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PubMed1995

Leucocytosis as a marker of organ damage induced by chronic strenuous physical exercise.

The effects of strenuous physical exercise on the serial changes in the haematological, biochemical and hormonal markers were investigated. A group of 14 soldiers, aged 24-36 years, took part in a military training course for about 13 weeks. After severe exercise stress, an increase (90%) in the number of peripheral blood leucocytes was observed. The degree of leucocytosis showed a close correlation with the values of some serum parameters, such as concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST; r = 0.747), lactate dehydrogenase (LD; r = 0.748), blood urea nitrogen (r = 0.756), creatine kinase (CK; r = 0.637), manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD; r = 0.508), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; r = 0.542) and uric acid (r = 0.538), and concentrations of urinary parameters, such as vanilmandelic acid (r = 0.429) and free cortisol (r = 0.437). The subjects showing prominent leucocytosis over 9500 cells.microliters-1 exhibited a lower concentration of serum cholinesterase than those who showed milder leucocytosis. The serum Mn-SOD concentration was closely correlated with the serial changes in serum concentrations of AST, ALT, LD and CK, indicating exercise-induced muscle and liver damage. The change in peripheral leucocyte number was assumed to be diagnostically informative and may be a prognostic marker, reflecting organ damage and restoration after strenuous physical exercise.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Influence of physical exercise on aging rats: II. Life-long exercise delays aging of tail tendon collagen.

Regular physical exercise has been shown to have a number of benefits compared with sedentary behaviour, such as delaying a number of aging changes and increasing the life expectancy but not the maximum lifespan. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of physical exercise on the connective tissues of the body, especially systemic effects. We trained male Sprague-Dawley rats in a treadmill from the age of 5 months to 23 months. We analyzed the effects of training on tail tendons with respect to thermal stability of collagen and biomechanical properties of tendon bundles. Although tail tendons are attached to muscles, the are not weight-bearing as limb muscle tendons and can, therefore, be considered to be subjected mainly to systemic effects. The thermal stability of tail tendon collagen was significantly lower or "younger' for the trained group compared with the sedentary one. The biomechanical parameters were likewise "younger' with respect to maximum stress, although considerably stiffer compared with a 5-month-old base-line group. This suggests that there are several mechanisms, elicited by physical exercise, that act on the connective tissues. It can be concluded that life-long physical exercise has a beneficial influence on the connective tissues of the maturing and aging organism.

Aging↗

PubMed2006

Interaction of hypercaloric diet and physical exercise on lipid profile, oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses.

The present study examined the interaction of hypercaloric diet (HD) and physical exercise on lipid profile and oxidative stress in serum and liver of rats. Male Wistar rats (60-days-old) were fed with a control (C) and hypercaloric diet (H). Each of the two dietary groups (C and H) was divided into three subgroups (n=8), sedentary (CS and HS), exercised 2days a week (CE2 and HE2) and exercised 5days a week (CE5 and HE5). The swimming was selected as a model for exercise performance. After 8-weeks exercised rats showed decreased lactate dehydrogenase serum activities, demonstrating the effectiveness of the swimming as an aerobic-training protocol. Exercise 5-days a week reduced the body weight gain. Triacylglycerol (TG) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) were increased in HD-fed rats. HE5 and CE5 rats had decreased TG, VLDL-C and cholesterol. HE2 rats had enhanced high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) in serum. No alterations were observed in lipid hydroperoxide (LH), while total antioxidant substances (TAS) were increased in serum of exercised rats. HD-fed rats had hepatic TG accumulation. Superoxide dismutase activities were increased and catalase was decreased in liver of exercised rats. The interaction of HD and physical exercise reduced TAS and enhanced LH levels in hepatic tissue. In conclusion, this study confirmed the beneficial effect of physical exercise as a dyslipidemic-lowering component. Interaction of HD and physical exercise had discrepant effects on serum and liver oxidative stress. The interaction of HD and physical exercise reduced the oxidative stress in serum. HD and physical exercise interaction had pro-oxidant effect on hepatic tissue, suggesting that more studies should be done before using physical exercise as an adjunct therapy to reduce the adverse effects of HD.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[Functional rearrangements in macrophages following intensive physical exercise].

The effect of intensive physical exercise (swimming for 3 hours with a load of 4% body weight) on the function of hepatic, pulmonary and peritoneal macrophages has been studied in rats and mice. NBT values in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages of the experimental animals proved to be 1.5 and 1.6 times higher than in the controls. The activity of cathepsin D in the liver, lung and Kupffer cells was greater than the control values. The data obtained indicate that intensive physical exercise caused depression in phagocytic activity of Kupffer cells, the major compartment of the reticuloendothelial system, whereas a similar function in lung macrophages was even greater than in the controls and in peritoneal macrophages changed but insignificantly.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Physical exercise, body mass index, subcutaneous adiposity and body composition among Bengalee boys aged 10-17 years of Kolkata, India.

A comparative study of 215 sedentary (no regular physical exercise undertaken) and 313 physically active (regular physical exercise undertaken) Bengalee boys aged 10-17 years was undertaken to investigate the differences in overall adiposity (body mass index), subcutaneous adiposity (skinfolds) and body composition (percent body fat, fat mass and fat mass index). Both groups had a similar age. The results revealed that boys who did not undertake regular physical exercise (NPE) had a significantly greater mean body mass index (BMI) compared with those who undertook regular physical exercise (PE); p < 0.001. The means for all the skinfolds as well as percent body fat (PBF), fat mass (FM) and fat mass index (FMI) were significantly higher among the NPE group. The percentile distributions of all these variables and indices were consistently higher among the NPE group. The results of ANOVA of physical exercise (PE = yes, NPE = no) and PBF, FM and FMI, with age as covariate, revealed that PE had a significant negative effect on all these measures of body composition even after controlling for the impact of age. The means in each case were greater among the NPE group. In conclusion, this study provided evidence that Bengalee boys, who undertook regular physical exercise, had significantly less adiposity compared with those who did not undertake regular physical exercise.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Can young adult patients with proteinuric IgA nephropathy perform physical exercise?

BACKGROUND: It is not known whether physical exercise increases daily proteinuria in patients with proteinuric nephropathies, thus accelerating progression of the renal lesion. This study evaluates the acute effects of physical exercise on proteinuria in young adults with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. METHODS: Changes induced by intense physical exercise on quantitative and qualitative proteinuria were evaluated in basal conditions and after 10 days of ramipril therapy in 10 patients with IgA nephropathy, normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR), proteinuria between 0.8 and 1.49 g/24 h, and "glomerular" microhematuria before and after the end of a maximal treadmill Bruce test (B-test). The basal study also was performed in 10 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. RESULTS: At rest, GFR averaged 141 +/- 23 mL/min; it increased by 16.3% +/- 3.3% (P < 0.005) and 7.1% +/- 1.6% at 60 and 120 minutes after the B-test, respectively. At rest, GFR-corrected proteinuria averaged protein of 0.76 +/- 0.21 mg/min/100 mL GFR; it increased to 1.55 +/- 0.28 mg/min/100 mL GFR after 60 minutes (P < 0.001) and declined to 0.60 +/- 0.11 mg/min/100 mL GFR at 120 minutes after the end of the B-test. The pattern of urinary proteins remained unchanged, as did microhematuria. Daily proteinuria was not different from the basal value on the day of the B-test. After ramipril therapy, patients showed a reduction in GFR, but no change in daily GFR-corrected proteinuria, pattern of urinary proteins, or hematuria. CONCLUSION: The increase in proteinuria after exercise in our patients is significant and is not prevented by ramipril therapy, but lasts less than 120 minutes. Therefore, it cannot modify daily proteinuria. Thus, these data do not support the need to reduce acute physical activity in patients with nonnephrotic renal diseases.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Leisure-time physical exercise: prevalence, attitudinal correlates, and behavioral correlates among young Europeans from 21 countries.

BACKGROUND: Increasing leisure time physical exercise is a major target of public health programs throughout the developed world, but few international comparisons of exercise habits among people from diverse cultures have been published. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of exercise among young adults from 21 European countries, to analyze associations with health beliefs and risk awareness, and to investigate relationships among exercise, other health-related behaviors, and emotional well-being. METHODS: The European Health and Behaviour Survey, a questionnaire survey of 7,302 male and 9,181 female university students ages 18-30 years from 21 countries, was analyzed. RESULTS: Age-adjusted prevalence of physical exercise in the past 2 weeks averaged 73.2% among men and 68.3% among women, but varied markedly from more than 80% to less than 60% across country samples. Beliefs in the health benefits of exercise were consistently associated with physical exercise, as was desire to lose weight. Awareness of the influence of exercise on heart disease averaged 52% among men and 54% among women, but was not strongly associated with engagement in exercise. Associations among exercise, lack of smoking, and sleep time were observed, but results for alcohol consumption were inconsistent. Social support and depression were independently associated with physical exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Physical exercise levels are highly variable across samples of relatively privileged young Europeans from different countries. Associations with other health behaviors and with emotional well-being suggest that regular physical exercise is consistent with a healthy lifestyle. Links with health beliefs are consistent despite sociocultural differences, but deficient knowledge of the health consequences of a sedentary lifestyle remains a cause for concern.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

[Non pharmacological therapy in hypertensive patients--effect of physical exercise on hypertension].

Many well-controlled studies have shown that non-pharmacological treatments are effective in lowering blood pressure, especially in mild hypertensive. The principle proven measures are (1) reductions of sodium intake, body weight (in obesity) and alcohol and (2) physical exercise. Physical exercise has been proven for the antihypertensive effectiveness last ten years. We have carried out mine studies and demonstrated the reduction of blood pressure by mild (approximately 50% of maximum oxygen uptake) intensity cycle ergo meter (60 min. x 3 times a week x 10 week) by -11/-6 mmhg. We found sympathicolytic action and plasma volume depletion for the depressor effects. In hypertensive patients, life style modifications including exercise are the first step in the treatments of mild hypertensives.

Alcohol Deterrents↗

PubMed1994

Change in fibrinolytic activity as a parameter for assessing local mechanical stimulation during physical exercise.

The influences of mechanical force during physical exercise on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis were investigated and the effects of sports equipment, especially shoes were also examined. As an experimental model, local mechanical vibration was applied to the palm of the hand. General coagulation parameters did not change, but fibrinolytic activity was elevated due to the tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) released from vascular endothelial cells stimulated by vibration. The influence of mechanical stimulation by repeated side-jumping with bare feet was examined on the sole of the foot. As with t-PA, the von Willebrand Factor antigen (vWF:Ag) derived from vascular endothelial cells also tended to increase, but not as much as when wearing sports shoes. Sports shoes protected the blood vessels of the feet from damage by mechanical force during physical exercise. Changes in fibrinolytic activity and t-PA could be useful for assessing local mechanical stimulation during physical exercise and also as indexes for the development of new sports equipment and its improvement.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Exhaustive physical exercise causes oxidation of glutathione status in blood: prevention by antioxidant administration.

We have studied the effect of exhaustive concentric physical exercise on glutathione redox status and the possible relationship between blood glutathione oxidation and blood lactate and pyruvate levels. Levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in blood increase after exhaustive concentric physical exercise in trained humans. GSSG levels were 72% higher immediately after exercise than at rest. They returned to normal values 1 h after exercise. Blood reduced glutathione (GSH) levels did not change significantly after the exercise. We have found a linear relationship between GSSG-to-GSH and lactate-to-pyruvate ratios in human blood before, during, and after exhaustive exercise. In rats, physical exercise also caused an increase in blood GSSG levels that were 200% higher after physical exercise than at rest. GSH levels did not change significantly. Thus, both in rats and humans, exhaustive physical exercise causes a change in glutathione redox status in blood. We have also found that antioxidant administration, i.e., oral vitamin C, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or glutathione, is effective in preventing oxidation of the blood glutathione pool after physical exercise in rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Phase-advance shifts of human circadian pacemaker are accelerated by daytime physical exercise.

Effects of forced sleep-wake schedules with and without physical exercise were examined on the human circadian pacemaker under dim light conditions. Subjects spent 15 days in an isolation facility separately without knowing the time of day and followed a forced sleep-wake schedule of a 23 h 40-min period for 12 cycles, and physical exercise was imposed twice per waking period for 2 h each with bicycle- or rowing-type ergometers. As a result, plasma melatonin rhythm was significantly phase advanced with physical exercise, whereas it was not changed without exercise. The difference in phase was already significant 6 days after the start of exercise. The amplitude of melatonin rhythm was not affected. A single pulse of physical exercise in the afternoon or at midnight significantly phase delayed the melatonin rhythms when compared with the prepulse phase, but the amount of phase shift was not different from that observed in the sedentary controls. These findings indicate that physical exercise accelerates phase-advance shifts of the human circadian pacemaker associated with the forced sleep-wake schedule.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Assessment of the pathogenetic role of physical exercise in renal stone formation.

The effects of moderate physical exercise (performed on a bicycle ergometer to 70-75% of maximum oxygen consumption) without fluid replenishment on urinary chemistries and crystallization of kidney stone-forming substances were compared to those of rest in six normal subjects. Moderate physical exercise significantly decreased urinary pH [from 6.35 +/- 0.32 (+/-SD) to 5.79 +/- 0.33; P less than 0.05] and citrate [from 121.1 +/- 63.5 to 88.2 +/- 44.4 mg/6-h period from initiation of physical exercise; P less than 0.05 (630 +/- 331 to 459 +/- 231 mumol/6 h)], owing to induced metabolic acidosis. The total renal excretion of stone-forming constituents decreased [for example, calcium from 31.2 +/- 15.8 to 21.4 +/- 6.5 mg/6 h (0.8 +/- 0.4 to 0.5 +/- 0.2 mmol/6 h), phosphorus from 155 +/- 42 to 127 +/- 27 mg/6 h (5.01 +/- 1.4 to 4.1 +/- 0.9 mmol/6 h), and uric acid from 172 +/- 60 to 117 +/- 13 mg/6 h (1.0 +/- 0.4 to 0.7 +/- 0.1 mmol/6 h), each P less than 0.05], probably due to extracellular volume contraction (from sweating) and enhanced renal tubular reabsorption. However, the urinary concentration of stone-forming constituents significantly increased during and after moderate exercise because of the fall in urinary volume from 847 +/- 312 to 290 +/- 36 ml/6 h (P less than 0.01). Thus, urinary calcium oxalate saturation increased significantly from 2.62- to 6.68-fold saturation (P less than 0.01). The urinary undissociated uric acid concentration significantly rose [from 31.6 +/- 24.8 to 125.7 +/- 60.3 mg/L (0.19 +/- 0.15 to 0.76 +/- 0.36 mmol/L; P less than 0.01)], due to higher total uric acid concentration and reduced urinary pH. The saturation of calcium phosphate (brushite) did not change significantly, because the rise in urinary calcium concentration was compensated for by reduced phosphate dissociation (from lower urinary pH). The propensity for spontaneous precipitation of calcium oxalate was greater after exercise, as less soluble oxalate was required to elicit nucleation of calcium oxalate [58.0 +/- 21.2 to 49.0 +/- 16.4 mg/L (644 +/- 236 to 544 +/- 182 mumol/L); P less than 0.05]. The results suggest that moderate physical exercise, without increased fluid intake to compensate for excessive sweating, may cause the crystallization of uric acid and calcium oxalate in urine and may enhance the risk of the formation of renal stones composed of these salts.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Total and free PSA serum concentrations are not influenced by extensive physical exercise and bicycle riding.

Vigorous and prolonged physical exercise and mechanical involvement of the perineal region might influence prostatic function and measurement of both total (PSA) and free prostate specific antigen (fPSA), decreasing the diagnostic efficiency of the laboratory screening for either benign or neoplastic prostate disorders in athletes. To investigate the effects of regular and strenuous physical exercise with or without bicycle riding on integrity and biochemical function of prostatic tissue, we measured serum PSA and fPSA in 69 elite and professional cyclists, 31 members of the Italian national cross-country ski team, and in 43 sedentary healthy controls. The concentration of both PSA and fPSA did not differ significantly between sedentary individuals and physically active cross-country skiers (PSA 0.43 +/- 0.30 vs. 0.36+/-0.25, ns; fPSA 0.16+/-0.12 vs. 0.12+/-0.12, ns) or cyclists (PSA 0.43 +/- 0.30 vs. 0.36 +/- 0.23, ns; fPSA 0.16 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.13 +/- 0.08, ns), and the relative distribution of values appeared almost overlapping. We hypothesize that neither a heavy and regular physical exercise nor the extensive and prolonged mechanical involvement of the prostate region by the bicycle riding have significant influence on release of both PSA and fPSA.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Parathion-methyl effect on the activity of hydrolytic enzymes after single physical exercise in rats.

Rats were subjected to physical exercise in the form of a single race in a treadmill. Unexercised animals and those immediately or 1 h after the exercise were given oil or oily solution of parathion-methyl in a dose of 10 mg/kg by stomach gauge. At 1 h after pesticide administration the activity of cholinesterase (ChE) was determined in the serum, of paraoxonase--in the serum and liver, and that of beta-glucuronidase (beta-gluc)--in the serum, liver and intestine. Single physical exercise increased ChE activity in the serum, inhibited paraoxonase activity in the serum and liver; on the other hand, it did not affect significantly beta-gluc activity in the serum, but inhibited that enzyme in a transient manner in the liver and activated it in the intestine. In acute poisoning with parathion-methyl it was observed that ChE and paraoxonase activities were inhibited, while beta-gluc activity was enhanced in the serum. Single physical exercise either diminished or had no effect on enzymatic changes observed in acute poisoning with parathion-methyl.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[A longitudinal study of physical exercise practice in children. The influence of age, gender and socioeconomic level. The Working Group on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Childhood and Adolescence].

OBJECTIVE: Physical exercise is recommended in order to reduce cardiovascular risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A longitudinal study was carried out. During the periods of 1989-1990 an 1995-1996, a questionnaire concerning extrascholastic physical exercise was given to 345 children of both sexes (188 males and 157 females), classifying them into two groups according to their parents' socioeconomical status. RESULTS: We found and increase in the number of schoolchildren who did physical exercise (initial 17.97% and final 44.34%) in both sexes and both socioeconomical groups, as well as in the number of hours per week they spent exercising. Boys did physical exercise more frequently (initial study: 27.89% versus 13.37%, final study: 52.65% vs 40.86%) and they spent more hours per week than did girls. The same behavior was observed in the group of higher socioeconomical status. The probability of men doing physical exercise with respect to women was found to be statistically significant (initial study: p < 0.001, final study: p < 0.05), as well as in logistical regression between the non-performance of physical exercise and socioeconomical status (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this longitudinal study it was found that with age there is an increment in the practice of physical exercise and in the hours spent on it. It was also found that males and individuals with a higher socioeconomical status do more physical exercise than females and those with a lower socioeconomical status.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Physical exercise as an oncology nursing intervention to enhance quality of life.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To examine how physical exercise can enhance the quality of life (QOL) of people with cancer and to provide general guidelines for incorporating exercise into care plans for these patients. DATA SOURCES: Published and nonpublished medical, nursing, rehabilitation, and physical exercise literature. DATA SYNTHESIS: Including physical exercise in the care plans of people with cancer can enhance their QOL. The development of an individualized exercise plan for patients with cancer involves screening, assessment, prescription, goal setting, evaluation, and communication. The success of wellness-oriented interventions, such as exercise, can be evaluated with patient diaries, monitoring, and a QOL measurement tool. CONCLUSIONS: Physical exercise can positively influence all dimensions of life. Nurses must use sound clinical judgment and creativity and collaborate with other healthcare disciplines when prescribing exercise. Established exercise protocols for people with cancer are limited, and further research is needed in this area. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Oncology nurses must continue to expand the literature on guidelines and precautions for exercise in oncology populations. Nurses need to use their knowledge of oncology, QOL, and exercise to recommend and encourage the incorporation of physical exercise into the care plans of people with cancer.

Exercise↗

PubMed1997

Impairment of renal function during moderate physical exercise in cirrhotic patients with ascites: relationship with the activity of neurohormonal systems.

Moderate physical exercise does not affect glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal excretory function in normal subjects. This study is aimed at assessing the effects of moderate physical exercise on renal function in 21 nonazotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites. Arterial pressure, heart rate, and renal function were assessed in the patients after 2 hours in the supine position and during 30 minutes of moderate cycloergometric exercise in the sitting position. The activity of the renin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems and the plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were determined at the end of each period. Physical exercise induced a marked reduction in GFR (75 +/- 10 to 49 +/- 6 mL/min), free-water clearance (6.1 +/- 1 to 3.4 +/- 1 mL/min), and sodium excretion (7.8 +/- 2 to 4.3 +/- 1 microEq/min) in 10 patients (Group I). In the remaining 11 cases (Group II) there were no changes in these parameters. Renal perfusion significantly decreased in both groups although the reduction was greater in Group I (-34.7% +/- 4.6% vs. -7.5% +/- 3.1%, P < .001). Physical exercise was associated with a significant and comparable increase in arterial pressure, heart rate, and plasma levels of renin, aldosterone, and norepinephrine (NE) in the two groups of patients. The ANP concentration did not change. Patients from Groups I and II differed significantly (P < .05) only in plasma renin activity (PRA) and NE concentration, which were higher in Group I patients both in the supine rest (renin: 4.7 +/- 1.6 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.5 ng/mL x h; NE: 576 +/- 115 vs. 288 +/- 42 pg/ mL) and during exercise (renin: 7.1 +/- 1.8 vs. 2.6 +/- 1 ng/ mL x h; NE: 925 +/- 135 vs. 630 +/- 90 pg/mL). In conclusion, moderate physical exercise has no detrimental effects on renal function in cirrhotic patients with ascites with no or mild activation of the renin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems. However, moderate physical exercise causes a marked impairment in the renal function of patients with ascites with marked stimulation of these vasoconstrictor systems.

Ascites↗

PubMed2000

Changes in intensity of physical exercise as predictors of depressive symptoms among older adults: an eight-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological research suggests that regular physical activity may be associated with reduced depressive symptoms. The present study examines the predictive value of physical exercise in relation to depressive symptoms among samples of adults aged 65+ during an 8-year period. METHODS: The subjects (N = 663) who participated both at the baseline (1988) and the follow-up (1996) interviews were selected for the analyses. The dependent variable depressive symptoms was assessed by the Finnish modified version of Beck's 13-item depression scale. The independent variable was the intensity of physical exercise. RESULTS: The intensity of physical exercise decreased among the older men and women. Those who had reduced their intensity of physical exercise during the 8 years reported more depressive symptoms at the follow-up than those who had remained active or increased their physical activity. Depressive symptoms were predicted by the intensity of baseline physical exercise, earlier depressive symptoms, older age, gender, having three or more chronic somatic conditions, and difficulties in performing ADL activities. CONCLUSIONS: Age-related decrease in the intensity of physical exercise increases the risk of depressive symptoms among older adults. This calls for effective measures in maintaining and supporting an adequate level of physical exercise among the aging population.

Activities of Daily Living↗