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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Fighting in NIH/S male mice: consequences for behaviour in resident-intruder tests and physiological parameters.

Fighting is known to occur frequently in male mouse groups. In this study with outbred NIH/S mice, the possible impact of individual aggressiveness on fighting in groups and on the social status of animals was studied. Male mice were pre-tested in a resident-intruder (RI) test and rated as initially aggressive or non-aggressive according to their attack behaviour against an intruder. Thereafter they were randomly allocated to new social groups, with four mice per cage. Fighting in groups was increased when several initially aggressive animals were included in the group. Within the groups, animals were rated as dominants and subordinates according to their behaviour toward a strange intruder introduced into their home-cage (Group Intruder, GI) test and the occurrence of wounds. Additionally, subordinates were divided into aggressive and non-aggressive categories according to their behaviour in the second RI test, which was performed 3 weeks after grouping. The behaviour in the RI test prior to group-housing did not predict the individual social status or possibility of being wounded in the new social environment. On the other hand, the social relationships in the new group affected the behaviour in a subsequent RI test. All dominants showed aggressive behaviour during the second RI test. Those subordinates which behaved aggressively during this test received the most numerous and serious wounds, suggesting that in the new groups their interactions with the other group members were mostly aggressive. The reduced weight of epididymal adipose tissue in dominant and aggressive subordinates may indicate that they had fought continuously. Social status or levels of fighting in a group did not affect individual weight gain or the other physiological parameters measured. The wounded animals had enlarged spleens and reduced weights of epididymal adipose tissue, which were probably the results of increased activity of the immune system and reduced welfare, respectively. In conclusion, individual aggressiveness seems to be greatly affected by the demands of the social environment. Fighting in mouse groups leading to wounded animals may have effects on physiological research parameters.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1988

Sublethal effects of tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone--a component in bleachery effluents from pulp mills--on vertebral quality and physiological parameters in fourhorn sculpin.

The effects of tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone (TCQ), a component in bleached kraft mill effluents (BKME), on vertebral and physiological parameters were investigated in juvenile fourhorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus quadricornis L. After about 4.5 months of exposure to 0.1 and 0.5 mg TCQ/liter in 7% salinity brackish water, the fish demonstrated vertebral deformities, aberrant mechanical properties of the vertebrae, effects on white and red blood cell counts, enhanced activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in erythrocytes, and increased levels of ascorbic acid in the liver. The effects are discussed in relation to those previously observed in fish exposed to complex BKME in the field and the laboratory.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[Changes in various physiological parameters in chickens after entomoxan administration].

Eight weeks of Entomoxan administration to chickens (15 mg/kg live weight) were followed by significant change of certain physiological parameters relating to the blood, liver, suprarenal bodies, and sexual glands. Such variation was taken to indicate the presence of stress suffered by the animals' impairment of carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and defects of hormonal regulation.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed2005

Relationships among prehatch and posthatch physiological parameters in early nutrient restricted broilers hatched from eggs laid by young breeder hens.

The objective of this study was to establish relationships among various physiological parameters in early (through 72 h posthatch) nutrient restricted broiler chicks from young breeder hens. Despite a 19% decrease in mean BW between 0 and 72 h posthatch, there were no chick mortalities. Liver glycogen peaked at 24 h, and peaks in rectal temperature, plasma glucose, and plasma refractive index occurred at 48 h. By 24 h, negative correlations were noted between BW and relative liver weight and between liver glycogen and both refractive index and rectal temperature. By 24 h, positive correlations were noted between relative liver weight and liver glycogen, BW and plasma glucose, rectal temperature and plasma glucose, and rectal temperature and body fat loss score. Mean daily relative egg weight loss between 0 and 19 d of incubation (RIEWL) was positively correlated with rectal temperature at 0 h but was negatively correlated with rectal temperature at 24 h and liver glycogen at 24 and 48 h. Furthermore, mean relative hatching chick weight (RHCW) had significantly positive correlations with plasma glucose at 6 h and rectal temperature at 48 and 72 h. Broilers having a greater RHCW after hatching from eggs with a lower RIEWL may maintain higher metabolic rates between 24 and 72 h posthatch despite nutrient deprivation. However, broiler chicks from eggs exhibiting a higher than optimal RIEWL may have greater dependence on gluconeogenesis, thus requiring stricter management during initial brooding.

Aging↗

PubMed2005

Extracting and visualizing physiological parameters using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the breast.

An analysis procedure is presented that enables the acquisition and visualization of physiologically relevant parameters using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. The first stage of the process involves the use of a signal model that relates the measured magnetic resonance signal to the contrast agent concentration. Since the model requires knowledge of the longitudinal relaxation time T(1), a novel optimization scheme is presented which ensures a reliable measurement. Pharmacokinetic modelling of the observed contrast agent uptake is then performed to obtain physiological parameters relating to microvessel leakage permeability and volume fraction and the assumptions made in the derivation of these parameters are discussed. A simple colour representation is utilized that enables the relevant physiological information to be conveyed to the clinician in a visually efficient and meaningful manner. A second representation, based on vector maps, is also devised and it is demonstrated how this can be used for malignant tumour segmentation. Finally, the procedure is applied to 14 pre- and post-chemotherapy breast cases to demonstrate the clinical value of the technique. In particular, the apparent improved representation of tissue vascularity when compared to conventional methods and the implications for this in treatment assessment are discussed.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2005

Assessment of the body mass index and selected physiological parameters in pre- and post-menopausal women.

The main purpose of this paper is to describe the variability of the body mass index (BMI) and selected physiological parameters (serum glucose, total serum cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) in women before and after menopause. The empirical basis for the assessment is the material obtained in cross-sectional studies carried out in the years 1998-2001 in a group of 2204 women aged 35-65 years, residents of the Wielkopolska region, Poland. The results indicate that hormonal changes taking place in the climacterium bring about an increase in the BMI. It was observed that women receiving Hormone Replacement Therapy in the perimenopause had BMI significantly lower than naturally menopausal women. Increased levels of total serum cholesterol and blood glucose were recorded. The trend has a stronger relation with the age of the subjects than with the character of the menopause. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were also found to increase significantly after the menopause, but no relationship with the type of menopause was found.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Effect of gonadal steroids on bone and other physiological parameters of male broiler chickens.

Comparative studies of the effects of estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, cholesterol, and megestrol on juvenile chickens were carried out to determine their effects on bone and other physiological parameters. The chickens were implanted at 6 wk of age with ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers containing steroids equivalent to a weekly dose of 10 mg/kg body weight for 3 consecutive wk. Estradiol caused a gain in body weight and relative liver weight but suppressed the growth of comb and testis. It also increased several serum variables, including triglycerides, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, and iron, and reduced testosterone levels. Testosterone produced an increase in comb weight and decreased both testicular and bursal weights. Growths of testis and comb were suppressed in progesterone-implanted chickens, as was the level of serum testosterone. Megestrol stimulated liver growth and increased serum testosterone levels. The lengths, relative weights, diaphyseal diameters, and ash percentages of both femur and tibia did not change significantly due to any treatment except that estradiol reduced tibial weight. Both progesterone and megestrol increased fibular growth plate alkaline and tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase activities. Other steroids did not affect these or the levels of calcium and of phosphorus of the fibular growth plate. Only testosterone caused a marked increase in the breaking strengths of both femur and tibia in all three parameters, i.e. load at yield, Young's modulus, and stress at yield responses. These findings suggest that the effects of steroids on bone in juvenile chickens may be limited.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed1981

[Optimal physiological parameters of respiratory tract protective devices].

The studies have been aimed at the evaluation of the effects of the use of purifying and insulating equipment of the respiratory system upon some physiological reactions. Also optimum physiological parameters for the respiratory tract safety equipment have been set up. The value of air flow resistance measured at constant air flow rate of 30 l/min should not exceed 10 mm H2O in the inhaling phase and 4 mm H2O in the exhaling phase. The dead space of the safety equipment should not exceed 150 ml, whereas CO2 concentration in the inhaled air -- 0.4%. The air flow rate should amount to 9 -- 12 m3/h during light physical effort of 48 Watt and 12 m3/h during moderately hard physical effort of 96 W. Air temperature in the facial part should be 19 -- 25 degrees C.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Effects of an essential fatty acid deficiency, pair-feeding and level of dietary corn oil on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and other physiological parameters in the male chicken.

Two studies were conducted to observe the effects of an essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency, added dietary corn oil and pair-feeding on growth, reproduction and other physiological parameters in the mature cockerel. A purified, linoleic acid (LA)-deficient diet (0.01% LA), or additions of 5% (3.01% LA) or 15% (9.04% LA) corn oil, were fed ad libitum from hatching through 24 weeks of age. Reductions in growth, feed consumption, and comb, and testes size, incomplete spermatogenesis, increased tissue eicosatrienoic acid (20: 3 omega 9) and changes in weights of selected internal organs were observed in deficient cockerels. Total pituitary gonadotropic activity was measured by two bioassay procedures and blood luteinizing hormone was measured by radioimmunoassay. By maturity both of these parameters were significantly reduced in deficient chickens. When these chickens were fed diets with 5% or 15% corn oil under pair-feeding or ad libitum conditions from 20 to 24 weeks, the reduced growth, comb and testes size and gonadotropin metabolism appeared to be caused by depressions in appetite and energy intake rather than EFA per se. The degenerate testicular histology of the 20-week old deficient cockerels, while responding fully to the ad libitum intake of the diets containing corn oil, showed only partial rehabilitation of spermatogenesis when diets with either 5% or 15% corn oil were pair-fed. In general, increasing the level of dietary fat from 5% to 15% did not cause many physiological changes.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Element concentrations (selenium, copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, potassium, phosphorous) in heart tissue of patients with coronary heart disease correlated with physiological parameters of the heart.

The element concentrations (Cu, Zn, Se, Fe, K, Mg, P) of heart tissue taken from patients with coronary heart disease during bypass surgery were measured and related to physiological parameters of the heart. There was no relationship between the element concentrations and the number of vessels stenosed, the occurrence of myocardial infarction or classification according to the NYHA. When the element concentrations of the heart were related with parameters characterizing cardiac output, such as ejection fraction and cardiac index, positive statistically significant correlations were found for selenium, iron, copper, zinc and phosphorus.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin on milk production, body composition, and physiological parameters.

Twenty-eight multiparous Holstein cows were utilized to determine effects of long-term administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin on lactational performance, body condition, body composition, hormones, blood constituents, and physiological parameters. Treatments were 0 (control), 10.3, 20.6, and 41.2 mg recombinant bovine somatotropin administered daily as subcutaneous injections beginning 4 to 5 wk postpartum and continuing for 38 wk. A total mixed diet of 28% corn silage, 22% alfalfa hay cubes, and 50% corn-soybean meal-based grain mixture was fed. Fat-corrected milk yields were increased 12 to 25% for cows treated with somatotropin as compared with controls (29.9 kg/d). Milk composition was similar among treatments. Cows receiving somatotropin consumed 4 to 10% more feed and were 11 to 17% more efficient than controls for conversion of feed to milk. Body weight changes were not significantly different among treatments, but cows receiving somatotropin gained 4 to 10% less weight than controls. Body fat (kg) of cows receiving 20.6 and 41.2 mg/d was less than that of cows receiving 10.3 mg/d or no somatotropin. Estimated weights of body protein and mineral, most blood constituents, respiratory rates, and body temperature were not affected by somatotropin administration. Plasma fatty acids were elevated and hematocrit values were reduced. Plasma insulin, serum somatotropin, and heart rate increased concurrently with somatotropin administration.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Changes in physiological parameters and feeding behaviour of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar infected with sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis.

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. artificially infected with salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer 1837) recovered from detrimental physiological changes and skin damage induced by preadult lice as the parasites matured. Growth rates of Atlantic salmon remained unaffected by lice infection, but food consumption decreased with increasing feeding and movement of the lice prior to and post-mating, correlating with the appearance of head erosions and detrimental changes in physiological integrity. Food consumption of the fish increased as the lice moulted to the adult stage and gravid female lice settled in a posterior location on the fish, subsequently reducing the impact of infection and allowing recovery of the skin damage. However, the impact of preadults was limited, as the decrease in food consumption of fish at 21 d post-infection had no effect on either the specific growth rate or condition factor of the fish. Furthermore, the intensity of lice infections at each of the sample days was not correlated with food consumption, specific growth rate or any of the haematological or physiological parameters measured, either before or after infection, indicating that lice intensity was independent of social dominance/subordinance. This work has provided the first evidence that infected fish can recover from the detrimental changes caused by lice infection, even when they are still infected with lice. If fish can survive the preadult stage of lice, then the mortal impact of lice infections is greatly reduced.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

[Behavior of physiological parameters and performance in a compensatory tracking task from the standpoint of aptitude judgements (author's transl)].

Activation behavior and performance were examined in twenty five subjects participated in a compensatory tracking task. The employed physiological parameters were useful for demonstration of interindividual differences in the activation behavior, personality characteristics are considered. Groups were formed according to the level of heart rate, arrhythmia, respiratory rate and level of performance. It was shown that exists a relation between activation level and performance. With regard to the relation between activation and performance may be derived psychophysiological aptitude judgements.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Study of physiological parameters of velopharyngeal function by nasopharyngeal fibroscope].

OBJECTIVE: Velopharyngeal incompetency (VPI) could be found in certain healthy people when some vowels were produced. Since neither asophia nor organic deformity do they have, it should be considered as physiological VPI. VPI which exists commonly in patients with cleft palate is also an unsatisfactory manifestation after palatoplasty. In order to distinguish between physiological VPI and pathological VPI in patient with cleft palate and establish an objective criterion, it is necessary to assess the occurrence and extent of VPI in healthy people. METHODS: The velopharyngeal function of 890 subjects with normal speech was studied dynamically by nasopharyngeal fiberscope (NPF). Two vowels /i/ and /u/ were examined. The rates of velopharyngeal incompetence (RVPI) of vowel /i/ and /u/ were analyzed. RESULTS: VPI was found in 117 (13.15%) when vowel /i/ was produced. VPI was occurred in 100 (11.24%) when /u/ was produced. The RVPI mean of vowel /i/ is 11.285% +/- 7.248 in 112 subjects, while that of /u/ is 9.066% +/- 6.162 in 96. No significant difference was obtained in age or sex. CONCLUSION: It can be used to evaluate the velopharyngeal function after palatoplasty as physiological parameters.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Anorectal physiological parameters in chronic constipation of unknown aetiology (primary) and of cerebrovascular accidents--a preliminary report.

Chronic constipation may be secondary to dietary, metabolic or neurological causes such as cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). In certain patients, the cause is unknown (primary idiopathic constipation [PIC]). This study compared the anorectal physiological parameters of 15 PIC patients (all females; median age 40, range 32-48 years) with 7 CVA patients (M:F = 6:1; median age 58, range 51-67 years), to observe the influence of cerebral factors on the anorectal physiology of constipation. Twenty-five normal subjects (M:F = 13:12; median age 47, range 43-50 years) acted as controls. Transit marker studies showed decreased passage in both groups, but 9 of the PIC patients had a diffuse pattern (slow transit constipation [STC]) and 6 had a pelvic outlet obstruction pattern (PO). The CVA patients had a diffuse pattern of delayed transit. Rectal sensation was significantly impaired in STC (P < 0.05) but not in PO or CVA. Electromyographic evidence of paradoxical puborectalis contractions was significantly more common in PO only (P < 0.05). Therefore, CVA patients had a different anorectal physiological pattern of constipation from PIC patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The effects of rest and subsequent training on selected physiological parameters in professional female classical dancers.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a six-week summer break and of dance preparations at the beginning of the new season following the break, on selected physiological parameters. Seventeen professional ballerinas (mean age 27.2 +/- 1.4 years, mean height 160.2 +/- 6.2 cm) volunteered. They were assessed just before and immediately after their normal summer break, during which very little or no physical work was reported. Eight of these dancers were assessed for a third time, 2-3 months after the end of the break, while they were into preparing for the new season. More specifically, compared to pre-break data, the six-weeks of holiday was followed by a 15% overall increase in the three flexibility tests (from 334 to 386 degrees, P < 0.01), a 14% increase in peak anaerobic power (from 350 to 400 watts; P < 0.01), a 16% increase in leg strength (from 143 to 166 Nm; P < 0.01) (i.e. the mean performance of left and right knee extension added to the mean performance of left and right knee flexion), and a 10% increase in VO2max (from 41.2 to 45.2 ml/kg/min; P < 0.05). The third set of data, 2-3 months after the end of the break, revealed further significant increases by 24% in leg-strength (P < 0.005) and 17% in VO2max (P < 0.01) compared to pre-holiday data. Despite the lack of a control group, the present results fit with the hypothesis of a degree of "burnout" at the end of the season, which negatively affected the mechanisms of fitness and conditioning. A six-week summer-break can act as a restorer of these mechanisms. Two to three months into the new season, positive adaptations to exercise appeared to confirm recovery from the "burnout" or overtraining phenomenon. More research is required on the effects of demanding dance schedules on fitness and conditioning, and how such schedules might adversely affect dance performance and dancers' careers.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Monitoring of physiological parameters during high frequency ventilation (HFV).

Non-biological descriptors such as jet feeding pressure and oscillator stroke volume are often used to describe HFV. This results in confusion and hinders acceptance of HFV. The goal of this paper is to show how physiological parameters which are valid during HFV can be monitored. Airway pressure measured in narrow tubes with high linear flow rates is underestimated. A relevant airway pressure must be measured well below the tracheal tube. Pressure measured higher up should be validated against peripheral pressure measurements. Minute ventilation and expired CO2 concentration can be determined with a ServoVentilator and a CO2 analyzer arranged at its exit port. Minute ventilation and CO2 elimination can thereby be continuously monitored during high frequency jet ventilation or so-called "combined high frequency jet ventilation" to prevent undetected disturbance of ventilation and perfusion. Physiological dead space can be studied for optimization of ventilatory pattern. The principle of gas analysis at the exit port of the ventilator may be used for FRC determinations with sulfur-hexafluoride.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Effects of primary- and secondary-treated bleached kraft mill effluents on the immune system and physiological parameters of roach.

The present study was designed to examine, whether, effluents from a modern pulp and paper mill using elemental chlorine-free/total chlorine-free (ECF/TCF) bleaching, exert effects on the immune system of fish and, in addition, to relate these findings to physiological parameters known to be affected by bleached kraft-mill effluents (BKME). Roach (Rutilus rutilus) were exposed in laboratory conditions to primary- or secondary-treated effluent from a pulp and paper mill. In order to study their capability to respond to foreign antigens they were immunised with bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) prior to exposure. The number of anti-BGG antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and the number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) in the spleen and blood as well as the level of anti-BGG specific antibodies and concentration of plasma immunoglobulin (IgM) were studied. Phagocytosis and migration of granulocytes of the head kidney were also determined. In addition to the immunological parameters, the activity of hepatic biotransformation enzymes, the carbohydrate metabolism and osmoregulation were examined. Exposure of roach for 21 days to BKME affected several immunological parameters. Both effluents, primary- and secondary-treated, impaired the immunoreactivity of the fish. Sex-related differences in the immune responses were evident in many parameters e.g. in the number of blood ISC and splenic ASC. Sex also had effects on cortisol levels and in the induction of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD). These results demonstrate that both primary- and secondary-treated effluent from a pulp and paper mill using ECF/TCF bleaching have effects on fish immune functions. Further, these findings suggest that steroids may contribute to immunomodulation in fish.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗