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PubMed2004

The association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults: a 13-year prospective study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Obesity has become a major health problem with increasing prevalence. Given the limited availability of effective treatment of weight problems, the identification of potentially modifiable risk factors may lead to preventive approaches to obesity. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that short sleep duration is associated with obesity and weight gain during young adulthood. DESIGN: Prospective single-age cohort study of young adults. Information was derived from 4 interviews when participants were ages 27, 29, 34, and 40 years. SETTING: Community setting. PARTICIPANTS: 496 young adults. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Trained health professionals administered a semistructured interview for psychiatric and medical conditions and health habits. This study showed an association between short sleep duration and obesity (at age 27 years, odds ratio: 7.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-43.1) and a negative association between sleep duration and body mass index in young adults. These associations persisted after controlling for a variety of potentially confounding variables, including family history of weight problems, levels of physical activity, and demographic variables. Associations between sleep duration and obesity diminished after age 34 years. There was a trend (P = .08) for average change rate of weight gain to be negatively associated with average change rate of sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS: Because sleep duration is a potentially modifiable risk factor, these findings might have important clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of obesity.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Fluctuations in sleep duration are correlated with salience of stressful experience.

A total of 863 reports of sleep periods collected from 82 university undergraduates over 14 days were classified as either periods of short sleep, mid-range sleep, or long sleep. Responses to the Hassles and Uplifts Scale on the days following these sleep period classifications indicated that there was an overall significant inverse relation between these sleep-duration classifications and the number of hassles experienced. In addition, there was a significant inverse relation between these sleep duration periods and rated coping on four dimensions of coping style measured by the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. These data suggest that fluctuations in sleep duration may be associated with the salience of subsequent stress-related experiences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Sleep duration and overweight among Australian children and adolescents.

AIM: To examine the association between sleep and overweight and waist circumference (WC) in children and adolescents. METHODS: Data were from a nationally representative sample of 6324 7-15-y-old males and females from the Australian Health and Fitness Survey. Associations between sleep duration and body mass index (BMI) and WC were examined by analysis of covariance, linear regression, and logistic regression. RESULTS: In the total sample, there was a significant main effect across sleep-duration categories ( or=10 h) for BMI. Linear regression showed significant age, sex, age-sleep, and age-sex-sleep interactions in the total sample. There was an inverse graded relationship between sleep and BMI and WC in boys. In boys, there was a 1.6-1.8 times greater odds of overweight for those who reported 8-9 h or 9-10 h of sleep compared to those reporting>or=10 h of sleep. For boys reporting or=10 h of sleep. In contrast, no significant associations between sleep and overweight were found in girls. CONCLUSION: Sleep duration was inversely related with overweight in young males but not females.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

A prospective study of sleep duration and mortality risk in women.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: It is commonly believed that 8 hours of sleep per night is optimal for good health. However, recent studies suggest the risk of death is lower in those sleeping 7 hours. We prospectively examined the association between sleep duration and mortality in women to better understand the effect of sleep duration on health. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Community-based. PARTICIPANTS: Women in the Nurses Health Study who answered a mailed questionnaire asking about sleep duration in 1986. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Vital status was ascertained through questionnaires, contact with next of kin, and the National Death Index. During the 14 years of this study (1986-2000), 5409 deaths occurred in the 82,969 women who responded to the initial questionnaire. Mortality risk was lowest among nurses reporting 7 hours of sleep per night. After adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol, exercise, depression, snoring, obesity, and history of cancer and cardiovascular disease, sleeping less than 6 hours or more than 7 hours remained associated with an increased risk of death. The relative mortality risk for sleeping 5 hours or less was 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.29) for 6 hours, 1.01 (95% CI, 0.94-1.08), for 7 hours, 1.00 (reference group), for 8 hours, 1.12 (95% CI, 1.05-1.20), and for 9 or more hours 1.42 (95% CI, 1.27-1.58). CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm previous findings that mortality risk in women is lowest among those sleeping 6 to 7 hours. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which short and long sleep times can affect health.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

The influence of sleep duration on headache pain and frontalis EMG.

Recent evidence has been presented suggesting that 'depression' headaches and classic migraines may be related to extended sleep duration. This analogue study was designed to evaluate the possibility that mild to moderate headaches induced by excessive sleep might be related to increased muscle activity. Eight subjects who experienced headaches as a function of increasing sleep duration by 2 h were evaluated in headache (i.e., extended sleep) and a non-headache (i.e., normal sleep) conditions. Sex- and sleep-duration matched controls were evaluated under the same sleep conditions, although none experienced headaches. Frontalis electromyographic (EMG) data were evaluated in a 2 X 2 analysis of variance. The results indicated no EMG differences between groups or across sleep conditions, even though all experimental subjects experienced headaches on the extended sleep night. Discussion focuses on the implication of these results for future headache research.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Association between smoking and drinking and sleep duration.

In a study of lifestyles and health of the adult population of some Oxfordshire villages, data were collected upon the usual sleep duration and quality, smoking and drinking habits of 725 men and 759 women. A strong negative association has been found between cigarette smoking and sleep duration on both sexes, and between alcohol consumption and sleep duration in men. There is no equivalent association between drinking or smoking and reported poor quality sleep. While these findings do not prove a causal relationship, the absence of complaints of poor quality sleep among the smokers and drinkers suggests that these habits are not simply the correlates of underlying psychological problems leading to insomnia.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The association between pubertal status and sleep duration and quality among a nationally representative sample of U. S. adolescents.

Many hormones play important roles in both pubertal development and sleep regulation. Because of the possible consequences of impaired sleep, including impaired health and cognition, it is important to examine whether an association between pubertal stage and sleep exists. The aim of this analysis is to examine the association between sleep and adolescent growth and developmental stage in a large sample of adolescents ages 12-16 years from a nationally representative longitudinal study. This analysis used the public-use data set of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, an extensive survey of health and behavior among adolescents in the United States. The study included two interviews approximately 1 year apart. Pubertal development, sleep variables, and height are self-reported. Pubertal development scores were calculated by summing responses to three questions for each sex. The sleep variables include sleep duration, frequent insomnia (once/week or more), frequently waking tired (once/week or more), and insufficient sleep. The results indicate a sex difference in the association between sleep problems and pubertal development. Among females, there was a significant increase in sleep problems with increasing pubertal development score, but not among males. The negative association between sleep duration and pubertal development score, however, was significant in both males and females. There is no association between sleep duration and height velocity (inches/year) in this sample. The results, which are based on a large sample size, warrant further examination with more objective measures into the association between sleep and growth and development among adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Chinese-American infant temperament and sleep duration: an ethnic comparison.

Parents' responses to the Carey Infant Temperament Questionnaire and results of a standard interview regarding sleep duration were obtained for 23 Chinese-American and 60 non-Chinese infants. Chinese-American infants were rated as significantly more withdrawing, less adaptable, and more negative in mood than the other infants. Total sleep duration for the Chinese-American infants was 13.2 hours, compared to 14.2 hours for the other infants (p less than .05). Night sleep duration had a significant negative correlation with mood ratings in the Chinese-American babies. These findings suggest that there are ethnic differences in infant temperament and that the relationship between negative mood and brief sleep is present among different ethnic groups.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2007

Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin levels and increased adiposity: Results from the Quebec family study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore cross-sectional associations between short sleep duration and variations in body fat indices and leptin levels during adulthood in a sample of men and women involved in the Québec Family Study. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Anthropometric measurements, plasma lipid-lipoprotein profile, plasma leptin concentrations, and total sleep duration were determined in a sample of 323 men and 417 women ages 21 to 64 years. RESULTS: When compared with adults reporting 7 to 8 hours of sleep per day, the adjusted odds ratio for overweight/obesity was 1.38 (95% confidence interval, 0.89 to 2.10) for those with 9 to 10 hours of sleep and 1.69 (95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 2.39) for those with 5 to 6 hours of sleep, after adjustment for age, sex, and physical activity level. In each sex, we observed lower adiposity indices in the 7- to 8-hour sleeping group than in the 5- to 6-hour sleeping group. However, all of these significant differences disappeared after statistical adjustment for plasma leptin levels. Finally, the well-documented regression of plasma leptin levels over body fat mass was used to predict leptin levels of short-duration sleepers (5 and 6 hours of sleep), which were then compared with their measured values. As expected, the measured leptin values were significantly lower than predicted values. DISCUSSION: There may be optimal sleeping hours at which body weight regulation is facilitated. Indeed, short sleep duration predicts an increased risk of being overweight/obese in adults and is related to a reduced circulating leptin level relative to what is predicted by fat mass. Because sleep duration is a potentially modifiable risk factor, these findings might have important clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1988

Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels. II. Sleep duration, and subjective ratings of sleep quality.

Sleep length and sleep quality scores were collected on board ships over periods of up to two weeks from 38 watchkeepers working a '4-on/8-off routine' and 29 dayworkers. All watchkeepers exhibited fragmented sleeping patterns, which indicated a lack of adaptation of the sleep/wakefulness cycle to the hours of work. There were only slight differences in total sleep length between watchkeepers and dayworkers, however, both groups did not obtain an adequate amount of sleep. Within the watchkeeping crews the 3rd Officers had by far the shortest sleep length. Concerning sleep quality, daytime sleep was generally given the lowest ratings, whereas sleep starting before midnight was on average evaluated as the best, both by watchkeepers and dayworkers. Watchkeeping personnel do not normally have any "days off" during a voyage so that missed sleep might even amount to a sleep deficit. A solution for this problem could perhaps be a new, stabilized system that allows a single uninterrupted sleep, which is required for full recuperation, to be taken each day.

Circadian Rhythm↗

PubMed2004

The impact of daily sleep duration on health: a review of the literature.

A healthy amount of sleep is paramount to leading a healthy and productive lifestyle. Although chronic sleep loss is common in today's society, many people are unaware of the potential adverse health effects of habitual sleep restriction. Under strict experimental conditions, short-term restriction of sleep results in a variety of adverse physiologic effects, including hypertension, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, impairment of glucose control, and increased inflammation. A variety of epidemiologic studies have also suggested an association between self-reported sleep duration and long-term health. Individuals who report both an increased (>8 h/d) or reduced (<7 h/d) sleep duration are at modestly increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and developing symptomatic diabetes. Although the data are not definitive, these studies suggest that sleep should not be considered a luxury, but an important component of a healthful lifestyle.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed1998

The effects of sensory stimulation on REM sleep duration.

Previous experiments have demonstrated that auditory (AS) and/or somatosensory (SS) stimulation can increase the duration of REM sleep periods in rats, cats and humans. The objectives of this study were to determine whether repeated AS stimulation causes habituation to the stimulus and whether any additive effects could be obtained with the simultaneous application of AS and SS. Three experimental procedures were used in this study. In experiment 1, animals were recorded for 4 consecutive days with AS, followed by a post-stimulus session. In experiment 2, they were recorded for 24 hours with AS applied at each REM period, followed by a subsequent 24-hours-post-stimulus recording. In experiment 3, animals underwent AS, SS stimulation, or simultaneous application of both in a random fashion at each REM period. The results of all experiments confirm previous findings showing that auditory or somatosensory stimuli significantly increase REM sleep period duration. In addition, AS--applied with different presentations during REM and throughout the sleep-wake cycle--are capable of increasing REM duration regardless of the manner in which they were presented. However, the effects of the stimuli were not additive. It is worth noting that although REM duration increased, REM period frequency decreased, resulting in no net change of total REM sleep through time. Furthermore, no changes were observed in other sleep-wake variables. These experiments clearly demonstrate that repeated auditory stimulation does not cause habituation, and there are no evident side effects on the sleep-wake cycle. These results confirm that the mechanisms involved in REM generation and maintenance can be modulated by sensory modalities.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[A comparative study of nocturnal sleep duration and timetable of children between five- and ten-years-old according to their age and socio-economic environment].

AIM: This study was conducted on a sample of 644 pupils between the ages of five and ten years at school in the Orléans-Tours education authority with the aim of studying the nocturnal sleep duration and timetable of young children according to age and socio-economic environment. METHOD: In order to find out about children's sleeping habits (duration, time of going to bed and getting up, and weekly variations) a standard grid was used to carry out a cross-sectional survey in the children's families. This was filled in each day from Monday to Sunday during the same school week for all the children. RESULTS: Sleep duration decreased with age from maternelle to CM2 (nursery to last year of primary education). Data relating to sleep duration from CE2 (third year of primary school - 8-year-old -) showed differences according to whether the school belonged to an Educational Priority Zone (EPZ) or not. It was noticed that between five- and ten-year-old children from EPZ lost 62 minutes of sleep, whereas those not from EPZ only lost 29 minutes. These results would suggest that in addition to developmental factors, environmental factors also play a role in sleep duration. The differences observed were due to later bed times for children from EPZ. Weekly variations in sleep were generally very similar for all the children. At the weekend all the children tended to go to bed later, however this was more noticeable Saturday night for children not living in EPZ. Children slept the longest on Tuesday night due to the fact they got up later Wednesday morning (Wednesday is a day off in the majority of French schools). However, children from the age of nine (CM1 - forth year of primary education -) in EPZ did not benefit from this recuperation time, as they went to bed later but still got up early the next morning. CONCLUSION: This study showed that in addition to the physiological and developmental factors that influence children's sleep, the socio-economic context also plays a role. These results as a whole highlight the importance that practitioners and families should pay to maintaining a regularity in the child's routine and in the amount of sleep necessary at each age.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2004

Sleep duration and mortality in Japan: the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Although sleep is one of the most important health-related factors, relationship between sleep duration and mortality has not been fully discussed. METHODS: Study subjects were 11,325 participants (4,419 males and 6,906 females) in the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study, a population-based prospective study. Baseline data were obtained by questionnaire and health checkups between April 1992 and July 1995 in 12 rural areas in Japan. Main outcome measures were all-cause and cause-specific mortality derived from death certificates up to December 31, 2001. Cox's proportional hazard models were applied to analyze the association of sleep duration with mortality. RESULTS: A total of 495 deaths (289 males and 206 females) were observed during the average of 8.2-year follow-up period. After adjusting for age, systolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, body mass index, smoking habits, alcohol drinking habits, education, and marital status, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of all-cause mortality for individuals sleeping shorter than 6 hours and 9 hours or longer were 2.4 (1.3-4.2) and 1.1 (0.8-1.6) in males, and 0.7 (0.2-2.3) and 1.5 (1.0-2.4) in females, respectively, relative to those with 7-7.9 hours sleep. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that males with short sleep and females with long sleep were at an elevated risk of death.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Correlations between night sleep duration and seizure frequency in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Correlations between occurrence of complex partial seizures and altered sleep duration were analyzed in a small but strongly homogeneous population of temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Sleep deprivation and oversleep were determined individually; 682 epileptic seizures occurring on 4,995 days were related to occasional alterations of night sleep duration. The seizure-inducing effect of an actual relative sleep deprivation was 67-100% in four cases and 49-64% in four cases. Oversleep had no consistent seizure-provoking effect. Relative sleep deprivation may have a seizure-provoking effect, especially in temporal lobe epilepsy. This information may be used to instruct epileptic patients concerning sleep hygiene which might improve the efficacy of antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment, even if no change is made in medication.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Self-reported consistency of normal habitual sleep durations of college students.

A relationship between hours of sleep/night and the consistency of this normal daily sleep duration was observed for 763 college students who had rated themselves as good sleepers with stable and fairly well established patterns of sleep. Congruent with a limited literature, these data suggest that shorter sleep durations are likely, for college students, to be relatively recently acquired patterns of sleep.

Circadian Rhythm↗

PubMed1977

Behavioral and psychological correlates of a difference in chronic sleep duration.

The relationship between chronic differences in sleep duration and waking behaviors was explored by comparing two groups of 10 healthy male university students who regularly slept nocturnally for 7-8 h or for 9.5-10.5 h. Measurements were obtained of sublingual temperature, from a 45 min Wilkinson auditory vigilance task and a mood adjective check list 30 min after awakening in the morning, at midday ind in the early evening following an electroencephalographically recorded night of sleep. In both subject groups body temperature increased from morning to early evening, while misses on the vigilance task correspondingly declined during the day. The average daily level of oral temperature and performance were significantly lower in the 7-8 h (control) group than in the long sleepers. Positive mood states (Cheerful, Energetic, General Activation, High Activation) were significantly greater and negative affects (Anger-Hostility, Depression) significantly less in the long sleepers. As a result of the mean difference in total sleep time existing between groups control subjects averaged significantly less stage 2, and stage REM sleep. It was postulated that there were behavioral deficits in the control group attirbutable either to selective sleep stage deprivation or to the general consequence of reduced sleep per se or to both of these factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Daily illumination exposure and melatonin: influence of ophthalmic dysfunction and sleep duration.

BACKGROUND: Ocular pathology lessens light's efficacy to maintain optimal circadian entrainment. We examined whether ophthalmic dysfunction explains unique variance in melatonin excretion of older adults over and above the variance explained by daily illumination, medical, and sociodemographic factors. We also examined whether ophthalmic dysfunction influences relationships between ambient illumination and melatonin. METHODS: Thirty older adults (mean age = 69 years; Blacks = 42% and Whites = 58%) of both genders participated in the study. Demographic and health data were collected at baseline. Participants underwent eye exams at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, wore an actigraph to monitor illumination and sleep, and collected urine specimens to estimate aMT6s concentrations. RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analysis showed that illumination factors explained 29% of the variance in aMT6s mesor. The proportion of variance explained by ophthalmic factors, sleep duration, and race was 10%, 2%, and 2%, respectively. Illumination factors explained 19% of the variance in aMT6s acrophase. The proportion of variance explained by ophthalmic factors, sleep duration, and race was 11%; 17%; and 2%, respectively. Controlling for sleep duration and race reduced the correlations between illumination and melatonin, whereas controlling for ophthalmic factors did not. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmic exams showed that elevated intraocular pressure and large cup-to-disk ratios were independently associated with earlier melatonin timing. Lower illumination exposure also had independent associations with earlier melatonin timing. Conceivably, ophthalmic and illumination factors might have an additive effect on the timing of melatonin excretion, which in turn might predispose individuals to experience early morning awakenings.

Journal Article↗