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PubMed1989

[Polygraphic studies of newborn infants at risk using acoustic stimulation close to and above the threshold level].

16 newborns were investigated by means of polygraphy (EEG, respirography, heart rate, psychogalvanic reflex and behavioural observations). They were acoustically stimulated (125, 750, 15000 and 3000 Hz, with stepwise increase of the intensity by 10 dBA) during the period of quiet sleep. Partial vegetative reactions appeared in 11 newborns between a stimulation intensity of 30 to 50 dBA. Changes of breathing were initially observed. A further increase of intensity caused reactions in heart rate, psychogalvanic reflex and also body movements. The EEG and behavioural states were never changed at this level of intensity. Reactions in these parameters were recurrently observable if stimulation intensity was higher than 80 dBA. Only half of all stimulations were followed by reactions. The results verify decreased threshold intensity to evoke partial vegetative reactions in newborns at risk and the same sequence of additional reactions in EEG and behavioural states as in healthy newborns following increasing stimulation intensity.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

The auditory startle response in post-traumatic stress disorder.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients are considered to have excessive EMG responses in the orbicularis oculi (OO) muscle and excessive autonomic responses to startling stimuli. The aim of the present study was to gain more insight into the pattern of the generalized auditory startle reflex (ASR). Reflex EMG responses to auditory startling stimuli in seven muscles rather than the EMG response of the OO alone as well as the psychogalvanic reflex (PGR) were studied in PTSD patients and healthy controls. Ten subjects with chronic PTSD (>3 months) and a history of excessive startling and 11 healthy controls were included. Latency, amplitude and duration of the EMG responses and the amplitude of the PGR to 10 auditory stimuli of 110 dB SPL were investigated in seven left-sided muscles. The size of the startle reflex, defined by the number of muscles activated by the acoustic stimulus and by the amplitude of the EMG response of the OO muscle as well, did not differ significantly between patients and controls. Median latencies of activity in the sternocleidomastoid (SC) (patients 80 ms; controls 54 ms) and the deltoid (DE) muscles (patients 113 ms; controls 69 ms) were prolonged significantly in PTSD compared to controls (P < 0.05). In the OO muscle, a late response (median latency in patients 308 ms; in controls 522 ms), probably the orienting reflex, was more frequently present in patients (56%) than in controls (12%). In patients, the mean PGR was enlarged compared to controls (P < 0.05). The size of the ASR response is not enlarged in PTSD patients. EMG latencies in the PTSD patients are prolonged in SC and DE muscles. The presence of a late response in the OO muscle discriminates between groups of PTSD patients with a history of startling and healthy controls. In addition, the autonomic response, i.e. the enlarged amplitude of the PGR can discriminate between these groups.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1985

[Autonomic reflexes, EEG and partial arousal reaction in the near-threshold region to acoustic stimuli in the newborn].

A sample of 19 neonates were exposed to sub- and suprathreshold acoustic stimuli. The experiment was performed with sleeping subjects. Stimuli, tones of 125, 250, 500 and 750 cps, third sounds of the same middle frequency and white noise, were applied only, if periods with no REM activity occurred. Stimulus intensity was varied from the subthreshold level (70-80 dB) to the suprathreshold level (80-100 dB). Polygraphic variables were recorded (EEG, EOG, instantaneous heart rate, respiration movements, actogram, motoric reactions and psychogalvanic reflex). The results showed, that with increasing stimulus intensity irregularities of respiratory parameters occurred. With further increase of stimulus intensity systematic changes in respiratory parameters and heart rate occurred. In addition to these changes, EEG activity and motoric reactions were obtained, when stimulus intensity reached a critical level. These data are consistent with the idea that at low stimulus intensities irregular vegetative reactions occur whereas systematic responses can be observed only, if stimulus intensity is above threshold. We conclude that with increasing stimulus intensity subcortical activity decreases whereas cortical activation increases.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1979

Assessment of sympathectomy--the skin potential response.

Objective assessment of the results of surgical sympathectomy and sympathetic block (both temporary and permanent) are not widely practised. This article comments briefly on the available methods, and describes the use of the abolition of the skin potential response (formerly known as the psychogalvanic reflex) to assess the abolition of sympathetic function. This method of assessment has proved useful in clinical practice.

Galvanic Skin Response↗
PubMed1989

[Report on changes in some elements of respiration during exacerbation of schizophrenic psychosis].

Disturbances of respiration occurring in the exacerbation of schizophrenic psychosis with predominant anxiety were examined in a group of 30 schizophrenic patients. In the experimental group were included patients before the application of therapy with derivants of phenotiazinic group, and in the control group the patients who were given this therapy in the period of 25 days. The psychotic intensity was determined by Rogina's Grading Scale of Psychotic Behavior, and the severity of anxiety by psychological techniques (Rorschach's Psychodiagnostic Test and Spilberg's Inquiry for Anxiety), as well as by polygraphic technique of respiration recording. This investigation has shown that the use of polygraphic-neurophysiological methods in the investigation of anxiety in schizophrenia is justified. The conclusion was that hyperventilation is a consequence of anxiety. The shortening of inspiratory phase of the respiration cycle and the prolongation of expiration, particularly occurring in the phase of spontaneous fluctuation of psychogalvanic reflex were registered, what is an indication of anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[A study of cerebral autonomic attacks with special reference to sympathetic hyperactivity (author's transl)].

The present paper deals with cerebral autonomic attacks, in particular the ergotropic forms. The clinical symptoms associated with these forms of attacks are described. A multichannel recorder was used for the synchronous recording of various neurophysiological parameters such as ECG, pulse form and psychogalvanic reflex. It is shown that the polycrotic pulse form is characteristic hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system with the hypertonic, as well as the hypotonic forms of manifestation. Cases with epileptic fits and those with non-epileptic forms of attacks, as well as "mixed forms" are discussed. The diagnostic significance of these investigations is pointed out and the therapeutic consequences hinted at.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Effectiveness of sympathetic block using various technics].

Blocking of sympathetic conduction aims at permanent or temporary elimination of those pain pathways conducted by the sympathetic nervous system. In order to provide an objective evaluation of sufficient blocking effect, earlier inquiries referred to parameters such as: (1) observation of clinical signs such as Horner's syndrome, Guttman's sign, anhidrosis, extended venous filling; (2) difference in skin temperature of at least 1.5 degrees C between blocked and unblocked side; (3) increase in amplitude of the pulse wave; and (4) depression of the psychogalvanic reflex (PGR) on the blocked side (Fig. 1). In clinical practice, these control parameters are effective because they are time-saving, technically simple, and highly evidential. Further parameters for evaluating sympathetic blockade are examination of hydrosis by means of color indicators such as bromocresol and ninhydrin, oscillometry, and plethysmography. The effectiveness of sympathetic blockade after stellate ganglion and sympathetic trunk blocks has been verified by various authors. In a clinical study, 16 patients were divided into four groups in order to test the effectiveness of sympathetic blockade after spinal anesthesia with 3 ml 0.75% bupivacaine (group I) and 4 ml 0.75% bupivacaine (group II) and after peridural anesthesia with 15 ml 0.75% bupivacaine (group III) and 20 ml 0.75% bupivacaine (group IV) by means of temperature difference, response of pulse wave amplitude and PGR between blocked lower and unblocked upper extremity, and sensory levels of block. The patients were classified as ASA I and II; their ages varied from 20 to 63 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Intrathecal normal saline without preservative does not have a local anesthetic effect.

The effects of intrathecally administered normal saline (preservative-free) were studied in patients undergoing differential spinal block anesthesia for evaluation of chronic pain below the waist. The injection of 5 ml saline did not significantly change the sensitivity to pinprick measured in the lower back and both lower extremities. Temperature measurement in both the lower extremities and psychogalvanic skin reflex did not show evidence of sympathetic block; the psychogalvanic skin reflex was abandoned because of inconsistent results. These findings refute the earlier conclusion of Urban and McKain who found that normal saline acts as a weak local anesthetic when injected intrathecally. We recommend use of normal saline (preservative-free) in 5 ml doses as a placebo for differential spinal block anesthesia.

Adult↗