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PubMed2001

The Behavior Problems Inventory: an instrument for the assessment of self-injury, stereotyped behavior, and aggression/destruction in individuals with developmental disabilities.

The Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-01) is a 52-item respondent-based behavior rating instrument for self-injurious, stereotypic, and aggressive/destructive behavior in mental retardation and other developmental disabilities. Items are rated on a frequency scale and a severity scale. The BPI-01 was administered by interviewing direct care staff of 432 randomly selected residents from a developmental center between the ages of 14 to 91 years. For 73% of those selected, at least one problem was endorsed on the BPI-01. A total of 43% showed self-injury, 54% stereotyped behavior, and 38% aggressive/destructive behavior. Confirmatory factor analysis and item-total correlations supported the three a priori factors. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) showed that of the variables age, sex, and level of mental retardation, only the latter had a significant effect on the BPI-01 total score, the SIB subscale score, and the Stereotyped Behavior subscale score. Aggression/destruction was not significantly related to any of the three variables. Individuals with a diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder had higher scores on all three subscales than those without, whereas residents with a diagnosis of stereotyped movement disorder had higher Stereotyped Behavior scale scores than those without. The BPI-01 was found to be a reliable (retest reliability, internal consistency, and between-interviewer-agreement) and valid (factor and criterion validity) behavior rating instrument for problem behaviors in mental retardation and developmental disabilities with a variety of potentially useful applications. Strengths and limitations of the instrument are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Effects of d,l-propranolol on apomorphine induced stereotyped behavior in rats.

The effects of d,l propranolol on stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine administration was studied quantitatively. d,l Propranolol caused a 2.5 leftward displacement of the control dose-response curve constructed to apomorphine-induced stereotypy; the ED50 for apomorphine was reduced from 1.87 +/- 0.38 to 0.74 +/- 0.17. The potentiation was dependent on both d,l-propranolol and apomorphine doses. Results are discussed in the light of a possible interference of the central noradrenergic systems with the expression of dopaminergic-induced stereotyped behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Changes in drug-induced stereotyped behavior after 6-OHDA lesions in noradrenaline neurons.

Drug-induced stereotyped behaviors are often assessed by rating scales where the eventual appearance of sniffing, licking, and biting are rated as increasing intensity of dopaminergic stimulation. A 6-OHDA induced bilateral lesion (4 X 3-8 mug/4 mul 6-OHDA) in the ascending noradrenaline neurons, lateral to the medial raphe nucleus, of 180 g Wistar rats, affecting selectively noradrenaline and not dopamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons, caused a change in the d-amphetamine sulphate (5-3 mg/kg s.c.) and phenethylamine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg) induced stereotyped sniffing behavior to the performance of discontinuous or continuous licking behavior; biting/gnawing was rarely induced. The site of the lesion and the partial antagonism of 6-OHDA by the uptake inhibitor protriptyline indicate a noradrenergic influence on the behavioral expression of the dopaminergically mediated stereotyped behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Stereotyped behaviors or punding after quetiapine administration in Parkinson's disease.

Quetiapine has been suggested to be useful for the treatment of psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease without prominent deterioration of motor functions. We present two patients with Parkinson's disease in whom administration of quetiapine for drug-induced psychosis caused characteristic stereotyped behaviors or punding. Since stereotyped behaviors are usually associated with excessive dopaminergic activity, it is clinically important to note that stereotyped behaviors or punding may be induced by an atypical antipsychotic drug for the treatment of psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Effect of drugs influencing central serotonergic mechanisms on methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in the rat.

Pretreatment with L-tryptophan, a precursor of serotonin, was found to decrease the intensity of stereotyped behavior induced by methamphetamine, while methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, was found to increase the intensity of methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior. These results suggest that the intensity of methamphetamine-induced stereotypy depends on the balance between central dopaminergic and serotonergic systems and that the central serotonergic system may have an opposing, tonic effect upon central dopaminergic systems involved in the mediation of stereotypy. In contrast to L-tryptophan, however, pretreatment with quipazine, a serotonin agonist, and clomipramine, a selective, serotonin neuronal uptake blocker, was found to potentiate the stereotyped behavior induced by methamphetamine. The probable mechanisms by which quipazine and clomipramine might have potentiated the methamphetamine-induced stereotypy are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Cholinergic modulation on stereotyped behavior and behavioral hypersensitivity (reverse tolerance) in rats].

The failure in the mutual balance between striatal/mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons and the inhibitory system, and a decreased activity of mesocortical dopaminergic neurons may account for biological base of paranoid schizophrenia. We tested this hypothesis by investigating stereotyped behavior and "reverse tolerance" in dopaminergic supersensitivity co-existing with a low-level activity of the inhibitory cholinergic system induced by the chronic administration of methamphetamine (MAP) 4 mg/kg in combination with scopolamine (SCOP) 0.5 mg/kg, in male Wistar rats. For investigating the influence of mesocortical dopaminergic neurons, experiments were designed to compare these behavioral responses in isolated rats, in which the activity of mesocortical dopaminergic neurons seemed to be reduced, to those in group-housed rats. The treatment with MAP plus SCOP produced significantly more potent effect in enhancing stereotyped behavior and "reverse tolerance" than the treatment with MAP only. Stereotyped behavior and "reverse tolerance" induced by the MAP plus SCOP treatment were more intense in isolated rats than in grouped rats. Effects of haloperidol (1 mg/kg) and pimozide (2 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) on stereotyped behavior were less in MAP plus SCOP treated rats and isolated rats. The data may support a working hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The effect of optical isomers of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on stereotyped behavior in rats.

The relative potencies of S(+)-, R(-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and S(+)-methylene-dioxyamphetamine (MDA) in inducing stereotyped behavior were determined in comparison with p-chloroamphetamine. S(+)-MDMA was more potent than R(-)-MDMA in eliciting stereotyped behaviors such as sniffing, head-weaving, backpedalling and turning and wet-dog shakes. These results are consistent with the actions of the drug on release of neurotransmitters in which the S(+) enantiomer is more potent. The desmethyl derivative of (+)MDMA, (+)MDA, was more potent than (+)MDMA in eliciting stereotyped behaviors, and produced wet-dog shake behavior.

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine↗
PubMed1994

Vigorous, aerobic exercise versus general motor training activities: effects on maladaptive and stereotypic behaviors of adults with both autism and mental retardation.

Examined the effects of antecedent exercise conditions on maladaptive and stereotypic behaviors in 6 adults with both autism and moderate to profound mental retardation. The behaviors were observed in a controlled environment before and after 2 exercise and 1 non-exercise conditions. From the original group of 6 participants, 2 were selected subsequently to participate in aerobic exercise immediately before performing a community-integrated vocational task. Only antecedent aerobic exercise significantly reduced maladaptive and stereotypic behaviors in the controlled setting. Neither of the less vigorous antecedent conditions did. When aerobic exercise preceded the vocational task, similar reductions were observed. There were individual differences in response to antecedent exercise. Use of antecedent aerobic exercise to reduce maladaptive and stereotypic behaviors of adults with both autism and mental retardation is supported.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of living room, Snoezelen room, and outdoor activities on stereotypic behavior and engagement by adults with profound mental retardation.

Two experiments were conducted to test the effect of a room with sensory equipment, or Snoezelen room, on the stereotypic behavior and engagement of adults with profound mental retardation. In Experiment 1, participants were observed in their living room before and after attending the Snoezelen room. Results showed that there tended to be a reduction in stereotypy and increase in engagement when participants went from their living room to the Snoezelen room, and a return of these behaviors to pre-Snoezelen levels in the living room. Positive effects in the Snoezelen room did not carryover to the living room. In Experiment 2, the living and Snoezelen rooms were compared to an outdoor activity condition with the same participants and target behaviors. Results showed that the outdoor condition was superior, the Snoezelen condition intermediate, and the living room least effective in their impact on stereotypic behavior and engagement. Conceptualizations regarding factors that maintain stereotypic behavior and engagement were discussed in the context of the three experimental conditions.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1990

D-serine antagonized phencyclidine- and MK-801-induced stereotyped behavior and ataxia.

D-Serine, a selective agonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site, antagonized PCP-induction of stereotyped behavior and ataxia in a dose-dependent manner. At intraventricular doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mumol/rat, D-serine significantly attenuated PCP-induction of stereotyped behavior in rats. Only doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mumol/rat of D-serine antagonized PCP-induction of ataxia. D-Serine (0.5 mumol/rat) also antagonized MK-801 induced stereotyped behavior and ataxia. These results suggest that agonists at the strychnine-insensitive glycine site may be clinically useful as a novel class of atypical antipsychotic agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Phencyclidine-induced stereotyped behaviors in rats following specific neurotoxin lesions of the striatum.

All the components of phencyclidine(PCP)-induced stereotyped behaviors, including sniffing, backpedalling, turning and head weaving were significantly decreased in rats following kainic acid lesion of the striatum. In the 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats, the behavioral score of PCP-induced stereotyped sniffing was similar to that in the sham-operated rats, while other components were significantly decreased. In addition, only the PCP-induced backpedalling and head weaving were significantly attenuated in the 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine lesioned rats. These results suggest that not only dopaminergic but also serotonergic and other systems in the striatum may play important roles in PCP-induced stereotyped behaviors.

5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine↗
PubMed2005

Spontaneous eye-blinking and stereotyped behavior in older persons with mental retardation.

Previous research indicates that abnormal stereotyped movements are associated with central dopamine dysfunction and that eye-blink rate is a noninvasive, in vivo measure of dopamine function. We measured the spontaneous eye-blinking and stereotyped behavior of older adults with severe/profound mental retardation living in a state mental retardation facility. Analyses revealed that the mean eye-blink rate of the residents that engaged in stereotypy was significantly lower than the rate for residents who did not exhibit stereotypy. Moreover, the stereotypy group also demonstrated greater variability in interblink intervals. These results provide further empirical support for the involvement of dopamine in stereotyped behavior and are consistent with an emerging motor control model of stereotypy.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Role of sex hormones in sex-dependent differences in phencyclidine-induced stereotyped behaviors in rats.

This study was designed to assess the contribution of male and female sex hormones to sex-dependent differences in phencyclidine (PCP)-induced stereotyped behaviors. Female rats appeared to be more sensitive to PCP than were male rats as evidenced by stereotyped behaviors. Chronic testosterone treatment and ovariectomy decreased the susceptibility to PCP but increased the efficiency of hepatic drug metabolizing systems in female rats. On the contrary, an increased sensitivity to PCP and a decreased efficiency of hepatic drug metabolizing systems in male rats resulted from chronic treatment with estradiol and castration. It appears from these results that the male and female sex hormones are responsible for sex-dependent differences in PCP-induced stereotyped behaviors by means of changes in the metabolism of PCP.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence and functions of stereotyped behaviors in nonhandicapped children in residential care.

Caregivers in nine residential care institutions rated the occurrence of 15 stereotyped behaviors in 142 nonhandicapped children aged from 10 months to 11 years. The frequency and duration of each stereotypy as well as the typical situations in which it occurred were assessed. The most frequent stereotypies were thumbsucking, hair twisting, and body rocking in infants and young children; thumbsucking and making faces in preschool-age children; and nail biting/chewing in school-age children. Boys exhibited stereotypies more frequently than girls, and children with a suspected history of child abuse more frequently than other children. Typical situations for stereotypies could be classified to four types: concentration/demand, arousal/frustration, boredom/monotony, and stimulation/distraction. Nail biting/chewing and lip biting occurred predominantly in concentration/demand; thumbsucking and hair twisting in boredom/monotony; and pulling faces and scratching oneself in arousal/frustration and concentration/demand situations. These results provide preliminary indications regarding the different functions of individual stereotypies.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1997

Fluvoxamine for stereotypic behavior in patients with dementia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the effects of treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine on three patients with advanced dementia who developed a stereotypic movement disorder. CASE SUMMARY: Three patients in a skilled nursing facility were referred by their primary physicians for psychiatric consultation to assist with the management of stereotypic behaviors. The patients received a standard medical, neurologic, and psychiatric workup for dementia. Two of the patients were diagnosed with dementia of the Alzheimer type and the other patient was diagnosed with vascular dementia. All three patients were started on fluvoxamine 25 mg/d; behaviors were monitored daily by the nursing staff and their primary care physicians and weekly by their psychiatrist using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scales. The dosage was titrated upward weekly to a maximum dosage of 150 mg/d. RESULTS: Two patients showed complete resolution of their stereotypic behaviors by week 6. The third patient showed noticeable improvement with some residual movements after 8 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Fluvoxamine appeared effective in the control of stereotypic behaviors in three patients with advanced dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Ultradian laterality cycle in stereotyped behavior of a severely mentally retarded patient.

The stereotyped behavior of a severely mentally handicapped woman was recorded on video tape continuously during daytime. Stereotyped hand waving activity was determined separately for the right and left hands using consecutive time-sample intervals of 5 minutes. The study included 10 consecutive days and nights. During the nights EEG and eye movements were recorded polygraphically in order to score the sleep stages. Right and left-handed stereotyped activities were found to be modulated periodically with intervals of about 2 hours (ultradian cycles). During the morning and the early afternoon periodicities of both right-and left-handed activities occurred predominantly in bilateral synchrony. By contrast, rhythmic variations of both activities developed a counter-phase course during the late afternoon and evening. Specific phase relationships between the ultradian periods of stereotyped hand activities and the sleep cycle were found. These findings suggest that sleep cycle can be triggered by phases of enhanced stereotyped activity, either of left or right hand. By contrast, sleep seemed to have a synchronizing effect on ultradian cycles in stereotyped activities of both hands. Since stereotyped hand waving can be considered as manifestations of motor arousal levels of the related cerebral hemisphere, the observed periodicities can be viewed as mediated by oscillations in the bilateral brainstem arousal system. A model interpreting the main findings is proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Extended reductions in stereotypic behavior of students with autism through a self-management treatment package.

The literature suggests that self-management treatment packages have two potential strengths for the reduction or elimination of stereotypic behavior: (a) Self-management may be used for extended periods of time in the absence of a treatment provider, and (b) self-management techniques are easily adapated and used in a wide variety of natural settings. We assessed whether students with severe autistic disabilities could learn to use a self-management treatment package to reduce their stereotypic behavior within a multiple baseline across subjects design with withdrawals. The results showed that all of the students learned to use self-management procedures to reduce greatly levels of stereotypic behavior (typically to zero), and improvement occurred for extended periods of time in new settings without the presence of a treatment provider. The results are discussed in terms of the practical value of the treatment package and in terms of the implications for understanding autism.

Adolescent↗