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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2026

Weight regain following discontinuation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in adults who are overweight or obese: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) on weight changes and the occurrence of adverse reactions in overweight or obese adults after drug withdrawal. METHODS: Computerized searches were conducted in evidence-based databases such as PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Scopus. The search period was from the establishment of the database to December 2025. Collect randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled trials on GLP-1RAs, including tirzepatide, semaglutide, liraglutide, and dulaglutide, for the treatment of overweight or obese adult patients. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias V2.0 tool provided by the Cochrane Collaboration, and meta-analysis was performed using the R programming language. RESULTS: A total of 699 studies were initially retrieved. Eventually, six studies involving 8,993 patients were included in the quantitative analysis, comprising 5,553 patients in the discontinuation group and 3,440 in the continued treatment group. The results of the meta-analysis showed that, compared with the continued treatment group, the weight difference in the discontinuation group was mean difference (MD) = 17.90%, 95% confidence interval (CI) [14.11-21.69], P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.0001. It can be seen that there was a significant rebound in weight after drug withdrawal, and there was statistical heterogeneity among the studies (P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.0082). Subgroup analysis further revealed that the weight rebound amplitude after discontinuation of tirzepatide was significantly higher than that of semaglutide. This result suggests that the differences in the mechanism of action of different GLP-1RAs may be the reason for the differences in weight changes after discontinuation. In addition, the percentage difference in body weight between after and before drug withdrawal was MD = 9.11%, 95% CI [7.91-10.30], P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.0001, further verifying the trend of weight rebound after drug withdrawal. The summary of adverse reaction reports analyzed and studied indicates that after drug withdrawal, the overall adverse reactions of patients decreased, gastrointestinal adverse reactions decreased, and the incidence of cardiovascular events was not affected by drug withdrawal. CONCLUSION: There is a significant weight rebound phenomenon after discontinuation of GLP-1RAs, and the rebound magnitudes vary among different types of drugs. At the same time, there is a risk of adverse reactions during the use of such drugs.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Possibilities of computer-assisted processing of the results of an examination of the visual system].

The authors present the first results of examining the vision system with the use of an automated programmed complex realized in the 'C' program language in the IBM and Dos operation system, that helped present in a chart the distribution of the ocular light sensitivity and time of the sensomotor reaction in every site of the visual field of 40-50 degrees. The results evidence that computer-aided methods may be effectively used to assess the light sensitivity of the eye, contrast sensitivity, space summation, rod and cone interactions, the topography of color photoreceptors, and the function of the posterior section of the eye in abnormalities of the retina and the optic nerve, as well as to monitor visual function rehabilitation after treatment.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1979

Quantitative image analysis: applications using sequential transformations.

The theoretical foundations of quantitative image analysis and its implementation in the Leitz T.A.S. have been discussed in the preceeding paper [4]. Especially the Mathematical Morphology and its recent developments have been pointed out. Sequential image transformations are a new approach of morphological analysis. Elementary transform steps, which are hardwired in the device, performed in specific sequences, which are implemented as macroinstructions in the programming language have proven to be a very useful tool in image analysis. A specific sequence of elementary steps will be referred to as morphological function. This new approach will be illustrated by four general examples: analysis of fibers, computing the number of edges for metallic grains, separation of overlapping cells, analysis of minerals which occur free and locked to another one.

Cell Separation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mirex kinetics in the rhesus monkey. II. Pharmacokinetic model.

14C-Mirex was given iv and po to female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and radioactivity was measured in plasma, urine, and feces at intervals after dosing and in tissues when animals were killed. Graphical analysis of plots of the logarithm of plasma concentration vs. time was used to provide estimates of the values of the first-order rate constants required by the proposed pharmacokinetic models. A BASIC-language program, FITKIN, was used to obtain numerical solutions to the differential equations for each model and to adjust the estimates to obtain a normalized, least squares fit. Of several models postulated, a mammillary, four-compartment, open-system model, providing for the urinary excretion of Mirex from a "central" compartment and for the fecal excretion of Mirex from a "fast" tissue compartment, yielded theoretical data in agreement with observed values. This model predicted that the accumulation of Mirex into fat would be retarded by the presence of a "slow" tissue compartment so that distribution equilibrium would take about half a year. From that time to the end of a 5-year projection, little decline in the quantities of Mirex was predicted for any compartment. Sequestration in fat and a lack of metabolism were responsible for the long biological half-life of Mirex in the rhesus monkey.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1976

The comparison of parameters estimated from several different samples by maximum likelihood.

A system of computer programs has been developed to compare the parameters of several samples taken from populations with arbitrary but known distribution functions. The user indicates which of the parameters are assumed to be equal in all populations under the null hypothesis alone or under both the null and the alternative hypotheses. The programs perform maximum likelihood estimation under the general and the restricted model and also calculate the values needed for a likelihood ratio test. The programming language used was PL/I-FORM AC. An illustrative numerical example is given.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Behavioral training for parents of retarded children: alternative formats based on instructional manuals.

A series of instructional manuals in behavior modification with retarded children was tested as a self-contained resource and as part of three larger training programs involving different amounts of professional assistance to parents: telephone consultations, training groups, training groups plus home visits. One hundred and sixty families were randomly assigned to the four training conditions or to a delayed-treatment control group. The 20-week treatment period emphasized the programming of self-help skills, but also provided an introduction to programming language skills and managing behavior problems. The manuals-alone format was as effective as the more expensive training formats in producing gains in children's self-help skills and fostering knowledge of behavioral principles in mothers. The two group-training formats produced more efforts at behavior-problem management, greater gains in knowledge of principles by fathers, and higher self-confidence as teachers. Telephone consultation was generally the least effective training format; the manuals-alone condition was surprisingly effective. Some implications of the results for future strategies of family intervention were discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1978

Maternal speech to normal and Down's syndrome children matched for mean length of utterance.

The study was designed to provide data on the maternal linguistic environments of normal and Down's syndrome children at three levels of language development, as assessed by children's mean length of utterances (MLU). The three MLU levels were 1.00--1.50, 1.75--2.25, and 2.50--3.00, respectively. The subjects were 21 Down's syndrome children and their natural mothers and 21 normal children and their natural mothers. Normal children ranged in chronological age from 20 to 32 months and Down's syndrome children from 3 to 12 years. A one-hour verbal interaction between mother and child was tape recorded at home in a free-play situation. Maternal speech was analyzed using 20 measures related to its output-numerical, lexical, syntactical, semantic-structural, semantic-pragmatic, and language-teaching aspects. Additionally, eight measures of children's speech related to the output-numerical, lexical, syntactical semantic-structural aspects, and to imitativeness of maternal speech were computed as a means of testing the validity of the MLU-matching that forms a basis for this study. Except for the Type-token ratio, which favored Down's syndrome children, normal and Down's syndrome children were not found to differ. In contrast, there were numerous differences between the children in the different aspects of speech considered according to language level. None of the comparisons made of mother's speech to normal and to Down's syndrome children led to differences for any of the three children's language levels studied. It appeared that the maternal linguistic environments of language-learning Down's syndrome and normal children of corresponding MLU were similar in most respects. In contrast, there were numerous differences in mother's speech according to the language level of the children addressed. This confirmed that the expressive language level of the children is a far more powerful factor in influencing maternal speech than whether they are normal or Down's syndrome children. The implications of these findings were related to the delay-difference question in the language development of Down's syndrome children and to various interpretations of the effects of maternal linguistic input for language development and for intervention programs of language enhancement in the Down's syndrome child.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Mime in language therapy and clinician training.

A speech pathologist developed a program with language goals which included spontaneous communication, focus, attention span, auditory memory, receptive and expressive vocabulary, and concepts such as body image, spatial relationships, and same and different polarities. The services of a professional mime were used to translate these goals into mimetic activities and to perform the activities in group sessions with the children. In addition, the mime taught the speech clinicians some simple mimetic activities. The subjects were five children with mental retardation, language delay, lack of spontaneity, short attention span and very poor visual and auditory memory. The results suggested increase in spontaneity and attention span in all the children and a facility to remember the illusions depicted for them by the mime. The experience with the mime training for clinicians was also positive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Future trends in language intervention: addressing cultural bias in service delivery.

In this paper the cultural biases in a widely-used language intervention approach--the Hanen Early Language Parent Program--that trains parents to be conversational partners with their language-delayed children, are explored. In many respects this program represents the best of current clinical practice. It is empirically and theoretically grounded in recent research on parent-child interaction; studies have documented its efficacy; and it is a family-centred approach. And yet, in clinical practice, it does not work with all families. Not surprisingly, these families are often from nonmainstream backgrounds. Potential reasons for the lack of effectiveness with some families become apparent as research on patterns of language socialization in a wide variety of cultures is reviewed. This review reveals that all of the basic premises of this program rest on culturally relative beliefs and values. Specifically considered are cultural variation in (1) aspects of social organization related to interaction, (2) the value of talk, (3) how status is handled in interaction, (4) beliefs about intentionality, and (5) beliefs about teaching language to children. Suggestions for incorporating this information into clinical services with nonmainstream families are offered.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Visualization of bioelectric phenomena.

Biomedical investigators are currently able to acquire and analyze physiological and anatomical data from three-dimensional structures in the body. Often, multiple kinds of data can be recorded simultaneously. The usefulness of this information, either for exploratory viewing or for presentation to others, is limited by the lack of techniques to display it in intuitive, accessible formats. Unfortunately, the complexity of scientific visualization techniques and the inflexibility of commercial packages deter investigators from using sophisticated visualization methods that could provide them added insight into the mechanisms of the phenomena under study. Also, the sheer volume of such data is a problem. High-performance computing resources are often required for storage and processing, in addition to visualization. This chapter describes a novel, language-based interface that allows scientists with basic programming skills to classify and render multivariate volumetric data with a modest investment in software training. The interface facilitates data exploration by enabling experimentation with various algorithms to compute opacity and color from volumetric data. The value of the system is demonstrated using data from cardiac mapping studies, in which multiple electrodes are placed in an on the heart to measure the cardiac electrical activity intrinsic to the heart and its response to external stimulation.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1978

Elicited imitation in language assessment: a tool for formulating and evaluating treatment programs.

Four different clinical populations were administered an elicited imitation task before and after therapy to determine the usefulness of elicited imitation procedures for formulating and evaluating language treatment programs. Children's imitations were analyzed according to the numbers and patterns of omission errors, substitution errors, and correct responses. Results indicated that (1) patterns of responding could be identified; (2) specific patterns were associated with different clinical populations; (3) performance on pretherapy measures could be efficiently analyzed and utilized for formulating language treatment programs; and (4) changes in posttherapy performance could be readily evaluated using this procedure. The data suggest that the elicited imitation procedures can be effectively used to increase the precision of the evaluation and clinical programming of children with language disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Symbol vocabulary and the focus of conversations: augmenting language development for youth with mental retardation.

Communication devices designed to augment the language development of individuals with severe cognitive disabilities and little or no functional speech typically contain primarily nouns because they seem easiest to acquire and evaluate. In this study, the effect of a more diverse vocabulary was assessed. Systematic observations of the use of computerized speech-output devices by 12 youth with moderate or severe mental retardation and severe spoken language disability and by their partners were made over a 2-year period. Social-regulative symbols (e.g., "please," "I'm finished") were used as soon as they were introduced, and their availability expanded the focus of conversations both at home and at school. Implications for conceptualizing variation in early language use and for the design of language intervention programs are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Use of situational cues by preschool children.

Pictures often are used in language intervention programs to elicit selected linguistic constructions or to teach concepts to children below the age of 5 years. However,, preschool children frequently are egocentric in their perceptions and in their language, and are unable to view a situation from a perspective other than their own. This study presented children who were in Piaget's preoperational period of development with pictures accompanied by a one-word descriptive phrase and asked the children to explain what was meant by the utterance. It was found that the younger child generally was more egocentric in his interpretations, and his responses reflected less attention to the situational cues present in the picture. The results are discussed in light of common clinical practices of using pictorial stimuli for children with language problems.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Computer programs for nucleic acids studies. Atomic coordinates of helices and their graphic display.

For the purpose of calculation of NMR and other physiocochemical properties of nucleic acids, a computer program in FORTRAN language has been written. This program provides the printout of the Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates of all atoms of a double-stranded helix of nucleic acid in either A, A' or B conformation with any specified base sequence up to 50 nucleotides or longer. In addition, the interatomic distances between any two atoms or distances (with both perpendicular and parallel components) from the centers of the base rings to any atom in the helix can be calculated. This information has been used for the calculation of the ring current effects of the 1H chemical shift of two short helices. Satisfactory agreement has been found in the comparison between the present data and that obtained from model construction and from the table prepared by Arter and Schmidt. The structure of the helix can also be illustrated in graphic form on a Tektronix 4006 CRT terminal. The presentation can be manipulated, such as selection, enlargement, translation and rotation.

Computers↗
PubMed1975

Ethological approach to delayed language acquistion.

Language is initially a social or communicative event that develops from the nonverbal communication system existing between caretaker and child. While language in an adult speaker is used for reasons other than social communication, the communication function is the primary source for language acquistion, other language functions being derivatives of this basic function. A few studies were cited which suggest that the normal process of language acquisition may be conceived heuristically in terms of an ethological or psychosoical framework. This ethological approach to language acquisition suggests that noncognitive, interpersonal factors may be major contributors to the slow pace of language development among mentally retarded and autistic children. The implications of this approach were discussed in terms of the design of language-intervention programs.

Autistic Disorder↗