamics.

The individual and interpersonal dynamics of 21 suicidal persons (15 females and 6 males) and their partners were investigated. Each couple was interviewed at the time of the suicidal person's psychiatric hospitalization following a recent episode of suicidal behavior or serious suicidal ideation. Each partner was administered two tests of individual functioning and one test of interpersonal functioning. The results revealed that the dynamics of these couples were characterized by complementarity at the level of overt individual functioning, and similarity at the level of covert individual functioning. Both partners in a couple tended to describe the suicidal partner as psychologically disabled and the nonsuicidal partner as well-functioning. However, the suicidal patients and their partners were similar in terms of covert individual functioning both showing a tendency toward anclitic, dependent object relations. The communication between the partners was found to be disturbed in a large majority of the couples. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of an integrative model of individual and interpersonal dynamics.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Aspects of communication and understanding in psychoanalytic treatment technics].

Psychoanalysis was linked, since its very beginning, to the building-up of a communicative relationship, the creation of a basis of understanding between individuals who, at first, do not necessarily understand each other. This non-understanding may be caused by the peculiarity, strangeness and the bizarrery of the symptomatic or of the personal appearance of a patient, or cultural differences in the narrower or the broader sense may be responsible for it. Furthermore, the anticipations raised by the analyst and the peculiarity of the psychoanalytic situation may often seem strange and unfamiliar to the patient. The significance of the effort in establishing a communicative basis between partners having each its own personal history and originating from different social and cultural roots becomes even more evident when it comes to the discussion of the therapeutic technique to use in difficult, may be pre-oedipal pathologies. Here, it will probably not be the primary scope to lead the patient to insights, at least for a long part in the course of the therapy, but to aim at attaining the ability to experience himself as a competent communicative individual in an exchange relation with the analyst. Then, the therapist will not be, in the first place, the understanding, interpreting, persuading partner, he will not only be the holding partner but also a listening one whose basic attitude will aim at creating a free space in which the patient will be able to articulate his own imaginative world.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Communication↗
PubMed1988

Nonverbal communication as a compensative strategy for severely nonfluent aphasics? A quantitative approach.

Seven severely nonfluent aphasics and one relative or close friend were investigated in an interview situation. The conversation was videotaped and analyzed for the use of nonverbal communication between aphasic and partner. The results indicate that the group of aphasics used significantly more frequently and for a significantly longer period of time nonverbal channels of communication than their healthy partners. The aphasic patients also used significantly fewer speech-focused movements and significantly more codified gestures. Nonverbal elements were more frequently used as speech substitutes by the group of aphasics.

Adult↗