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PubMed1988

Blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity of populations in New Zealand, Oregon, and South Dakota.

The relationship of whole blood selenium (Se) to glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity was examined for individuals in New Zealand, Oregon, and South Dakota who represented, respectively, populations with exposure to low, medium, and high amounts of Se. The mean (respective) blood Se levels were 60, 200, and 400 ng/ml. Intergroup differences in blood Se levels were highly significant (P less than 0.001). GPX assays were performed using two variations of an enzyme-coupled procedure to assess the equivalence of the two methods. Despite a fourfold difference in absolute activities measured by these methods, the GPX activities were highly correlated (r = .86) between procedures. Average blood GPX activity was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) for the New Zealand group compared with the other two groups, but there was no difference in GPX activities between the Oregon and South Dakota groups. Linear regression of GPX vs. Se values within each group indicated a significant correlation of these parameters only in the New Zealand group (r = .46, P less than 0.01). Comparison of these parameters for combined data from all three groups also showed a significant positive correlation (r = .60, P less than 0.001). A saturation model (In GPX = k1 + k2 (Se)-1)) fits the combined data better (r = .80, P less than 0.01) than does direct comparison of the two parameters. These results suggest that GPX activity is an appropriate indicator of human Se status only in populations with below normal exposure to Se, as activity of this enzyme is saturated at relatively low levels.

Glutathione Peroxidase↗
PubMed1994

The case for managed cooperation (not competition): South Dakota Mental Health Linkage Project.

Promotion of collaboration among rural health providers is a needed strategy to improve integration, accessibility, and quality of mental health care. To support this viewpoint, pertinent outcome data from the authors' South Dakota (SD) project is presented. The data indicated that the project was successful in improving coordination of mental health care in south-central South Dakota. The authors feel that rural mental health care reform should emphasize rural cooperation and not managed competition. They support the recommendation that any health care reform should include training funds for the health care providers from underserved rural areas.

Community Mental Health Centers↗
PubMed2002

Nutrient database for distiller's dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota.

A study was conducted to evaluate the nutrient content and variability of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) originating from new (less than 5 yr old) ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. Ten plants (8 MN, 2 SD) participated in the study, submitting a total of 118 samples. Samples were collected every 2 mo from ten ethanol plants in the Minnesota-South Dakota (MNSD) region from 1997 to 1999 and were analyzed for amino acid levels, DM, CP, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, ADF, NDF, Ca, P, K, Mg, S, Na, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe analysis. Digestible energy (DE), ME, and NFE levels were also calculated. Means (dry-matter basis) and coefficients of variation for each nutrient among all plants during 1997 to 1999 were DM (88.9%, 1.7%), CP (30.2%, 6.4%), crude fat (10.9%, 7.8%), crude fiber (8.8%, 8.7%), ash (5.8%, 14.7%), NFE (45.5%, 6.1%), ADF (16.2%, 28.4%), NDF (42.1%, 14.3%), calculated DE (3,990 kcal/kg, 3.24%), calculated ME (3,749 kcal/kg, 3.28%), Arg (1.20%, 9.1%), His (0.76%, 7.8%), Ile (1.12%, 8.7%), Leu (3.55%, 6.4%), Lys (0.85%, 17.3%), Met (0.55%, 13.6%), Phe (1.47%, 6.6%), Thr (1.13%, 6.4%), Trp (0.25%, 6.7%), Val (1.50%, 7.2%), Ca (0.06%, 57.2%), and P (0.89%, 11.7%), respectively. Among the amino acids analyzed, Lys was the most variable (CV = 17.3%), followed by Met (CV = 13.6%). Nutrient levels of MNSD DDGS were higher in crude fat, NDF, DE, ME, P, Lys, Met, and Thr and lower for DM, ADF, and Ca than NRC (1998) values. Nutrient values differed between years for ash, DE, Mn, Zn, Cys (P < 0.10), Fat, TDN, ME, Met, Ile (P < 0.05), Ca, P, K, Mg, and Cu (P < 0.01). These results suggest that gross energy; P; and total Lys, Met, and Thr levels are higher in DDGS from MNSD ethanol plants compared to published values and chemical analysis values of a DDGS sample obtained from an older Midwestern plant.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Development of a strategy for decreasing multi-drug resistant bacteria with implementation of a program emphasizing appropriate antibiotic utilization and strict infection control measures in western South Dakota.

In this follow-up of an article written in the South Dakota Journal of Medicine, February 2001, Antimicrobial Resistance: Steps to Reduce the Problem with Emphasis on Antibiotic Utilization--The Rapid City Experience, subsequent local analysis based on evolving literature, local measures undertaken, and results of these measures will be presented. With national numbers of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) rising, steps taken in the Rapid City Region have shown reduction in these two pathogens. The two key components of these programs have been appropriate antibiotic utilization and strict adherence to aggressive infection control measures.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

South Dakota solo practitioners' opinions about medicare.

The Federal government has embarked upon a strategy designed to contain or reduce costs associated with the Medicare system. This strategy has had the twin goals of reducing hospital costs for the Medicare program and also reducing payments to physicians. More emphasis has been placed on the hospital costs, but physician costs are also being attacked. The Medicare system projects that about one out of eight hospitals across the country will soon be closed. How do South Dakota physicians feel about these changes being imposed by Medicare? One hundred and three solo practitioners were polled and the results strongly suggest that South Dakota's hospitals are at considerable risk of closing. The Medicare position of wanting to close hospitals is in direct opposition to the state policy of wishing to provide medical practitioners and hospitals to smaller towns.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2000

Failure to identify alveolar echinococcosis in trappers from South Dakota in spite of high prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in wild canids.

Echinococcus multilocularis causes a rare but potentially lethal zoonotic disease in humans. This tapeworm has been known to be endemic in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (Canis latrans) within the northern United States since the 1960s. One purpose of this study was to provide recent data on the prevalence of E. multilocularis in foxes and coyotes from eastern South Dakota. In a survey conducted from 1987 to 1991 and involving 137 foxes and 9 coyotes from this area, 74.5% of the foxes and 4 of the coyotes were infected. To assess the possible prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis in a group at presumptive high risk, we also conducted a serological survey of members of the South Dakota Trappers Association in 1990 and 1991. Serum samples from 115 trappers were evaluated for the presence of E. multilocularis antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests involving a purified antigen called Em2, a crude E. multilocularis antigen, and a recombinant E. multilocularis antigen called II/3-10. None of the trappers showed antibody evidence for the presence of E. multilocularis. Roughly half of the surveyed individuals had trapped more than 50 foxes during their life, and almost one-fourth had trapped more than 1,000 foxes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Unusual osteolytic defects in ancient South Dakota skulls.

Unusual osteolytic defects in eight skulls culled from over 4000 ancient South Dakota burials are presented, discussed briefly, and assigned to what we think is their most likely cause. Because these are collection skeletons, histological and microbiological and microbiological confirmation of interpretations concerning specific lesions are not possible. Corroboration of our opinions has been sought through radiographs and by expert consultation elsewhere. Although our opinions are interpretative and subject to rebuttal, they can serve as a base for future research if and when similar specimens are discovered elsewhere. In addition, these specimens are indicators of other than usual ancient skull pathology from a limited geographic area, representing people who lived there during a known time frame.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Update: Delayed onset Pseudomonas fluorescens bloodstream infections after exposure to contaminated heparin flush--Michigan and South Dakota, 2005-2006.

In March 2005, CDC reported a multistate outbreak of Pseudomonas fluorescens bloodstream infections associated with use of syringes preloaded with heparin intravenous catheter flush. The heparin flush became contaminated during preparation by IV Flush, LLC (Rowlett, Texas). Thirty-six patients in four states were identified who had been exposed to the contaminated flush and subsequently experienced P. fluorescens bloodstream infection during December 2004-February 2005. Based on a recommendation by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), IV Flush voluntarily recalled the preloaded syringes in late January; on January 31 and February 4, 2005, FDA issued nationwide alerts recommending that consumers and institutions stop using and return the preloaded syringes to IV Flush or the distributor (Pinnacle Medical Supply, Rowlett, Texas). Approximately 3 months after the product was recalled, patients in Michigan and South Dakota were identified with P. fluorescens bloodstream infections. As of April 2006, a total of 15 patients in Michigan and 13 in South Dakota had been identified with delayed onset P. fluorescens bloodstream infections, with occurrences ranging from 84 to 421 days after their last potential exposure to the contaminated flush. The patients all had indwelling central venous catheters and received treatment during October 2005-February 2006 at clinics known to have used the contaminated flush. This report describes the investigation of these cases, which determined that these were delayed onset cases of P. fluorescens bloodstream infection from a past exposure to contaminated flush, and provides recommendations for ongoing surveillance for delayed P. fluorescens bloodstream infections among similarly exposed patients.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1996

Improving job satisfaction of rural South Dakota mental health providers through education: a pilot study.

Many underserved rural areas of South Dakota are plagued by high turnover of mental health providers, and need to develop retention strategies through improving job satisfaction. A major source of job dissatisfaction in rural areas is professional isolation (lack of continuing education opportunities and inadequate number of peers available for professional interaction). The authors developed and implemented interdisciplinary educational programs to improve job satisfaction (and possibly job retention) of rural mental health providers (RMHPs) through reduced professional isolation. The outcome data showed a significant improvement over the 3 year project period on measures of professional isolation. We suggest that strategic educational programs can be successful in reducing turnover of mental health professionals.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1989

The South Dakota Med-Fax network.

Health sciences librarians established a statewide medical information network in South Dakota to provide rural physicians with database access and rapid document delivery. A private grant funded equipment for interactive simultaneous remote searching (ISRS) and telefacsimile transmission, as well as for a coordinator for training and follow-up support. In less than one year, telefacsimile technology has become an integral part of library information transfer among sixteen network sites, and ISRS is gaining acceptance among physicians who lack local access to online databases.

Copying Processes↗
PubMed1995

Extended HLA profile of an inbred isolate: the Schmiedeleut Hutterites of South Dakota.

HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, and -DQ typings of the Schmiedeleut Hutterites of South Dakota were collected as part of an ongoing genetic-epidemiologic study of HLA and fertility. A total of 1,082 individuals, including 852 married adults representative of the reproductive population of this isolate, were characterized for five-locus HLA haplotypes. HLA-A1, A2, A3, and A24 accounted for 75% of observed HLA-A alleles and HLA-B27, B35, B51, and B62 accounted for 55% of observed HLA-B alleles. S-leut Hutterites are derived from 68 or fewer ancestors. However, only 48 ancestral HLA haplotypes were observed and nine of these accounted for over 52% of the observed haplotypes. Measures of two-locus linkage disequilibrium derived from these haplotypes indicated that one-third to half of the observed HLA-A/B, B/DR, and A/DR allele combinations exhibited highly statistically significant linkage disequilibrium. Allele and haplotype frequencies did not differ between males and females. Recombination rates of 0.004% and 0.005% between HLA-A and -C and between HLA-B and -DR, respectively, were observed. This HLA profile points out a paucity of HLA alleles and haplotypes in this population and marked linkage disequilibrium among the HLA alleles that are present.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Medical education through community experience: community projects at the University of South Dakota School of Medicine.

Community projects are a requirement of third-year medical students at three South Dakota clinical campuses. Students identify a community issue, design and implement either a service or research project, and present the project to faculty and peers. Topics include cardiovascular and other disease risk factors, nutrition education, firearm safety and many others. These projects answer a need to advance an understanding of population health, promote community involvement among student physicians, and improve the health of the community.

Clinical Clerkship↗
PubMed2005

Introducing ethics across the curriculum at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology.

This paper describes how the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology has chosen to integrate ethics into their curriculum. All university freshmen engineering students are introduced to ethics through the presentation of ethical dilemmas. During this exercise, students are forced to argue both sides ('for' and 'against') of a hypothetical ethical engineering dilemma. It provides a setting for great discussion with the desired outcome that they learn to carefully analyze a situation before they draw conclusions. In the sophomore year, students are introduced to methods to use the fundamental principles, the fundamental canons, and the suggested guidelines for use with the fundamental canons of ethics when analyzing appropriate action to be taken when confronted with ethical dilemmas. We currently use the 'sophomore' method for seniors because the sequencing is just beginning. Next year the seniors will do more in-depth analysis of ethical case studies.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of Bacillus thuringiensis corn hybrids and insecticide-treated isolines exposed to bivoltine European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in South Dakota.

The performances of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn hybrids and permethrin-treated isolines were evaluated in South Dakota from 1997 to 1999. The corn hybrids were exposed to natural seasonal fluctuations of a bivoltine ecotype European corn borer population. Larval injury parameters, grain yields, and gross incomes were quantified during the 3-yr study. The use of either Bt hybrids or whorl-applied permethrin granules resulted in significant yield advantages in only 1 out of 3 yr of performance testing. Under high corn borer pressure in 1997, the performances of the Bt corn hybrids and permethrin-treated isolines were similar, and significantly better than the untreated isolines. However, injury-free corn did not necessarily translate into higher yields in some of the hybrid groups. Grain moisture at harvest, which can result in moisture penalty or dockage, was significantly higher in some Bt corn hybrids. Neither the Bt hybrids nor the permethrin-treated isolines produced significant advantages in yields in 1998 and 1999 when infestations of first-generation corn borer were almost nonexistent and infestations of second-generation European corn borers were moderate.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Leprosy (Hansen's disease) in South Dakota.

Worldwide Hansen's disease is an important and relatively common disease, but is still very rare in South Dakota. Two patients are described to help demonstrate the wide variety of clinical manifestations associated with Hansen's disease. Since the clinical appearance of Hansen's disease is highly variable, the following six forms of Hansen's disease are described: Indeterminate, tuberculoid (TT), borderline tuberculoid (BT), borderline (BB), borderline lepromatous (BL), and lepromatous leprosy (LL). In addition, three well-recognized reactional forms of leprosy are also described: Type 1 (lepra reaction), type 2 (erythema nodosum leprosum), and type 3 (Lucio's phenomenon). While the disease affects primarily the skin and nerves, health care providers of all disciplines should remain alert for this disease which can present with a high degree of clinical variability.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Sudden unexplained infant deaths among American Indians and whites in North and South Dakota.

Differences in risk factors for sudden unexplained infant death (SUID) were studied among American Indian and White infants in North and South Dakota. From 1977 to 1984, the incidence of SUID was 3.9 times higher among Indians compared with Whites. Indian SUID cases appeared to die at a slightly younger age than Whites, and the association of male gender and young maternal age with SUID was weak or absent among Indians. Low maternal education and late or no prenatal care were strongly related to SUID in both races. The Indian-White risk ratio was unaltered by adjustment for birthweight and maternal age but declined to 2.5 (95% confidence intervals = 1.9, 3.4) when adjusted for maternal education and trimester prenatal care began.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn hybrid performance against univoltine ecotype European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in South Dakota.

The performances of Bt-corn hybrids against univoltine ecotype European corn borer larvae were evaluated in South Dakota from 1997 to 1999. The corn hybrids were exposed to natural seasonal fluctuations of a univoltine ecotype European corn borer population. Larval injury parameters, grain yields, and gross incomes were quantified during the 3-yr study. In general, the Bt-corn hybrids had significantly higher yields than the untreated non-Bt isolines in 1997 and 1998 when corn borer pressures were high. However, most of the Bt-corn hybrids did not produce significant yield advantages in 1999 when the European corn borer pressure was low. Some of the Bt-corn hybrids even produced significantly lower yields than their untreated non-Bt counterparts in 1999. The performances of non-Bt isolines that were treated with permethrin granules at whorl stage were similar to Bt-corn hybrids in 1998 when the corn borer pressure was high and similar to the untreated non-Bt isolines in 1999 when the corn borer pressure was low. Injury-free corn produced by Bt-corn hybrids did not necessarily translate into higher yields in some hybrid groups. Grain moisture at harvest, which can result in moisture penalty or dockage, was significantly higher in most Bt-corn hybrids. Gross incomes of the Bt-corn hybrids were generally higher than the untreated non-Bt isolines when the corn borer infestation was high, but were either similar to or lower than the untreated non-Bt isolines when the corn borer infestation was low.

Animals↗