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PubMed2001

Chemical characterisation of the oligosaccharides in hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) and Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) milk.

Carbohydrates were extracted from hooded seal milk, Crystophora cristata (family Phocidae). Free oligosaccharides were separated by gel filtration and then purified by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and preparative thin layer or paper chromatography and their structures determined by 1H-NMR. The hooded seal milk was found to contain inositol and at least nine oligosaccharides, most of which had lacto-N-neotetraose or lacto-N-neohexaose as core units, similar to those in milk of other species of Carnivora such as bears (Ursidae). Their structures were as follows: Gal(beta1-4)Glc (lactose); Fuc(alpha1-2)Gal(beta1-4)Glc (2'-fucosyllactose); Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc (lacto-N-neotetraose); Fuc(alpha1-2)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc (lacto-N-fucopentaose IV); Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)[Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-6)]Gal(1-4)Glc (lacto-N-neohexaose); Fuc(alpha1-2)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)[Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-6)]Gal(beta1-4)Glc (monofucosyl lacto-N-neohexaose a); Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)[Fuc(alpha1-2)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-6)]Gal(beta1-4)Glc (monofucosyl lacto-N-neohexaose b); Fuc(alpha1-2)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)[Fuc(alpha1-2)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-6)]Gal(beta1-4)Glc (difucosyl lacto-N-neohexaose); Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc (para lacto-N-neohexaose); Fuc(alpha1-2)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc (monofucosyl para lacto-N-neohexaose). Milk of the Australian fur seal, Arctophalus pusillus doriferus (family Otariidae) contained inositol but no lactose or free oligosaccharides. These results, therefore, support the hypothesis that the milk of otariids, unlike that of phocids, contains no free reducing saccharides.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Brucellosis in ringed seals and harp seals from Canada. lforbes@em.agr.ca.

A novel Brucella sp. was isolated from lymph nodes of four ringed seals (Phoca hispida) collected near Pangnirtung (Baffin Island, Canada) in January and February 1995 and in one harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) collected near the Magdalen Islands (Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada) in March 1996. Bacteriological characteristics were the same for all five isolates. The colonies were typical of Brucella spp., but took 2 to 5 days longer than the traditional species to appear on primary isolation media. Biotyping results did not match any of the known biovars of Brucella, but were similar to isolates of the genus Brucella previously reported from marine mammals inhabiting other areas of the northern hemisphere. This is the first confirmed report of brucellosis in marine mammals from Canada, and the first report of this organism in ringed and harp seals.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Plug and seal: prevention of hypoxic cardiocyte death by sealing membrane lesions with antimyosin-liposomes.

The hallmark of cell death is the development of cell membrane lesions. Such lesions in the myocardium are usually associated with acute myocardial infarction. Minimizing myocardial necrosis by thrombolytic reperfusion therapy constitutes the only major treatment to date. We envisioned a method to seal these membrane lesions using immunoliposomes as a novel adjunctive approach. An antigen to intracellular cytoskeletal myosin in hypoxic embryonic cardiocytes is used as an anchoring site, and a specific antibody on immunoliposomes as the anchor to plug and to seal the membrane lesions. H9C2 cells were used because they are cardiocytes and are propagated in tissue culture and their viability may be assessed by various methods. Viability assessed by [3H]thymidine uptake in hypoxic cardiocyte cultures (n = 6 each) treated with antimyosin-immunoliposomes (3.26 +/- 0.483 x 10(6) c.p.m.) was similar to that of normoxic cells (3.68 +/- 0.328 x 10(6) c.p.m.), but was greater than those of untreated hypoxic cells (0.115 +/- 0.155 x 10(6) c.p.m.) or hypoxic cells treated with plain liposomes (1.140 +/- 0.577 x 10(6) c.p.m.). These results were reconfirmed by trypan blue exclusion and by fluorescent, confocal and transmission electron microscopy. They indicated that cell death in hypoxic cardiocytes can be prevented by targeted cell membrane sealing. This concept of cell salvage should be applicable in the prevention of cell death in different biological systems.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Impact of the Duett sealing device on quality of life and hospitalization costs for coronary diagnostic and interventional procedures: Results from the Study of Economic and Quality of Life substudy of the SEAL trial.

BACKGROUND: The Simple and Effective Arterial Closure (SEAL) trial examined the safety and effectiveness of the Duett vascular sealing device (Vascular Solutions, Minneapolis, Minn) versus manual compression after diagnostic and interventional coronary procedures. We compared quality of life and initial hospitalization costs among patients treated with the Duett device versus manual compression. METHODS: Functional status was assessed with the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) at 7 and 30 days after intervention. General health status was assessed with the Short Form (SF-36) at 30 days after intervention. Hospitalization costs were derived from the UB92 formulation of the hospital bill. RESULTS: There was a strong trend toward higher functional status in patients receiving treatment with the Duett device at 7 days both before (P =.04) and after (P =.08) adjustment for significant covariates. This difference was significant in the diagnostic group but not in the interventional group. No significant differences in quality of life between the Duett device and manual compression at 30 days were found. There was no significant difference in total hospitalization costs between treatment arms (P =.91). For interventional patients, mean total in-hospital costs were $10,167 in the Duett group and $10,225 in the manual compression group (P =.82). For diagnostic patients, mean hospitalization costs were $7784 and $7996 for the Duett device and manual compression groups, respectively (P =.72). Trends toward reduced recovery/observation room costs with the Duett device (P =.06) were found; this difference was significant in the diagnostic group ($198 vs $279, P =.02). CONCLUSIONS: The Duett sealing device was associated with significantly higher functional status at 7 days after the procedure in addition to shortened time to hemostasis and ambulation, with no associated increase in cost.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Compliance characteristics of the Portex Soft Seal Cuff improves seal against leakage of fluid in a pig trachea model.

BACKGROUND: The Portex Soft Seal high-volume, low-pressure cuffed tracheal tube was compared with the Mallinckrodt HiLo, Sheridan Preformed and Portex Profile tracheal tubes for leakage of dye placed in the subglottic space of a pig's trachea which was used in a benchtop mechanical ventilation model and in six isolated pig tracheas. RESULTS: There was no leakage, either in the ventilation model or in the isolated tracheas in the Portex Soft Seal group. There was rapid leakage in the ventilation model and in all the isolated tracheas for the Mallinckrodt HiLo, and five out of six isolated tracheas for the Sheridan Preformed and the Portex Profile group. CONCLUSIONS: This benchtop study suggests that the improved compliance characteristics of the Portex Soft Seal cuff are beneficial in preventing leakage of fluid in these models.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Direct seal papers for horizontal form-fill-seal machine.

Direct-seal papers are designed for minimal fibre lift, where the sealing layer is incorporated into the bottom web. There are applications where they are the most appropriate economical alternative to traditional coated papers for horizontal form-fill-seal packaging. This article explores their benefits and limitations.

Cost Control↗
PubMed1993

The use of monoclonal antibodies specific for seal immunoglobulins in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect canine distemper virus-specific immunoglobulin in seal plasma samples.

A method is described for the measurement of antigen-specific immunoglobulin in seal pup plasmas. Four monoclonal antibodies (H1a, H13a, H24b and H49a) raised against grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) immunoglobulin were used in an ELISA procedure. Levels of canine distemper virus (CDV) specific macroglobulin (IgM like protein) were found to peak approximately 10 days after the first vaccination. Levels of other smaller CDV-specific immunoglobulins (IgG like protein) also increased after vaccination. Using immunoblotting the CDV specific IgG-like protein reacted with a CDV protein, having a molecular weight of approximately 75 kDa.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver of freshwater and marine ringed seals (Phoca hispida ssp.) differs largely due to the diet of the seals.

Fatty acid composition in the liver of four ringed-seal (Phoca hispida ssp.) populations, from ocean (Spitsbergen), brackish water (the Baltic Sea) and freshwater (Lake Saimaa and Lake Ladoga) were determined by gas liquid chromatography. The fatty acid compositions in liver were compared with those of the blubber of the seals, which largely reflect the fatty acid supply from marine or freshwater fish. When the ratios of 20:4n-6/20:5n-3 (arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid, AA/EPA, from 0.06 to 0.55) and n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA (n-6/n-3, from 0.09 to 0.35) increased from the marine to freshwater blubber, the corresponding increase in these ratios in the total lipids of the liver was 10-fold or more (AA/EPA: from 1.2 to 13.5 and n-6/n-3: from 0.9 to 3.2). Thus, when available in the diet, AA is preferentially incorporated into the lipids of pinniped liver.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Climate change and seal survival: evidence for environmentally mediated changes in elephant seal, Mirounga leonina, pup survival.

Maternal and physical factors play a significant role in animal life-history variability, which means that large scale climate change has the potential to affect the size and dynamics of animal populations indirectly through maternal investment and directly through conditions that animals are exposed to. However, little is known about the effects of large-scale oceanographic events such as the El-Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) that influence productivity in the Southern Ocean and the abundance, quality and distribution of prey. The possible mechanisms by which physical factors and primary productivity could influence life-history traits, such as survival of apex predators, includes direct influences such as food availability and foraging success and indirect influences such as stored maternal investment and resource transfer during lactation. Here, we quantify the relative contribution of maternal investment and climate conditions at remote foraging sites to survival in the first year of life for southern elephant seals. We present evidence linking climate (ENSO) and variations in a key demographic parameter--first-year survival--and demonstrate that survival was highest during ENSO events and that the ability of mothers to store and acquire resources, which is typically related to ocean productivity, is the most important determinant of survival in the first year. This functional link provides valuable insights that can be used to model the responses of the seal populations to climate change scenarios.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Morbillivirus infection among seals (Phoca vitulina) during the 1988 epidemic in the Bay of Heligoland. II. Serogological investigations reflecting a previous phocine distemper epidemic in a seal orphanage.

Of 57 seals hospitalized in the Norddeich Orphanage, 37 (65%) had died until 22nd of August, 1988, when the first collection of blood samples from the survivors commenced. All the sera including those obtained at a later date from the remaining animals had invariably higher neutralizing antibody titres against a phocine distemper virus (PDV) isolate than against canine distemper virus (CDV). The difference of mean titres was calculated to be more than 1.5 x log10 serum dilution. Peak titres demonstrated by a direct neutralization peroxidase-linked antibody (NPLA) assay reached 1/90,000. Attempts to isolate PDV in seal kidney cell cultures from heparinized blood samples collected from convalescent animals were not successful. From the increase in antibody titre following the last fatal case it was concluded that the devastating epidemic sweeping through the Norddeich Orphanage was primarily due to phocine distemper.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Discuss that the coronal seal is more important than the apical seal for endodontic success.

One of the main principles for successful root canal treatment is the prevention of microorganisms and toxins from the oral flora penetrating through the root canal system into the periapical tissues (1). This is achieved by obturating the root canal system completely, including the coronal and apical ends. Inadequate obturation of the root canal system has been found to be the most frequent cause of failure after endodontic treatment (2). A number of studies have indicated that leakage, whether from a coronal or apical direction, adversely affects the success of root canal treatment (3-7). The significance of the coronal seal has been increasingly recognized in the dental literature (4, 5, 8, 9) and in more recent times, it has been suggested that apical leakage may not be the most important factor leading to the failure of endodontic treatment--but that coronal leakage is far more likely to be the major determinant of clinical success or failure (10). This paper will discuss aspects of: endodontic success and failure; the use of leakage studies to assess the quality of the seal; the significance of both apical and coronal leakage; followed by a review of the literature.

Dental Bonding↗
PubMed1987

Clinical performance of sealed composite restorations placed over caries compared with sealed and unsealed amalgam restorations.

The 2-year clinical evaluations of paired occlusal restorations are presented. Each study participant received a sealed composite restoration placed over a carious lesion and either a traditional outline-form (unsealed) amalgam or an ultraconservative sealed amalgam restoration. Caries was removed before placement of both types of amalgam restorations. No important clinical differences developed among the three groups of restorations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Fissure sealing combined with enamel fluoridation. Follow-up study 2 year after sealing].

In a two-year study the adhesion of diluted composite material as fissure sealant was tested upon etched and etched-fluoridated (aminofluoride) occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars. After 24 months the sealant was found to be intact in 89.3% of the only etched and in 85.6% of the etched-fluoridated fissures. 3.9% of all sealed fissures showed either an increase in the degree of caries or a filling, while the control teeth showed a percentage of 49.7 DF. Fissure sealing therefore appears to be an adequate method for reducing occlusal caries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Leucocyte interleukin-1-like activity in the common seal (Phoca vitulina) and grey seal (Halichoerus grypus).

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an important cytokine with predominantly proinflammatory activities, which have been characterized in many mammals. This study showed the production of IL-1-like bioactivity by cultured seal leucocytes. Increasing concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0-1 micrograms/ml) stimulated an increase in measurable IL-1-like activity in cell culture supernates. This activity increased for the first 24 h after LPS stimulation and the substance responsible had an apparent molecular weight of 17 kDa on gel filtration, similar to that described for other species. Specificity of the bioassay used was confirmed by blocking the bioactivity with an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 ra).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Identification and molecular characterization of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) of the German North and Baltic Seas.

Bacteriological investigations of seals of the German North and Baltic seas resulted in the isolation of bacteria of the genus Streptococcus belonging to Lancefield's serological groups C, F, and L. According to biochemical, serological, and 16S ribosomal DNA analysis, the group C and group F streptococci were identified as Streptococcus phocae. The group L streptococci could be classified as Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Long-term sealing efficacy of four root surface sealing materials used in endodontic leakage studies.

Fifty extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were biomechanically instrumented and divided into five equal groups, four experimental and a control. The teeth in the experimental groups had their root surface coated with one of four sealants; epoxy, casting resin, sticky wax, or nail polish. The roots of the remaining teeth were not coated and served as controls. All of the teeth were mounted in the caps of scintillation vials. Five microliters of [3H]uridine were deposited in the root canal space and disintegration counts were obtained over time periods of 1, 4, 8, 12, and 36 wk. At the conclusion of the experiment, sticky wax was demonstrated to provide a superior seal (p < 0.0001).

Analysis of Variance↗