[Cybernetic study of the psychotherapeutic process].
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This introductory paper describes the technique of brief analytic psychotherapy as has been developed in Lausanne. The author has tried to demonstrate that a single modification of the setting in comparison with psychoanalysis stresses the importance of the 'hic et nunc' in the therapeutic relationship. If this phenomenon becomes apparent to the therapist and is adequately interpreted, a natural associative process can develop where the analysis of transference and countertransference takes a primordial place. This process is comparable to psychoanalysis as far as certain transference movements are concerned, but the working mechanisms are different.
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This article focuses on differences in assumptions forming the philosophical foundations of psychotherapy leading to profound differences in the interpretation of the clinical data of psychotherapy and corresponding variations of basic technique. These differences are not reconcilable because they are directly opposed; only the principle of complementarity, as described in the paper, permits a constructive approach to the antinomies.
Many preindustrial cultures traditionally use certain psychedelic plants to enhance a procedure that resembles psychotherapy--an idea that was also tested in Western psychiatry in the 1950s and 1960s. LSD and related drugs were used to facilitate the production of memories, fantasies and insights and to enhance the therapeutic alliance. The results were inconclusive, and research was largely abandoned after the drugs became difficult to obtain. It may now be possible to revive this research, using new drugs that do not have some of the disadvantages of the old ones. The drug now of most interest is MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) a relatively mild and short-acting substance that is said to give a heightened capacity for introspection and intimacy without the perceptual changes, emotional unpredictability, and occasional adverse reactions associated with LSD. Therapists who have used the drug claim that it can enhance the therapeutic alliance by inviting self-disclosure and promoting trust. Whether MDMA fulfills this promise or not, other drugs may eventually prove useful in psychotherapy. Research on their potential should not be curtailed because of fear that they will be subject to illicit abuse.
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Communication is the most essential component of psychotherapy. This article aims to define humour, which is one of the most widely used components of communication in day-to-day interaction.
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With child psychotherapy as the point of departure, meaning making in therapy may be described in light of the patient's relationship to the psychotherapist as "a meaning bearing other"-that is, someone who allows the possibility of meaningful thoughts and feelings, either through his or her actual communicative presence or as an unconsciously imagined communication partner. Within the theoretical framework of this article, being with a meaning bearing other is regarded as a prerequisite for development of both immediate, playful and reflective understanding of needs, wishes, and affect in self and other. The term meaning bearing other refers to three distinct but often synchronic modes of relatedness. These may be seen as developmental imperatives in both parenting and psychotherapy. The present article is a theoretical and clinical inquiry into the prerequisites for change in relationally oriented psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The article discusses what might be seen as basic forms of relatedness and interaction in light of Winnicott's developmental approach, relational and neo-Kleinian approaches within psychoanalysis, and also Heidegger and Gadamer's philosophy of meaning and interaction. The theoretical points of view are illuminated and illustrated through an excerpt from the first session from a twice-a-week psychotherapy with a 5-year old boy.
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Here some of the basic ideas assembled under the recently coined term chaos theory are applied to the process of psychotherapy. Utilizing some ideas from chaos theory, "chaos" is defined in psychological terms as a state of overwhelming anxiety and is interpreted as the first indication of potential psychological growth. The concepts of Analytical Psychology and the modality of sandtray therapy are used to illustrate the type of therapeutic approach this theoretical work proposes in the transcendent cycle. Psychotherapy simply facilitates a transformation, wherein clients are guided through the chaos they are experiencing so that they may grow beyond their current psychological limitations.