[HIV and reproductive choices].
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Abortion, Induced↗
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Results for “Risk Reduction Behavior”
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Adolescent contraceptive use and communication: changes over a decade.
Sexual experiences of 186 adolescents in 1979 were compared to those of 215 adolescents in 1989 who were recruited from the same university to determine if there was an increase over the decade in "safe sex" practices. Self-reported condom use increased between 1979 and 1989 for very first intercourse as well as first intercourse with current partner, although condom use was still far from universal. For other behaviors, there were sexual career changes (i.e., changes from first to current partner) but not decade changes. The percentage of respondents using any method of contraception and the percentage who discussed contraception with their partner increased from first to current partner, but did not increase between 1979 and 1989. The very first intercourse with first partner remained especially troubling since contraceptive use was very low and discussions about contraception prior to sex were very infrequent.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
The impact of a media campaign in the reduction of risk-taking behavior on the part of drivers.
As part of an ongoing media educational campaign to enhance pedestrian safety in the Victoria (Canada) metropolitan area, multimedia campaigns have been targeted at drivers. This paper evaluates the campaign that focused on encouraging left-turning drivers to yield. Observers monitored five signalized intersections during five separate weeks. Logistic regression analyses indicate that this media campaign produced a long-term effect of increasing drivers' yielding behaviors.
Accidents, Traffic↗
School-based programs to reduce sexual risk-taking behaviors.
This article reviews the major approaches implemented during the last two decades to reduce sexual risk-taking behaviors, examines their evidence for success, and provides several recommendations for effective programs and program evaluations. This article does not discuss more broad-based sexuality education programs which address sexuality in a broader context. Instead, this article focuses primarily on programs that educators believed would reduce unprotected sexual intercourse.
Adolescent↗
School sexuality education and adolescent risk-taking behavior.
School sexuality education programs have been studied as a means to prevent sexual behavior that puts adolescents at risk for incurring an unwanted pregnancy or a sexually transmitted disease. This review examines and critiques research that measures effects of school sexuality education programs on the sexual risk-taking behavior of adolescents. First, methodological problems common in the literature are discussed. Second, studies measuring effects of school sexuality education programs are examined. Finally, suggestions for future research are made.
Adolescent↗
Cancer risk reduction and early detection behaviors among Black men: focus on learned helplessness.
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Adolescent↗
HIV in adolescents.
Although the number of adolescents with diagnosed AIDS in the United States remains less than 1000, many more have HIV infection that has not yet manifested as clinical illness. In addition, most adolescents are involved in risk behaviors that potentially expose them to the virus. Medical providers should be prepared to identify those at highest risk and be familiar with the legal and ethical issues surrounding the evaluation and testing for HIV infection in this population of teenagers. HIV prevention and the presence of infection during pregnancy are particularly challenging to the provider in light of the special developmental and social issues that are inherent to the process of adolescence.
AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
Sexual behavior and condom use among urban, low-income, African-American and Hispanic youth.
Low income, urban, African-American, and Hispanic youth have been identified as a group for which there is concern about the spread of HIV. Using data from a household probability sample of 1,435 minority youth aged 15 to 24 in Detroit, this paper evaluates levels of sexual activity, condom use, and reasons for condom use and non-use. Comparisons with national samples of minority youth indicated that Detroit low-income youth have similar patterns of sexual behavior to national samples, although males and African-American females began their sexual experiences earlier and were less likely to have used condoms or other protection from pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) at first intercourse. Recent levels of condom use also left many Detroit youth unprotected from STDs. Less than half used a condom at least intercourse in the last year with nonmarital partners that they "knew well." In addition, condom use with partners that they "did not know well" was very low for Hispanic youth: Among those who had at least one casual partner in the last year, only 30% to 33% had ever used a condom with that partner. Analysis of reasons for use indicate that both pregnancy prevention and disease prevention were important motivations for condom use. However, many youth did not use condoms for reasons such as unavailability of condoms or unplanned sex.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
A direct mailing to teenage males about condom use: its impact on knowledge, attitudes and sexual behavior.
In August 1987, a letter, informational pamphlet and order coupon for free mail-order condoms were sent to an experimental group of teenage males 16-17 years of age. An experimental design was used to measure the impact of the mailing on teenagers' knowledge, attitudes and behavior. Approximately five weeks after the mailing, 985 members of this group and 1,033 members of the control group (who received no mailing) were interviewed by telephone. About seven months after the mailing, members of the experimental group who claimed they had ordered the free condoms were reinterviewed by phone. The results of the initial interviews revealed that about three-fourths of the teenagers in the experimental group had received the materials, and about two-thirds had read them. Moreover, males in the experimental group, particularly those who reported having received and read the pamphlet, were slightly but statistically significantly more knowledgeable about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), pregnancy and contraceptives. On the other hand, there were no differences between males in the experimental and control groups in attitudes toward STDs or birth control, nor were there differences in actual sexual activity or in the use of birth control. However, the experimental group was significantly more likely to have ordered condoms by mail, presumably as a result of having received the free mail-order condom offer. Many of those who ordered condoms had previously had sex and had used condoms. However, a sizeable portion of those who ordered condoms did so prior to first intercourse, suggesting a possibly important early intervention.
Adolescent↗
A study on existing knowledge about AIDS among undergraduates of a Nigerian University.
This study, carried out during August-October, 1991, involved 236 respondents to a questionnaire designed to determine awareness and attitudes to AIDS and the consequent effect of such awareness on their sexual behaviour. Almost all the medical students were aware of the existence of the disease, while a few (3.8 per cent) of the non-medicos believed that it had not yet reached Nigeria. Most students i.e. 98 per cent and 97 per cent of these respective groups were aware of carrier state of the disease. Only a small percentage of students, mostly medics knew about the exact signs and symptoms of clinical AIDS. The level of knowledge about the modes of transmission of AIDS was found to be adequate. With regard to the effect of this awareness on their behaviour, it was known that a good number of medics (30.37) per cent and non-medics (28.88) per cent had started using condoms. About 40 per cent medicos, and 45 per cent non-medicos revealed an aversion to sit near a person with AIDS thus emphasizing the stigma associated with the disease. Regarding control of AIDS, many felt there should be strict isolation of HIV positive individuals along with a ban on prostitution and homosexuality.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Behavioral risk factors and coronary heart disease.
After a historical review, three clusters of social psychological variables are discussed: (1) socioeconomic factors and social disorganization; (2) sustained, intensely disturbing emotions, and (3) behavioral risk factors characterized by the hard-driving, type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. Empirical evidence from the bulk of research on various aspects of these risk factors suggests that the three clusters have a significant bearing on the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease. Reduction of behavioral risk factors should concentrate on three interventions: (1) reducing the type A pattern; (2) treating emotional drain and exhaustion, and (3) treating sustained episodes of interpersonal conflict.
Adult↗
Psychosexual characteristics of male university students in Brazil.
Male freshmen (N = 268) at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) in the state of Sao Paulo in Brazil responded to a questionnaire concerning aspects of their sexuality from the onset of adolescence. Topics such as physical changes, first ejaculation, masturbation, homosexual manifestations, and sexual practices were investigated, as well as present attitudes toward virginity, intercourse, birth control, abortion, and prevention of AIDS. The quality of the relationship established with parents and the possibilities for dialogue about sex in the family circle were also surveyed. The majority of the subjects revealed satisfactory development in most areas of their sexuality, as well as a good relationship with their parents. Nevertheless, great difficulty was found in dialogue about sex within the family circle. Of these young men, 32% were still virgins at the end of their freshman year, but a considerable number of those already sexually active reported behavior which was inappropriate for the prevention of pregnancy and AIDS. The results are analyzed using psychoanalytic theories of psychosexual development.
Adult↗
Organizing as a new approach to AIDS risk reduction for intravenous drug users.
This paper looks at an innovative approach to AIDS risk reduction among intravenous drug users who are not in treatment. The new method utilizes an organizing model that involves the mobilization of drug users to promote risk reduction. This strategy targets the group as well as the individual for change. Standard outreach techniques have had some success in achieving HIV risk reduction, particularly for behavior that reduces risk through altering drug use behavior, but still leaves many users at risk. Intravenous drug users in the Netherlands and gays in the United States have organized around HIV-related issues with some success. Preliminary evidence from New York City suggests that organizing drug users may be an effective approach for achieving significant HIV risk reduction for individual users as well as those they associate with.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Psychoeducational group approach: HIV risk reduction in drug users.
In two trials of a small-group AIDS prevention approach, 50 methadone maintenance patients and 98 heroin abusers in outpatient detoxification were randomly assigned to experimental or comparison conditions. Experimental condition subjects received a 6-hour, small-group intervention that aimed to improve their knowledge and attitudes about AIDS, skills in syringe sterilization and condom use, and changing high-risk needle use and sexual behaviors. Comparison subjects received a set of written materials about AIDS. At posttest and 3-month follow-ups, experimental condition subjects in both maintenance and detoxification demonstrated greater knowledge of AIDS and risk reduction practices and improved skill in demonstrating condom use. Although outpatient detoxification subjects displayed considerably more risk behaviors at study outset, the intervention's effect appeared to be more robust in methadone maintenance patients. The relative lack of impact on subjects' behaviors points out that more potent, sustained interventions need to be developed to slow the spread of HIV among injecting drug users.
Adult↗
Sexual behavior of American adolescents: results from a U.S. national survey.
PURPOSE: This paper reports on data from a 1990 U.S. national survey of the sexual behavior of male and female adolescents aged 12-17. METHODS: A household survey using a multi-stage area probability sample of the United States was undertaken in 1990. Adolescents were interviewed about sexual history, contraceptive use, and motivations, attitudes, and expectations with regard to sexual behavior and risk. RESULTS: The majority of 17-year-olds and about half of 16-year-olds, both male and female, had initiated sexual activity, with males initiating at younger ages than females. Sexual activity was episodic; only half of sexually experienced adolescents reported having sex in the month prior to the interview. Many sexually active respondents expressed less desire to have sex than confidence that they would have sex. Over half of respondents reported using a condom at most recent intercourse, with boys being more likely than girls to report condom use. Condom use at last intercourse was unrelated to perceptions of risk and concern about AIDS. CONCLUSIONS: Given the importance of some of the undesirable consequences of sexual activity in adolescents, such as AIDS and unwanted pregnancy, accurate and up-to-date information on sexual behavior of this age group is crucially important. The results of this study underscore the need for in-depth, population-based research on adolescent sexual behavior.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Predictors of safer sex on the college campus: a social cognitive theory analysis.
In April and May 1989, the authors surveyed a sample of students enrolled on four college campuses in New Jersey (N = 923) concerning their HIV transmission-related behavior, knowledge, and a variety of conceptual variables taken primarily from social cognitive theory that were thought to be potentially predictive of safer sexual behavior. Analyses of sexually active, unmarried students' responses indicated that men expected more negative outcomes of condom use and were more likely to have sexual intercourse while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, whereas women reported higher perceived self-efficacy to practice safer sex. Regression analyses indicated that, among the factors assessed, stronger perceptions of self-efficacy to engage in safer behavior, expecting fewer negative outcomes of condom use, and less frequency of sex in conjunction with alcohol or other drug use significantly predicted safer sexual behavior. Enhanced self-efficacy to discuss personal history with a new partner was associated with a greater number of risky encounters. Implications of these findings for intervention efforts with students are discussed.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection and AIDS among sexually active adolescents in Nairobi, Kenya and its relationship to their sexual behaviour and contraception.
A total of 675 male and female adolescents, aged 10 to 19 years, who were attending the adolescent antenatal clinic at the Kenyatta National Hospital and the Special STD and Skin Disease Clinic in Nairobi, between April 1, 1991 and July 31, 1991, were interviewed by means of partially structured questionnaire, to determine their level of awareness on sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection, AIDS and contraception with its relationship to their sexual behaviour and contraceptive practice. Adolescents formed 27.6% of people attending the STD and Skin diseases clinic, of whom 52.9% were females and 41.2% were males. Majority of them were not in any formal employment. A few were students in schools in the city. 70.4% of the total group mentioned gonorrhoea as a sexually transmitted disease, as compared to only 54.3% who mentioned AIDS as a sexually transmitted disease. They only mentioned three diseases, namely gonorrhoea, syphilis, and AIDS (HIV infection). Majority of them had started coitus very early. They were involved with many and different partners, some of whom belonged to the high risk groups for HIV infection as well as STD's. As a reflection of their low awareness on AIDS, most of these sexually active adolescents had not changed their sexual behaviour, nor were they using any protective measure against STD's or HIV infection. The implications of these findings are discussed and possible remedial measures suggested.
Adolescent↗