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Results for “SOCIAL WELFARE”

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PubMed1998

[Training of personnel for work in home medical care and social welfare].

Our foundation initiated another home nursing station last year, bringing to 7 the number of social welfare institutions we are running (hospital, elderly, special elderly, day service, home support center, nursing station). We are trying to maintain close communication between the institutions and local community, but service in keeping with the demand is more necessary than ever. Moreover, in supplying medical care and welfare services, we are working harder for very close communication with those on the spot. Among employees the call is also for faster, more sure communication for dealing with matters on a "quality work" basis. From the earlier attitude of local medical and welfare institutions of "Bring them here to our hospital or facility," to "We'll come there," a definite change in thinking has begun to take over now. In the home care and Welfare office end of things, while "business ability and skill" are important as ever, "attitude" has become a large factor in doing the job among employees. The report gives actual examples of training of personnel to handle these various tasks with greater ability.

Education, Nonprofessional↗
PubMed1991

Wages or welfare? Compensating caregiving in two conservative social welfare states.

While nearly all developed nations have some form of attendance allowance for the elderly and disabled, the United Kingdom and several of the American states have provisions to pay caregivers directly if they are family members. This paper compares and contrasts provisions in the U.K. Invalid Care Allowance with provisions of a program in one American state-Michigan. Such payments potentially benefit disabled people, caregivers, and cost-conscious states. However, two particular goals shape the programs' impacts on caregiver functioning and adequacy. One is the extent to which programs operate as welfare provisions and benefits directed at the social or household economy. The other is the extent to which they function as a substitute for wage labor in the market economy. Each of these can be assessed in relation to the real, personal choices and economic gains it provides caregivers. Presumably, both are important in sustaining adequate and satisfying long-term care. Only by truly expanding choice as well as capacity can governments expect to effectively sustain an optimal mix of care provision in the community.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Medical man-power and community health care in the city of Kitakyushu. Physicians working in the social welfare institutions and administrations].

In 1982, there are 196 physicians who belong to the Kitakyushu Medical Association, working (full time or part time) in 244 social welfare institutions and administrations. Several characteristics regarding their sexes, ages and main specialties were classified by district (Moji, Kokura, Wakamatsu, Yahata and Tobata) and by medical group (class A members: physicians paying full dues including those being employed--mainly in private practice, and class B members: physicians being employed--mainly in public, university or private hospitals). There were 24 members in Moji, 78 in Kokura, 20 in Wakamatsu, 55 in Yahata and 19 in Tobata; 173 members in class A (165 males and 8 females) and 23 in class B (all were males). Among their main specialties, internal medicine was the highest (121 members) followed by pediatrics (31), surgery (20), obstetrics and gynecology (9), orthopedics (6), psychiatry (6), otorhinolaryngology (3) and ophthalmology (1). 32.5 percent (113 members) of all specialists of internal medicine in class A and 47.5 percent (28 members) of all pediatricians in class A work in social welfare institutions and administrations. Among orthopedists or specialists of obstetrics and gynecology class B members were more than class A members. It was noted that the main specialties of 64.3 percent of 126 contract physicians in 158 Day Nurseries were internal medicine (81 members), but on the other hand specialists were needed in some specialized institutions and administrations.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Indoor air studies of fungi contamination of social welfare home in Czerewki in north-east part of Poland.

PURPOSE: The contamination of the indoor environment with yeast-like fungi and moulds in social welfare home in Czerewki was evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The concentration of airborne fungi (in front of the building and in the corridors, patient rooms, study rooms, recreation rooms, kitchens, bathrooms, toilets) was determined using SAS-Super 100 (Pbi International). The fungal concentration on walls was assessed using the Count-Tact applicator and the plate Count-Tact irradiated (BioMerieux). Swabs were taken from the skin of the interdigital spaces of feet and hands, nails and the oral cavity of the residents. The fungi from the swabs were cultured on Sabouraud medium. Fungi were identified using standard microbial procedures. RESULTS: Tests of air and walls revealed significant differences in mycological flora in depending on the place isolation (e.g. corridor, rooms, reading room, nurse, room, kitchen, dining room, bathroom) and season (summer, autumn, winter, spring). A significant increase in the fungi isolated from the air and walls in the social welfare home was found, depending on the season. CONCLUSION: An increase in the fungi isolated from residents was found in relation to the season.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1995

[Immigration, income distribution, and social welfare].

"This paper explores the consequences of immigration for aggregate income and income distribution. On the one hand, immigration generally increases the residents' aggregate income, on the other hand, it makes income distribution more unequal if immigrants bring little capital with them. These two effects can be analyzed jointly using a measure of social welfare. In general, the arrival of immigrants owning little capital lowers social welfare of residents and immigration of capital-rich persons increases it." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND GER)

Demography↗
PubMed1986

Poverty and social welfare: an agenda for change.

Actions to reduce the federal deficit in recent years threaten to strand the economically and socially disadvantaged while maintaining generous subsidy programs for populations with little or no financial need. This situation has been brought about in large part because of government's inherent reluctance to scale down programs that are politically popular even if no longer affordable or, in the long run, appropriate. The authors suggest that realistic and responsible social welfare policy reform requires that no sector of the federal budget be exempt from review or change. In the area of health, the importance of reshaping programs such as Medicare and Medicaid and disaggregating trends to focus more on populations with legitimate unmet needs is underscored. The authors make a number of suggestions on how existing social welfare programs can be better targeted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Politics, social welfare policy, and the population problem in Latin America.

This paper examines the interaction between social welfare policies and the "population problem" in Latin America. It demonstrates that social security programs, by reinforcing highly unequal patterns of stratification, have had a largely negative effect on population issues in the region. Social security policy in turn is analyzed as a particular political adaptation to the realities of dependent capitalist development. As a result, the population problem in Latin America is viewed less as a product of mindless demographic forces than as a politically induced reality stemming from the accumulated impact and negative consequences of a variety of consciously formulated public policies.

Health Status↗
PubMed2004

Exploring social welfare functions and violation of monotonicity: an example from inequalities in health.

The social welfare function (SWF) has been used within the economics literature, to study trade-offs between equality and efficiency. These SWFs are characterised by properties determined by traditional welfare economics. One of these properties, the monotonicity principle is explored in this paper. In the context of health there may be occasions when the monotonicity principle is violated as there may be circumstances where distributional issues dominate efficiency concerns. When this is the case, conventional SWFs are not flexible enough to represent such social preferences. Therefore, we propose a SWF with an alternative specification, which is general enough to accommodate preferences that are not necessarily monotonic. A survey of the Spanish general public was undertaken to estimate preferences regarding equality in health, relative to efficiency in health. The results (with 973 usable responses) give strong support to the existence of public preferences which violate the monotonicity principle, and thus to the usefulness of the alternative specification proposed here.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2005

The relationship of job type to burnout in social workers at social welfare offices.

This study sought to determine the relationship of job type differences to burnout level, the details of job characteristics for each job type, and the association between burnout and job factors in 189 social workers at all social welfare offices in a prefecture in Japan. Among the three job types, 32.9% of social workers involved with public assistance, 29.0% of social workers involved with public assistance, the elderly, the disabled and single mothers, and 15.2% of social workers involved with the elderly, the disabled and single mothers were scored in the "high burnout" category (p<.05). Job type differed significantly with respect to the job characteristics of percentage of time spent on home visits per typical working day, job satisfaction, aversion to the job, and social support. The job type of public assistance work had a higher percentage of time spent on home visits per typical working day, aversion to the job, lower job satisfaction, and less social support than the job type involving no public assistance work. Multiple regression analyses showed the associations between job factors and burnout for each job type. Aversion to the job had a primary positive association with burnout for all social worker job types. Social support had a negative association with burnout in social workers whose clients included public assistance cases. The number of years in social work had a negative association with burnout, while percentage of time spent doing interviews per typical working day had a positive association with burnout in social workers who were involved with public assistance, the elderly, the disabled and single mothers. These results suggest that the job type of public assistance work may carry a higher risk of burnout than job types involving no public assistance work. To ameliorate this risk, it was thought to be important to improve aversion to the job as well as having a social support network for public assistance social workers.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

On the goals of medicine, health enhancement and social welfare.

Bengt Brülde in his article "The Goals of Medicine. Towards a Unified Theory" has proposed a normative theory of the goals of medicine within which the concept of quality of life plays a crucial role. In Brülde's analysis, however, the very concept of medicine is deliberately left quite vague and it is therefore difficult to see how the goals of medicine are related to the goals of closely allied enterprises such as health promotion and social welfare. In this reply I therefore propose an analysis of these related conceptual areas. I do this mainly in two respects. (1) Following the nomenclature in a previously published article (Nordenfelt, 1998) I propose a systematic conceptual framework for all varieties of health enhancement and distinguish different notions of medicine within this framework. A consequence of this analysis is, for instance, that the means and also the immediate goals of medicine in its broadest sense are more diversified than the means and immediate goals of medicine in its narrowest sense. (2) From this position I expand the topic further by comparing medicine and health enhancement with social welfare and try to trace the basic features between--as well as the common properties of--these different enterprises.

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMed1993

Obtaining social welfare benefits for persons with serious mental illness.

The types of social welfare benefits available for mentally ill patients, including Social Security, Social Security Disability Insurance, Supplemental Security Income, Aid to Families With Dependent Children, Medicare, and Medicaid, are briefly described, and their eligibility criteria are summarized. Special requirements that may apply to immigrants are briefly noted. Case vignettes illustrate how mental health professionals can help patients obtain benefits to improve the quality of their living conditions.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Health care and social welfare costs in home-based and hospital-based rehabilitation after stroke.

During the 1990s most western European and Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries experienced financial difficulties and were forced to cut back on or restrain health care expenditures. Home rehabilitation has received attention in recent years because of its potential for cost containment. Often forgotten, however, is the redistribution of costs from one caregiver to another. The aim of this study was to analyse whether a redistribution of costs occurs between health care providers (the County councils) and social welfare providers (the municipalities) in a comparison of home-based rehabilitation and hospital-based rehabilitation after stroke. The study population included 123 patients, 53 in the home-based rehabilitation group and 68 in the hospital-based rehabilitation group. The patients were followed up at 6 and 12 months after onset of stroke. Resource use over a 12-month period included acute hospital care, in-hospital rehabilitation, home rehabilitation and use of home-help service as well as nursing home living. The hospital-based rehabilitation group had significantly fewer hospitalization days after a decision was made about rehabilitation at the acute care ward and consequently the cost for the acute care period was significantly lower. The cost for the rehabilitation period was significantly lower in the home-based rehabilitation group. However, the cost for home help service was significantly higher in the home-based rehabilitation group. The total costs for the care episode did not differ between the two groups. The main finding of this study is that there seems to occur a redistribution of costs between health care providers and social welfare providers in home rehabilitation after stroke in a group of patients with mixed degree of impairment.

Activities of Daily Living↗