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PubMed1993

[Analysis of 805 children with Salmonellae infection].

We analyzed 805 children with Salmonellae infection admitted during 1981-1991. 353 of them had typhoid fever. Most of the children were over 3 years old and came from rural area. One child died. Those under 3 years of age had non-typhoid Salmonellae infection, manifesting as enteritis pattern; most sepsis patterns were seen in neonates. S. typhimurium was often seen Salmonellae infection, S. agona came next, and S. derby the third. Salmonellae infection varied, including 7 serum groups and 25 serum types. S. typhimurium and S. agona were drug resistant, with severe carrier status. Infants and young children are very liable the infection, therefore, will be the main subjects of prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Salmonella infection of meat and meat products].

The paper concerns the results of studying the frequency and degree of infection with Salmonella of diverse meat products including sausage ones. It was established that 10.2 +/- 2.1 % of samples taken from the organs of normal animals for slaughter were infected with Salmonella belonging to 9 serotypes. The most probable number per 1000 g (mpn/1000 g) was 10.5- greater than 322. Analysis of meat products in the course of manufacturing boiled sausage products demonstrated that Salmonella-infected were 44.2 +/- 8.5 % samples (mpn/1000 g 10.5- 92), taken from the starting raw material, 76.3 +/- 6.6 % samples (mpn/1000 g 10- greater than 322) from stuffing, 80.0 +/- 11.1% samples (mpn/1000 g 10.5- 69) from sausages after frying, 6.8 + +3.75 % samples (mpn/1000 g 22-72) from finished sausage. A total of 15 serotypes of Salmonella were detected in the course of study.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The roles of intrahepatic Valpha14(+) NK1.1(+) T cells for liver injury induced by Salmonella infection in mice.

To investigate the roles of intrahepatic T cells in liver injury after Salmonella infection, we examined serum alanine transaminase (ALT), histopathology, and bacterial numbers in liver after infection with Salmonella choleraesuis strain 31N-1 in mice genetically lacking TCRalpha beta+, CD4(+), CD8(+), or NK1.1(+)T cells with C57BL/6 background. In control (+/+) mice, serum ALT reached a peak level by day 7 after an intraperitoneal inoculation of 2 x 10(6) CFU Salmonella choleraesuis 31N-1. In TCR-beta-/- mice, liver injury, as assessed by serum ALT level and histological examination, was significantly suppressed on day 7 after Salmonella infection but the numbers of bacteria in liver did not differ from those in normal mice, suggesting that alpha beta T cells are responsible for liver injury induced by Salmonella infection. To further determine which subsets in alpha beta T cells are important for the liver injury, we compared serum ALT level in mice genetically lacking CD4, CD8, beta2-microglobulin (beta2m, IAbeta, or Jalpha281 after Salmonella infection. In CD4(-/-) mice, serum ALT was significantly lower in comparison with control mice, but there was no difference in serum ALT levels in CD8(-/-) and IAbeta-/- mice from that in control mice. Notably, serum ALT levels and pathological lesions in liver were significantly decreased in beta2m-/- or Jalpha281(-/-) mice, which lacked in NK1.1(+) T cells bearing TCR Valpha14-Jalpha281 specific for beta2m-associated CD1d, following Salmonella infection. Taken together, it is suggested that alpha beta T cells bearing NK1.1 and CD4 may be main effector cells for liver injury after Salmonella infection.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed2005

Case report: Salmonella infection following total hip arthroplasty.

A case of a total hip arthroplasty infection with Staphylococcus aureus, co-infected with Salmonella choleraesuis was treated with two-stage exchange and administration of vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. No signs of re-infection have appeared fourteen months after surgery. Cases of salmonella infection of hip prostheses are quite rare, with only a handful of reports in the literature.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Oxidative and nitrosative responses of the chicken macrophage cell line MQ-NCSU to experimental Salmonella infection.

Phagocytes limit replication or kill ingested organisms by producing toxic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species via NADPH oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The present experiments were to investigate the production and the possible roles of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) in the MQ-NCSU chicken macrophage cell line infected with Salmonella in vitro. After infection, intracellular Salmonella viable counts remained constant until 24 h post infection (PI) and started to decline from 48 h PI. Infection of cells with S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum, as well as exposure to S. Enteritidis LPS induced low, but significant concentrations of superoxide 1 to 2 h PI, as determined by reduction of ferricytochrome c. There was no difference in superoxide production in infected cells and control cells after 4 h. Increased H2O2 was observed from cells infected with all the different Salmonella species between 2 and 3 h of infection. Nitrite was always greater in infected cells compared to uninfected cells at all times. However, Salmonella was not completely eliminated from the cells though these cells are capable of eliciting a noticeable oxidative burst response and great nitrosative responses, indicating that a strong oxidative burst (and other mechanism/s) is essential for the elimination of intracellular Salmonella.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surveillance for human Salmonella infections in the United States.

Surveillance for human Salmonella infections plays a critical role in understanding and controlling foodborne illness due to Salmonella. Along with its public health partners, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has several surveillance systems that collect information on Salmonella infections in the United States. The National Salmonella Surveillance System, begun in 1962, receives reports of laboratory-confirmed Salmonella infections through state public health laboratories. Salmonella outbreaks are reported by state and local health departments through the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Reporting System, which became a Web-based, electronic system (eFORS) in 2001. PulseNet facilitates the detection of clusters of Salmonella infections through standardized molecular subtyping (DNA "fingerprinting") of isolates and maintenance of "fingerprint" databases. The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS) monitors antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella by susceptibility testing of every 20th Salmonella isolate received by state and local public health laboratories. FootNet is an active surveillance system that monitors Salmonella infections in sentinel areas, providing population-based estimates of infection rates. Efforts are underway to electronically link all of the Salmonella surveillance systems at CDC to facilitate optimum use of available data and minimize duplication.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Epidemiology of salmonella infections in Algeria. Evolution of the salmonella serovars isolated from 1986 to 1990].

The serovars evolution of 3340 Salmonella strains isolated from 1986 to 1990 in Algeria have been studied. Among Salmonella responsible for typhoid-paratyphoid fevers, 98% are S. typhi; the prevalence of this serovar is observed every year. Among the other Salmonella, 50 different serovars have been isolated from 1986 to 1990. The predominant serovars change every year but 98% out of the total belong to 8 groups of Kauffmann White scheme; the most frequent are: groups O: 6, 7-O: 8-O: 4 and O: 9.

Algeria↗
PubMed2000

Salmonella infection does not increase expression and activity of the high affinity IL-12 receptor.

Expression of high affinity IL-12 receptors is required for IL-12-mediated IFN-gamma production. Activation of this pathway has been shown to be critical in generating optimal cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, increased IL-12 receptor expression might be expected in the host response after infection by an intracellular bacterial pathogen. In the present study, we have made the surprising discovery that infection with Salmonella results in an early reduction of high affinity IL-12 receptor expression and activation. After oral inoculation with Salmonella, the level of mRNA expression encoding IL-12 receptor beta2 (IL-12Rbeta2) subunit was diminished 12 h postinfection in the mesenteric lymph nodes and subsequently in the spleen. Furthermore, decreased IL-12Rbeta2 mRNA expression was observed in CD4+ T lymphocytes isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens of infected mice. Attenuated IL-12Rbeta2 mRNA expression correlated with reduced receptor signaling, as demonstrated by reduced IL-12-induced STAT4 phosphorylation in enriched T lymphocytes isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens of Salmonella-infected mice. These in vivo results were substantiated with an in vitro model system. In this model system, T lymphocytes cocultured with Salmonella-infected macrophages expressed less IL-12Rbeta2 mRNA. The cocultured T cells were also less responsive to IL-12 as assessed by reduced phosphorylation of STAT4 and limited IFN-gamma secretion. Together, these studies suggest that Salmonella can limit an optimal host immune response by reducing the expression and activity of high affinity IL-12 receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Attempt to estimate the share of human Salmonella infections, which are attributable to Salmonella originating from swine].

On the basis of the data obtained in 1996 and 1997 in Germany on the frequency of detection of Salmonella and also of single Salmonella serovars in foods and infected humans, attempts were made to assess the relevance of Salmonella from swine as a source of human infection. Four assumptions considered as reasonable were made concerning the development of human salmonellosis. On the basis of these assumptions, a model for the estimation of the share of human Salmonella infections attributable to the swine population is proposed. According to this, ca. 20% of human cases of salmonellosis have been caused by Salmonella originating from swine.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Differential regulation of porcine beta-defensins 1 and 2 upon Salmonella infection in the intestinal epithelial cell line IPI-2I.

Intestinal epithelial cells represent the first line of defence against pathogenic bacteria in the lumen of the gut. Besides acting as a physical barrier, epithelial cells orchestrate the immune response through the production of several innate immune mediator molecules including beta-defensins. Here, we establish the porcine intestinal cell line IPI-2I as a new model system to test the regulation of porcine beta-defensins 1 and 2. Gene expression of both defensins was highly upregulated by foetal calf serum components in normal growth medium. In serum-free medium, baseline expression remained low, but pBD-2 gene expression was increased 10-fold upon infection with Salmonella Typhimurium. Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Salmonella Enteritidis, pathogenic bacteria with comparable adhesion and invasion characteristics, failed to increase pBD-2 mRNA levels. Heat killed or colistin-treated Salmonella Typhimurium had no effect, showing that the upregulation of pBD-2 was dependent on the viability of the Salmonella Typhimurium. Gene expression of pBD-1 was regulated differently since an increase in pBD-1 mRNA was observed by Salmonella Enteritidis infection. We conclude that the IPI-2I cells can serve as a new model to study porcine beta-defensin regulation and that pBD-1 and pBD-2 are differentially regulated in this cell line.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Cryptogenic Salmonella-infected ruptured aortic aneurysms.

Salmonella-infected ruptured aortic aneurysms are a difficult surgical problem. Five patients with Salmonella-infected ruptured aortic aneurysms are presented. All patients were initially treated by in situ graft replacement, wide debridement of the infected aortic tissue and long-term systemic antibiotic therapy. The surgical technique of choice in acute situations, such as a rupture of the aneurysm, remains controversial. In the recent literature 26 reported cases were reviewed. Based on our clinical experience and these case reports, in situ bypass reconstruction can be justified as a surgical technique that gives at least a good short-term prognosis.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Risk factors of mortality for salmonella infection in systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECT: To investigate the risk factors of mortality for Salmonella infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Between 1995 and 1999 we reviewed 37 cases of Salmonella infection in 31 patients with SLE from a total of 1191 hospitalized patients with SLE at a medical center in Taiwan. Contrasting cases of patients who died with those who survived, we compared clinical and laboratory characteristics of SLE at the time of Salmonella infection, with special attention to potential risk factors (sex, age, complete blood count and differential count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, complements, Salmonella species, infection site, reinfection, SLE presenting with Salmonella infection, associated non-Salmonella infection, etc.). RESULTS: The mean age at the onset of SLE in the 8 mortality cases was significantly higher than the 23 cases of survivors (p < 0.05). Other factors significantly related to death included associated infections other than Salmonella species, reinfection of Salmonella species, and cases of SLE presenting with Salmonella infection. Reinfection and SLE presenting with Salmonella infection were the most important risk factors of mortality for SLE with Salmonella infections: relative risk (CI) 84 (4.3-1638.8) and 63 (3.1-1296.5), respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients with SLE who are older or have associated infections other than Salmonella have an increased mortality rate when they have concurrent Salmonella infection. Patients with Salmonella infection occurring concurrently with the first presentation of SLE and patients with SLE reinfected with Salmonella species are at higher risk of mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Salmonella infections complicating inflammatory bowel disease.

One hundred and five of 267 patients with inflammatory bowel disease at a community hospital had recorded diarrhea, but only one had Salmonella (0.9%). Two additional patients, one from another institution, are also reported. A literature review disclosed only 37 cases, 18 of which were adequately defined clinically. Patients with IBD may not be at an increased risk for Salmonella infection. Salmonella infection may increase the severity of IBD, and therefore antibiotics may be necessary.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of an artificial magnetic field on Salmonella infection in mice].

Experimental Salmonella infection in mice, developing simultaneously with the prolonged action of an artificial constant magnetic field with induction equal to 3 x 10(-4) T, was found to induce a pronounced decrease in nonspecific resistance in the animals. The study of Salmonella population structure revealed that the cells selected the animals subjected to the action of the artificial magnetic field had mostly a lesser number of signs of antibiotic resistance. By the end of the experiment Salmonella cultures isolated from the mice subjected to the action of the artificial magnetic field were characterized by greater virulence and resistance to the bactericidal action of blood serum. The use of sodium nucleinate under the conditions of the action of the artificial magnetic field enhanced the level of anti-infectious protection in the animals, which changed the direction of cell selection in Salmonella population towards cells with a greater number of markers of antibiotic resistance.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1977

Mitogenic stimulation of murine spleen cells: relation to susceptibility to Salmonella infection.

The screening of several inbred strains of mice suggested that the capacity of their spleen cells to respond to the mitogenic effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria was correlated with their resistance to intraperitoneal infection with Salmonella typhimurium. An infection of LPS into mice caused changes in the in vitro responsiveness of their spleen cells to the mitogenic effects of LPS and phytohemagglutinin. Pretreatment of mice with whole ultraviolet (UV)-killed bacteria led to a marked rise in the in vitro response of the spleen cells to UV-killed bacteria, but not to LPS or or phytohemagglutinin. This enhanced response to UV-killed bacteria was not specific for the O antigens of the bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of an antimicrobial and competitive exclusion combination in Salmonella-infected pullet flocks.

Replacement pullets which had been found infected with Salmonella were treated with antibiotics for 12 days, moved to a clean house by the 11th day and given 2 treatments with a competitive exclusion (CE) preparation on the 13th and 15th day. It was found necessary to supply a small amount of feed to generate a thirst in the birds and ensure efficient and rapid consumption of the CE preparation. Salmonella could not be grown from the intestines or other organs of birds after this procedure had been carried out.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2006

Genetic determinants of acute inflammation regulate Salmonella infection and modulate Slc11a1 gene (formerly Nramp1) effects in selected mouse lines.

Two lines of mice selected to produce maximal (AIRmax) or minimal (AIRmin) acute inflammatory reactions (AIR) differ in their susceptibility to infection by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). The LD(50) for AIRmax mice is 1000 times higher than that observed for AIRmin mice, and higher frequencies of Slc11a1 alleles (known to confer either resistance (R) or high susceptibility (S) to S. Typhimurium) were consistently found in AIRmax and AIRmin mouse lines, respectively. In order to evaluate the effect of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) segregated in AIRmax and AIRmin mice on Slc11a1 dependent susceptibility to S. Typhimurium, the R and S alleles were fixed in homozygosity in AIRmax and AIRmin backgrounds by genotype assisted breedings. These new lines were named AIRmax(RR), AIRmax(SS), AIRmin(RR), and AIRmin(SS). Acute inflammation of Slc11a1(RR) animals was more severe in comparison to their Slc11a1(SS) counterparts, implicating Slc11a1 (or other linked genes) in AIR regulation. The LD(50) of S. Typhimurium was 800-times higher for AIRmax(SS) than for AIRmin(SS), demonstrating that AIR QTL can act as modifiers of the Slc11a1(SS) susceptibility gene. Four microsatellite markers for S. Typhimurium susceptibility QTL described in other mouse lines showed specific allele fixation in AIRmax or AIRmin mice, suggesting that these chromosomal regions also segregate with inflammatory phenotypes.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗