SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “SANITATION”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

Influence of commercial sanitizers on lipopolysaccharide production by Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076.

The effect of typical sanitizers on the composition and toxicity of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) produced by Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076 was analyzed. Salmonella Enteritidis was propagated up to the late exponential phase in the presence of commercial sanitizing solutions. LPS was extracted and derivatized with trifluoroacetylation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and the chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay were used to assess the ultrastructure and toxicity of the LPS. The viability and debris formation during growth were evaluated to verify the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of the sanitizers and to assess sanitizer effects on LPS formation. The LPSs produced were quantified at 1.7 x 10(4), 1.2 x 10(4), 3.6 x 10(3), and 9.6 x 10(4) [KDO] x OD(620nm)(-1) for the controls and the organisms grown in the presence of a chlorinated sanitizer, a heavy-duty alkaline cleaner, and a phenolic hand wash solution, respectively. In response to these treatments, the short-chain polysaccharide fractions of the LPSs in the Salmonella Enteritidis cells increased. This finding suggests that this organism increases the low-molecular-weight fraction of the LPS in relation to the high-molecular-weight fraction to survive these unfavorable conditions. The cumulative change in the LPS in response to the sanitizers influenced the toxicity of the LPS; however, this change could not be related to an individual compound within any of the assessed fractions.

Consumer Product Safety↗

PubMed2005

Small scale sanitation technologies.

Small scale systems can improve the sustainability of sanitation systems as they more easily close the water and nutrient loops. They also provide alternate solutions to centrally managed large scale infrastructures. Appropriate sanitation provision can improve the lives of people with inadequate sanitation through health benefits, reuse products as well as reduce ecological impacts. In the literature there seems to be no compilation of a wide range of available onsite sanitation systems around the world that encompasses black and greywater treatment plus stand-alone dry and urine separation toilet systems. Seventy technologies have been identified and classified according to the different waste source streams. Sub-classification based on major treatment methods included aerobic digestion, composting and vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion, sand/soil/peat filtration and constructed wetlands. Potential users or suppliers of sanitation systems can choose from wide range of technologies available and examine the different treatment principles used in the technologies. Sanitation systems need to be selected according to the local social, economic and environmental conditions and should aim to be sustainable.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed1991

Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma.

A total of 144 studies were analysed to examine the impact of improved water supply and sanitation facilities on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. These diseases were selected because they are widespread and illustrate the variety of mechanisms through which improved water and sanitation can protect people. Disease-specific median reduction levels were calculated for all studies, and separately for the more methodologically rigorous ones. For the latter studies, the median reduction in morbidity for diarrhoea, trachoma, and ascariasis induced by water supplies and/or sanitation was 26%, 27%, and 29%, respectively; the median reduction for schistosomiasis and dracunculiasis was higher, at 77% and 78%, respectively. All studies of hookworm infection were flawed apart from one, which reported a 4% reduction in incidence. For hookworm infection, ascariasis, and schistosomiasis, the reduction in disease severity, as measured in egg counts, was greater than that in incidence or prevalence. Child mortality fell by 55%, which suggests that water and sanitation have a substantial impact on child survival. Water for personal and domestic hygiene was important in reducing the rates of ascariasis, diarrhoea, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Sanitation facilities decreased diarrhoea morbidity and mortality and the severity of hookworm infection. Better water quality reduced the incidence of dracunculiasis, but its role in diarrhoeal disease control was less important than that of sanitation and hygiene.

Ascariasis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of isolation and sanitation on the recovery of F-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum from chronically infected hens held in biological isolation units.

Two trials were conducted to determine if individual housing or improved sanitation would enable hens to clear Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection. In each of the two trials, 40 commercial leghorn hens were infected with F strain MG (F-MG) and confined in biological isolation units in two groups: 1) hens housed individually in each of eight isolation units and 2) hens housed in groups of four in each of eight other units. Each of these two groups was further subdivided into two groups: 1) non-sanitized, having the isolation unit interior cleaned but not sanitized once each 2 weeks; and 2) sanitized, having the isolator interior thoroughly cleaned and sanitized twice weekly. Choanal cleft swabs were obtained five times over a period of 16 weeks in Trial 1 and six times over 22 weeks in Trial 2. Isolates were identified as F-MG positive by agar plate fluorescent-antibody method. The incidence of isolation of F-MG did not differ significantly between individually housed and group-housed hens, except that the percentage of positive isolations was significantly lower in individually housed/sanitized hens than group-housed/sanitized hens in Trial 1. Sanitizing had no consistent beneficial effect. The results do not support the theory that hens can clear F-MG infection if isolated from other infected hens.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed2005

Effect of sanitizing treatments on removal of bacteria from cantaloupe surface, and re-contamination with Salmonella.

There are many reports of disease due to consumption of cantaloupes contaminated at the surface with enteric pathogens. Salmonella is among the most frequently reported cause of foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States. Research was undertaken to determine the effects of sanitizer and hot water treatments on microbial populations on cantaloupe surfaces and to determine whether prior decontamination of melons by sanitizer treatment affects vulnerability to recontamination by Salmonella. Cantaloupes were sanitized with 200 ppm chlorine or 2.5% hydrogen peroxide solution for 2 min, or hot water (96 degrees C) for 2 min and were held at 5 degrees C for 24 h. Hot water treatments reduced the microbial populations on cantaloupe surface by 4.9 log reduction while H2O2 or chlorine caused approximately 2.6 log unit reduction on cantaloupe surfaces. When sanitized or hot water treated whole cantaloupes were re-inoculated with Salmonella. Higher populations of Salmonella were recovered from sanitized cantaloupes than from the untreated controls; recovery was greater from hot water treated cantaloupes than from cantaloupes treated with chlorine or hydrogen peroxide. The results of this study clearly show that sanitized cantaloupes are susceptible to recontamination if exposed to a human bacterial pathogen during subsequent handling.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed2004

Effect of water and sanitation on childhood health in a poor Peruvian peri-urban community.

BACKGROUND: Inadequate water and sanitation adversely affect the health of children in developing countries. We aimed to assess the effects of water and sanitation on childhood health in a birth cohort of Peruvian children. METHODS: We followed up children once a day for diarrhoea and once a month for anthropometry, and obtained data for household water and sanitation at baseline. FINDINGS: At 24 months of age, children with the worst conditions for water source, water storage, and sanitation were 1.0 cm (95% CI 0.1-0.8) shorter and had 54% (-1 to 240) more diarrhoeal episodes than did those with the best conditions. Children from households with small storage containers had 28% (1-63) more diarrhoeal episodes than did children from households with large containers. Lack of adequate sewage disposal explained a height deficit of 0.9 cm (0.2-1.7) at 24 months of age. Better water source alone did not accomplish full health benefits. In 24-month-old children from households with a water connection, those in households without adequate sewage disposal and with small storage containers were 1.8 cm (0.1-3.6) shorter than children in households with sewage and with large storage containers. INTERPRETATION: Our findings show that nutritional status is a useful endpoint for water and sanitation interventions and underscores the need to improve sanitation in developing countries. Improved and more reliable water sources should discourage water storage at risk of becoming contaminated, decrease diarrhoeal incidence, and improve linear growth in children.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

A close look at alcohol gel as an antimicrobial sanitizing agent.

BACKGROUND: Hand transmission of microbes by health care workers is a primary cause of nosocomial infections in both long-term and acute care facilities. Compliance with effective handwashing and hand sanitization regimens can break this cycle. METHODS: We investigated the antimicrobial efficacy and irritation potential of 5 handwash product regimens: a nonantimicrobial lotion soap, an antimicrobial lotion soap, an alcohol gel sanitizer, a nonantimicrobial lotion soap with an alcohol gel sanitizer, and an antimicrobial lotion soap with an alcohol gel sanitizer. The regimens were evaluated by using a Healthcare Personnel Handwash procedure, and irritation was assessed by using expert hand evaluation after 25 consecutive washes. RESULTS: The Healthcare Personnel Handwash data showed that the mean log reductions from baseline were greatest for the lotion soaps with alcohol gel sanitizer, less for the alcohol and the antimicrobial soap alone, and least for the bland soap. All of the product regimens showed a low potential for skin irritation. CONCLUSION: In terms of both microorganism reduction and skin irritation, the most effective product regimens were the use of alcohol gel sanitizer in combination with either an antimicrobial or a plain lotion soap.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Impurities in a lyophilized formulation of BMS-204352: identification and role of sanitizing agents.

The purpose of this study was to identify two impurities in the parenteral lyophilized formulation of BMS-204352, investigate the role of sanitizing agents as their potential source, evaluate their effect on drug product stability, and develop a strategy to prevent their contamination of the drug product. The two impurities were identified as o-phenylphenol and 4-t-amylphenol based on liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS) and chromatographic comparison to authentic samples. The LC/MS spectra of commercially available o-phenylphenol and 4-t-amylphenol showed identical patterns of fragmentation and the same retention times as the impurities identified in the BMS-204352 lyophilized product. Levels of these impurities were low and ranged between 0.2-0.3 microg/vial as determined by HPLC and using an authentic external reference standard. To confirm the hypothesis that the commercial sanitizing agents used in the sterile area were the source of these phenolic impurities, several product samples were spiked with the sanitizing agents. Both o-phenylphenol and 4-t-amylphenol were detected in the spiked samples. Further investigation revealed that o-phenylphenol and 4-t-amylphenol are active ingredients of these commercial sanitizing agents. Drug product samples containing the phenolic impurities showed no potency loss following storage at 30, 50, and 70 degrees C indicating these impurities had no adverse effect on product stability. These studies suggest that sanitizing agents used in the sterile area, although may be present at trace levels below typical cleaning procedure detection methods, need to be properly controlled and closely monitored during the manufacturing of injectable products, particularly highly potent drugs. Sanitizing agents, even though not used on product contact surfaces, may potentially contaminate a product through vapor transfer in an open environment.

Biphenyl Compounds↗

PubMed2003

Ingestion of Salmonella enterica serotype Poona by a free-living mematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and protection against inactivation by produce sanitizers.

Free-living nematodes are known to ingest food-borne pathogens and may serve as vectors to contaminate preharvest fruits and vegetables. Caenorhabditis elegans was selected as a model to study the effectiveness of sanitizers in killing Salmonella enterica serotype Poona ingested by free-living nematodes. Aqueous suspensions of adult worms that had fed on S. enterica serotype Poona were treated with produce sanitizers. Treatment with 20 microg of free chlorine/ml significantly (alpha = 0.05) reduced the population of S. enterica serotype Poona compared to results for treating worms with water (control). However, there was no significant difference in the number of S. enterica serotype Poona cells surviving treatments with 20 to 500 microg of chlorine/ml, suggesting that reductions caused by treatment with 20 microg of chlorine/ml resulted from inactivation of S. enterica serotype Poona on the surface of C. elegans but not cells protected by the worm cuticle after ingestion. Treatment with Sanova (850 or 1,200 microg/ml), an acidified sodium chlorite sanitizer, caused reductions of 5.74 and 6.34 log(10) CFU/worm, respectively, compared to reductions from treating worms with water. Treatment with 20 or 40 microg of Tsunami 200/ml, a peroxyacetic acid-based sanitizer, resulted in reductions of 4.83 and 5.34 log(10) CFU/worm, respectively, compared to numbers detected on or in worms treated with water. Among the organic acids evaluated at a concentration of 2%, acetic acid was the least effective in killing S. enterica serotype Poona and lactic acid was the most effective. Treatment with up to 500 microg of chlorine/ml, 1% hydrogen peroxide, 2,550 microg of Sanova/ml, 40 microg of Tsunami 200/ml, or 2% acetic, citric, or lactic acid had no effect on the viability or reproductive behavior of C. elegans. Treatments were also applied to cantaloupe rind and lettuce inoculated with S. enterica serotype Poona or C. elegans that had ingested S. enterica serotype Poona. Protection of ingested S. enterica serotype Poona against sanitizers applied to cantaloupe was not evident; however, ingestion afforded protection of the pathogen on lettuce. These results indicate that S. enterica serotype Poona ingested by C. elegans may be protected against treatment with chlorine and other sanitizers, although the basis for this protection remains unclear.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 counts on whole fresh apples by treatment with sanitizers.

The objectives of this study were to determine if washing of whole apples with solutions of three different sanitizers (peroxyacetic acid, chlorine dioxide, or a chlorine-phosphate buffer solution) could reduce a contaminating nonpathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 population by 5 logs and at what sanitizer concentration and wash time such a reduction could be achieved. Sanitizers were tested at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 times the manufacturer's recommended concentration at wash times of 5, 10, and 15 min. Whole, sound Braeburn apples were inoculated with approximately 1 x 108 or 7 x 106 CFU per apple, stored for 24 h, then washed with sterile water (control) or with sanitizers for the prescribed time. Recovered bacteria were enumerated on trypticase soy agar. Washing with water alone reduced the recoverable population by almost 2 logs from the starting population; this can be attributed to physical removal of organisms from the apple surface. No sanitizer, when used at the recommended concentration, reduced the recovered E. coli population by 5 logs under the test conditions. The most effective sanitizer, peroxyacetic acid, achieved a 5-log reduction when used at 2.1 to 14 times its recommended concentration, depending on the length of the wash time. The chlorine-phosphate buffer solution reduced the population by 5 logs when used at 3 to 15 times its recommended concentration, depending on wash time. At no concentration or wash time tested did chlorine dioxide achieve the 5-log reduction.

Buffers↗

PubMed1993

Effect of heating-ventilation-air conditioning system sanitation on airborne fungal populations in residential environments.

Commercial air duct sanitation services are advertised to the public as being effective in reducing indoor aeroallergen levels despite the absence of published supporting data. Eight residential heat-ventilation-air conditioning (HVAC) systems in six homes and seven HVAC systems in five homes in winter and summer, respectively, were sampled to determine fungal colony forming units (CFUs) prior to and after an HVAC sanitation procedure was performed by a local company. Two houses in which no sanitation procedure was performed served as controls in each study phase. Two sample sets were obtained at each HVAC system prior to cleaning in order to determine baseline CFU levels. The test HVAC systems were then cleaned, and the HVAC systems allowed to operate as desired by the residents. Posttreatment sampling was performed 48 hours and then weekly after cleaning for 8 weeks. The HVAC systems were analyzed by exposing sterile 2% malt extract media plates at a 90-degree angle to the air flow at the air supply and air return vents. The baseline CFUs were similar in the control and study houses. Eight weeks after sanitation, the study houses demonstrated an overall CFU reduction of 92% during winter and 84% during summer. No reduction in CFU values was observed over the 8-week study period for the houses selected as controls. Further, HVAC sanitation appeared to reduce the number of fungal colonies entering and leaving the HVAC system, suggesting that the HVAC contained a significant percentage of the total fungal load in these homes. These data suggest that HVAC sanitation may be an effective tool in reducing airborne fungal populations in residential environments.

Air Conditioning↗

PubMed1996

The effect of toilet sanitizers and detergents on immunological occult blood tests.

Effects of time-releasing toilet bowl sanitizers and their main constituents, detergents, on immunological fecal occult blood tests were examined. Six kinds of toilet sanitizers and 19 kinds of detergents were included. Patients' fecal samples and hemoglobin solutions were measured by means of quantitative immunological fecal occult blood tests after being mixed with sanitizer or detergent solutions. Marked reduction in hemoglobin concentration or antigenicity was observed after the addition of sanitizers or detergents at a final concentration of 0.5 g/l. Most of these inhibitory reactions were dose dependent. In contrast with the immunological method, the chemical method using o-tolidine and guaiac were not affected by the detergents tested. In sampling feces for immunological fecal occult blood tests, contact of samples with sanitizer solutions should be avoided.

Detergents↗

PubMed2003

The role of health education and sanitation in the control of helminth infections.

Health education and sanitation are two important components of primary health care system introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a basis for the prevention and control of communicable diseases. However, the roles of health education and sanitation in disease control have been controversial, especially in the wake of recent advances in safe and effective oral drugs. This article has reviewed the various health education and sanitation interventions around the world to determine what roles they have played in the past relative to other intervention strategies and the role they have to play in future control efforts. It appears clear-cut from the review, that while chemotherapy has been and will remain the best option for morbidity control, sanitation has an important role to play not only to sustain the benefits of chemotherapy but also to protect the uninfected. Health education that is effective, simple and low-cost remains the only tool for creating the enabling environment for both chemotherapy and sanitation to thrive.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Effect of hand sanitizer use on elementary school absenteeism.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have indicated a connection between handwashing and illness-related absenteeism in school settings. The difficulty of ensuring consistent and effective handwashing among student populations has also been noted. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the use of an alcohol gel hand sanitizer in the classroom to help decrease the illness-related absentee rate for elementary school students. METHODS: This study involved 5 individual school districts, 16 individual schools, and more than 6000 students in Delaware, Ohio, Tennessee, and California. Individual schools in each district were paired into product and control groups. In the product group schools, an alcohol gel hand sanitizer was used by the students and staff when entering and leaving the classroom. Absenteeism due to infection was recorded, and the data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The overall reduction in absenteeism due to infection in the schools included in this study was 19.8% for schools that used an alcohol gel hand sanitizer compared with the control schools (P <.05). Data from the school system with the largest teacher population (n = 246) showed that teacher absenteeism decreased 10.1% (trend) in the schools where sanitizer was used. CONCLUSION: Elementary school absenteeism due to infection is significantly reduced when an alcohol gel hand sanitizer is used in the classroom as part of a hand hygiene program.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2002

Estimating the burden of disease from water, sanitation, and hygiene at a global level.

We estimated the disease burden from water, sanitation, and hygiene at the global level taking into account various disease outcomes, principally diarrheal diseases. The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) combines the burden from death and disability in a single index and permits the comparison of the burden from water, sanitation, and hygiene with the burden from other risk factors or diseases. We divided the world's population into typical exposure scenarios for 14 geographical regions. We then matched these scenarios with relative risk information obtained mainly from intervention studies. We estimated the disease burden from water, sanitation, and hygiene to be 4.0% of all deaths and 5.7% of the total disease burden (in DALYs) occurring worldwide, taking into account diarrheal diseases, schistosomiasis, trachoma, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm disease. Because we based these estimates mainly on intervention studies, this burden is largely preventable. Other water- and sanitation-related diseases remain to be evaluated. This preliminary estimation of the global disease burden caused by water, sanitation, and hygiene provides a basic model that could be further refined for national or regional assessments. This significant and avoidable burden suggests that it should be a priority for public health policy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Health aspects of sanitation among Eastern Cape (EC) rural communities, South Africa.

A descriptive study was conducted to determine the health aspects of sanitation among rural communities of the EC. A purposive sample of 145 villagers was drawn from 14 villages selected through systematic random sampling. Of these, 71 were male and 74 were female. The 145 participants were divided into 14 groups (M = 10 participants) by community and randomly assigned to 14 community-based trained facilitators. Each facilitator administered Dunker's (2001) KAP tool for hygiene to the assigned group. The responses from all the groups were collated and analysed. Communities' health was generally not considered good (78.6%) because of limited clean water, lack of money to treat water and unhealthy food. The prevalence of diseases in the last 6 months, included: skin diseases, worms, eye infections, diarrhoea, bilharzias and malaria; the perceived causes of diseases were mainly related to poor sanitation and the suggested disease prevention methods were sanitation improvement related. Institutional capacity was generally lacking as more than 50% of the communities did not have sanitation committees and environmental health officers (98.3%); health (64.3%) and water (57.1%)committees. The results have implications for policy-makers, programme planners, academics and practitioners in the field of water and sanitation in terms of policy and programme formulation, curriculum development, and service delivery.

Communicable Diseases↗

PubMed1998

Efficacy of washing and sanitizing trailers used for swine transport in reduction of Salmonella and Escherichia coli.

Healthy pigs can carry Salmonella in their intestine and may shed this pathogen because of stresses incurred during transportation, contaminating trailer floors and bedding material. If not cleaned and sanitized between trips, trailers and bedding have the potential to infect other farms, the abattoir environment, or other animals with Salmonella. Floors and bedding material from pig trailers were sampled to determine the efficacy of the abattoir-developed washing and sanitizing regime on the level of Salmonella before and after a single haul. Escherichia coli levels were an indicator of high contamination. The study also determined the effect of ambient temperature (during four seasons) and of the distance the pigs traveled in the haulers (> 500 miles or < 500 miles) on bacterial levels. Salmonella was isolated from 80% of the bedding material tested. Of the 188 floor samples taken, 41.5% were positive for Salmonella before washing, and 2.7% were positive after washing and sanitizing. E. coli was isolated from all bedding material and floor samples before washing, but washing and sanitizing significantly decreased levels (P < 0.05) by 2 logs. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the number of Salmonella- or E. coli-positive trailers attributable to distance traveled or season of the year. These results demonstrate that washing and sanitizing the trailers after each load significantly reduced levels of Salmonella and its possible spread by the contaminated trailer and bedding, which ultimately could promote improvement in food safety.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Effect of chemical sanitizing agents on ATP bioluminescence measurements.

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sodium hypochlorite (SH), quaternary ammonium (QA), trisodium phosphate (TSP), lactic acid (LA), hydrogen peroxide (HP), and trichlosan (TR) on ATP bioluminescence measurements. Each sanitizer was tested at three different levels and compared to a control group containing no sanitizer. ATP from three sources was analyzed, Escherichia coli, chicken blood, and a pure ATP standard. The effect of each sanitizer was reported as a percent decrease in log10 relative light units (LRLU) for the treatment groups when compared to LRLU from the control groups. SH concentrations of 30, 50, and 70 ppm and quaternary ammonium at concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 ppm had no effect on LRLU measurements, regardless of the ATP source. LA concentrations of 0.5% and higher reduced LRLU by 75%. LRLU measurements were significantly (P < or = 0.05) reduced by approximately 60% when levels of TSP exceeded 1%. HP had no effect on LRLU measurements from any of the ATP sources at 0.1%; however, at 1% HP significantly (P < or = 0.05) decreased LRLU measurements by approximately 60% for all ATP sources. TR at 0.25% had no significant effect on LRLU measurements from any of the ATP sources. TR at 0.5 and 1% reduced LRLU measurements by 30 and 50%, respectively. These results indicate that commercial sanitizers containing LA, TSP, HP, or TR may negatively affect LRLU measurements if the sanitizer is allowed to come into direct contact with the ATP bioluminescence reagents.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗