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PubMed2005

Antimicrobial peptides and surfactant proteins in ruminant respiratory tract disease.

In ruminants, respiratory disease is multifactorial and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary innate immunity is the first line of defense for the respiratory tract. Alteration of regulation, expression, and function of these factors may be important to disease development and resolution. Many antimicrobial peptides and surfactant proteins are constitutively expressed in the respiratory tract and expression levels are regulated. Beta-defensins are cationic peptides with broad antimicrobial activity against bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens. Beta-defensins are primarily expressed in mucosal epithelia (and in some species leukocytes); where they may also participate in chemotaxis, wound repair and adaptive immune responses. Surfactant proteins A and D are secreted pulmonary surfactant proteins that have antimicrobial and immune regulatory activity. Anionic peptide is a constitutively expressed, aspartate-rich peptide that has antimicrobial activity and is most prominent during reparative epithelial hyperplasia. Regulation of these immune defense components by stress, pathogens, and inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the susceptibility to, severity and resolution of respiratory infection. The expression patterns of these molecules can be specific for host-species, class of pathogen and stage of infection. Understanding the regulation of antimicrobial peptide/protein expression will further enhance the potential for novel prophylactic and therapeutic modalities to minimize the impact of respiratory disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Hospitalization of aboriginal and non-aboriginal patients for respiratory tract diseases in Western Australia, 1988-1993.

BACKGROUND: Aboriginal people have lower health standards than other Australians. Respiratory tract diseases are prominent causes of high morbidity and mortality rates in the Aboriginal population. However, very little is known about the patterns of respiratory illnesses which affect these people. METHOD: This paper compares Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal age-specific hospitalization patterns for respiratory tract diseases from 1988 to 1993 in Western Australia (WA). RESULTS: Aboriginal people were admitted for respiratory diseases 2-16 times more frequently than non-Aboriginals of the same age with considerable discrepancies in hospitalization rates particularly in infants, young children and older adults. High admission rates for acute respiratory tract infections, pneumonia and asthma occurred in Aboriginal infants. Pneumonia was a disproportionately frequent cause of admissions in Aboriginal infants, children and adults. Pneumonia is a more frequent cause of admission among non-metropolitan compared to metropolitan Aboriginals. Asthma was a frequent cause of admissions of Aboriginal children and hospitalization rates for this disease were higher in non-metropolitan than metropolitan areas. Chronic obstructive airway disease and respiratory tract carcinoma were important uses of hospitalization in older Aboriginals. CONCLUSIONS: Admission rates for respiratory conditions were consistently higher among the Aboriginal population and in non-metropolitan areas. The overwhelming importance of infections among Aboriginal admissions has significant implications for the prevention and management of respiratory diseases among Aboriginal people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Inherited defect of alpha-1-antitrypsin associated with chronic liver and respiratory tract diseases in children.

The frequency of occurrence of alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency among total of 3228 Polish children with chronic liver diseases and chronic disease of respiratory tract was determined. It was observed that among children with chronic liver diseases which disclosed more frequent defect (concentration of A1AT below 150 mg/dl was found in 10.3% of children), the highest occurrence of deficiency was in children with neonatal hepatitis (23.1%). The deficiency was connected with the presence of ZZ and MZ phenotypes of A1AT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Microbiological study of transtracheal aspirates from dogs with suspected lower respiratory tract disease: 264 cases (1989-1995).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the most commonly isolated bacterial species associated with lower respiratory tract disease of dogs and to determine susceptibility of these isolates to antimicrobial agents. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SAMPLE POPULATION: Transtracheal aspirates from 264 dogs with clinical evidence of lower respiratory tract disease. PROCEDURE: Records of microbiological analyses of transtracheal aspirates obtained from dogs with clinical evidence of lower respiratory tract disease were reviewed. Analyses performed included bacterial culture (anaerobic and aerobic organisms) and susceptibility testing (aerobic organisms). The medical record of each affected dog was evaluated to determine signalment and underlying condition. RESULTS: Bacteria were isolated from 116 of 264 (44%) samples, and 203 bacterial species were identified. Most (57%) of the samples from which bacteria could be isolated contained a single species, whereas 43% yielded cultures of mixed species. Bacterial species belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae (particularly Escherichia coli) were isolated most commonly (45.7% of samples contained members of this group), followed by members of the genus Pasteurella (22.4%), obligate anaerobes (21.6%), beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (12.1%), Bordetella bronchiseptica (12.1%), nonhemolytic Streptococcus/Enterococcus sp group (12.1%), coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (9.5%), and Pseudomonas sp (7.8%). The most active antimicrobial drugs (inhibiting > 90% of the isolates) for aerobic microorganisms encountered most often (E. coli and Pasteurella sp) included amikacin, ceftizoxime sodium, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin sulfate. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Amikacin, ceftizoxime, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin may be rational choices for treatment of suspected infectious lower respiratory tract disease of dogs, before identification of the causative agent(s) and before results of susceptibility tests become available.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics of respiratory tract disease in dairy heifers during the first three months of life.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence of respiratory tract disease in dairy calves and to compare antibody titers and microbial isolates from transtracheal wash samples between calves with and without respiratory tract disease (cases and controls, respectively). DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study, with matched case-control substudy. ANIMALS: 410 dairy heifers; in substudy, 105 cases and 59 controls from the same population. PROCEDURE: Calves were examined weekly by a veterinarian during the first 3 months of life. Blood samples were collected for serologic testing at the first visit for each calf and during acute and convalescent periods for cases. Transtracheal wash samples also were obtained during the acute period from cases and controls. RESULTS: Incidence and case-fatality risk for clinician-diagnosed pneumonia were 25.6 and 2.2%, respectively. Mycoplasma sp and Pasteurella multocida together were isolated from 29% of cases and 11% of controls, and Mycoplasma sp alone from 7% of cases and 30% of controls (both P < or = 0.05). From postcolostral to acute-phase serum samples. Mycoplasma dispar titers increased 1.3-fold among cases, compared with 0.7-fold among controls; from acute- to convalescent-phase samples, M dispar titers increased 2.4-fold among cases, compared with 5.6-fold among controls (both P < or = 0.005). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results of this study suggested a synergistic effect between Mycoplasma sp and P multocida and a possible initiative role of M dispar in the development of respiratory tract disease. Postcolostral total IgG values and antibody titers were not significantly different between cases and controls, implying that other factors have an important role in the development of respiratory tract disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Feline respiratory tract disease in Louisiana.

An investigation of feline respiratory tract disease (FRD) was made involving 65 affected cats (group 1) and 65 control cats (group 2) matched for age, sex, and residence. Feline calicivirus strains (FCV), feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), or both, were isolated from 59% of group 1 cats and from 7% of group 2 cats. Isolation of these viruses showed a significantly greater (P < 0.05) relative risk for group 1 cats. Virus isolations were three times more frequent from males than from females older than 1 year (both groups), but were equally distributed between males and females younger than 1 year. Bacteria and fungi had a secondary role in both FCV- and FHV-1 associated FRD. Intestinal infections of Ancylostoma spp, Dipylidium caninum, and Toxocara cati were diagnosed more frequently in group 1 cats than in control (group 2). Paragonimus kellicotti was diagnosed in 3 group 1 cats, Taenia taeniaeformis in 1 group 1 cat, Isospora rivolta in 1 group 1 cat, and Giardia cati in 1 control cat. The present study supports the current concept of a primary viral cause for development of FRD.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Relationships among treatment for respiratory tract disease, pulmonary lesions evident at slaughter, and rate of weight gain in feedlot cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the effects of treatment for clinical respiratory tract disease and pulmonary lesions identified at slaughter on rate of weight gain in feedlot cattle. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal study. ANIMALS: 469 feedlot steers. PROCEDURE: Clinical respiratory tract disease was monitored between birth and slaughter. Steers were weaned at approximately 6 months old and entered into the feedlot for a mean of 273 days. Mean daily weight gain (MDG) was monitored during the feeding period. Lungs were collected at slaughter and evaluated for gross lesions indicative of active or resolved pneumonia. RESULTS: Mean daily weight gain during the feeding period was 1.30 kg, and ranged from 1.16 to 1.46 kg within individual pens. Thirty-five percent of steers received treatment for respiratory tract disease between birth and slaughter, whereas 72% had pulmonary lesions evident at slaughter. Among steers treated for clinical respiratory tract disease, 78% had pulmonary lesions, whereas 68% of untreated steers had pulmonary lesions. Pulmonary lesions at slaughter were associated (P < 0.01) with a 0.076-kg reduction in MDG during the feeding period. Treatment for clinical disease was not associated with MDG after adjustment for the effect of pulmonary lesions. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Treatment of clinically affected feedlot cattle may be inadequate to prevent significant production losses attributable to respiratory tract disease.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1986

Respiratory tract disease in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Respiratory tract involvement is common in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although SLE in children usually follows a more severe course than in adults, there are few reports on pulmonary disease and lung function in children with SLE. We performed lung function tests and chest x ray examinations in eight children with SLE (mean age 11.1 years), three of whom presented with pulmonary symptoms. A high prevalence of lung involvement was found, including interstitial or localised infiltrations, pleural effusion, a restrictive impairment of lung function, and dysfunction of the diaphragm. Three patients required artificial ventilation. Two main mechanisms of ventilatory impairment seem to occur in children with SLE: firstly, acute interstitial pneumonia, which rapidly improves on treatment with steroids, and, secondly, restriction of lung volume, mainly due to respiratory muscle weakness.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

A study of feline upper respiratory tract disease with reference to prevalence and risk factors for infection with feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus.

A cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of cats was carried out to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for respiratory tract disease, feline calicivirus (FCV) infection and feline herpesvirus (FHV) infection. Seven hundred and forty cats were studied; samples for isolation of FCV and FHV were obtained from 622 (84%). Data on individual cat and household variables were obtained by questionnaire for each cat and analysed using univariable and logistic regression analysis. Thirty-eight percent (282/740) of cats surveyed had respiratory tract disease. Eighteen of 24 predictor variables were found to be significantly (P<0.05) associated with the presence of respiratory tract disease in a cat on univariable analysis. Following logistic regression, several factors retained significance including isolation of FCV and FHV, younger cats (4-11 months of age) and multiple cat households. A negative association was found with breeding catteries and other types of household in comparison with rescue catteries. Overall, feline calicivirus was isolated from 162/622 (26%) of cats sampled; 33% of the cats with respiratory tract disease were FCV positive compared to 21% of healthy cats. Variables significantly associated with FCV isolation on logistic regression were the presence of respiratory tract disease and contact with dogs with and without respiratory tract disease. Feline herpesvirus was isolated from 30/622 (5%) of all cats sampled; 11% of cats with respiratory tract disease were FHV positive compared to 1% of healthy cats. Variables significantly associated with FHV isolation on univariable analysis included age, gender, and the presence of respiratory tract disease. Vaccination showed a negative association. Logistic regression analysis of the data for FHV was limited by the sample size and the low prevalence of FHV.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Effect of roxithromycin on peripheral neutrophil adhesion molecules in patients with chronic lower respiratory tract disease.

To evaluate the effects of roxithromycin in patients with chronic lower respiratory tract disease including diffuse panbronchiolitis, we studied lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and Mac-1, neutrophil adhesion molecules, using peripheral neutrophils from healthy volunteers and from patients with chronic lower respiratory tract disease. The number of Mac-1 expressed on neutrophils of the patients was significantly greater (0.68 +/- 0.16) than in the healthy subjects (0.45 +/- 0.14), while the number of LFA-1 expressed on neutrophils of the patients was nearly similar to that in the healthy volunteers (0.95 +/- 0.10 vs 0.89 +/- 0.11). The neutrophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the number of Mac-1 expressed on peripheral neutrophils significantly decreased in all patients who responded clinically to a low dose of roxithromycin for a long period of time (56.0 +/- 25.2 vs. 22.7 +/- 19.7%, p < 0.05 and 0.70 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.59 +/- 0.08, p < 0.05, respectively), whereas roxithromycin had no effect on the quantitative expression of LFA-1 (0.96 +/- 0.14 to 1.00 +/- 0.09, not significant) in all responders.

Adult↗