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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Tooth bleaching by different concentrations of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide whitening strips: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the tooth whitening effects of various concentrations of carbamide peroxide (CP) gels and 6% hydrogen peroxide (HP) whitening strips used on an intrinsic, in vitro stain model in a simulated home-applied bleaching protocol. METHOD: Extracted third molars were sectioned and stained to Vita shade C4 using a standardized tea solution. Stained specimens were then bleached with 10, 15, 20, 22, and 30% CP gels applied in custom-made trays for 8-hour sessions for 14 days. A 6% HP whitening strip product was also tested in a regimen of twice-daily 30-minute treatments for 14 days. Shades were assessed at baseline and at 2, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days of treatment using a shade guide (SG) and a shade vision system (SVS), recorded as shade guide unit (SGU) changes from baseline, and CIE L*a*b* recordings using a chromometer. RESULTS: By day 14, all CP treatments resulted in at least 12 SGU improvements by SG and SVS methods: the HP treatment mean was just less than 12 SGU. With the chromometer, the CP improvements ranged from approximately 19 to 28 units and 16 units for the HP whitening strips. Observationally, by SG and SVS, CP treatments achieved the maximum improvement (12-13 SGU) at different time points: day 5 for 30% CP, day 10 for 22% CP, and day 14 for the other three treatments. SG and SVS data were virtually binary, switching from 0 to scores of 9 or above as bleaching progressed. The differences between the six treatments in the mean day to achieve a positive SG or SVS score (9 or more units) approached significance. For each of the SG, SVS, and L*a*b* scores, the dose-response correlation with CP concentration was significant at one or more assessment times. SG and SVS showed extremely strong agreement in detecting change and substantial agreement with L*a*b*. CONCLUSION: This in vitro study supports the limited data available from the very few available randomized controlled clinical trials indicating that CP and HP home-use bleaching systems can achieve considerable tooth whitening outcomes, albeit at different rates, which appear to be concentration dependent. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: There is a clear significant relationship for both concentration and duration of exposure for CP bleaching agents. The final shade change is independent of the concentration of bleaching agent, with time as the dominant variable. Higher concentrations of CP that have not been investigated previously may be a treatment option for esthetic improvement of shade where time is at a premium, but caution must be exercised in view of the possible increased incidence of sensitivity.

Carbamide Peroxide↗
PubMed2003

In-office vital tooth bleaching--what do lights add?

Aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been used clinically at 30% to 35% levels to lighten teeth for many years, but the process has required multiple visits. Heat and light have been used empirically in attempts to catalyze H2O2 decomposition and speed tooth lightening. The contribution of bleaching lights (LumaArch, Optilux 500, and Zoom!) to act as catalysts for lightening teeth was studied in 83 pairs of contralateral anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth on 15 human subjects. Split-arch design using centrals, laterals, and canines on one side treated with bleach plus light, were compared with contralateral teeth using bleach alone. Three researchers trained in the use of the Vitapan 3D-Master Shade Guide took shades with independently agreement within 0.5 value-chroma sum 89% of the time throughout the study Laboratory tests determined bleach gel chemistry, bleach light output, and effects on the bleaches of light alone and heat alone. Results showed that the three test lights did not lighten teeth more than their bleach gels alone. All teeth lightened to nearly the same degree (1.7 color increments), but LumaArch required 60% less time and Zoom! used 1/3 lower H2O2 concentration. Laboratory tests indicated that the proprietary chemicals mixed into each bleach gel just before use acted as catalysts and were probably responsible for more rapid lightening produced by LumaArch gel, and need for less H2O2 in Zoom! gel. Neither the heat produced by the accessory lights, nor the light output itself were responsible for catalytic activity with any of the three systems tested. Collectively, the data demonstrate positive effects from chemical catalysts added to bleaching gels. No output from any of the lights resulted in heat or light that catalyzed the gels.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effective tooth bleaching in 5 days: using a combined in-office and at-home bleaching system.

This article compares the bleaching efficacy of a combined at-home and in-office system with that of an in-office system alone. Twenty people participated in the study. Ten of these participants were treated with an in-office 35% carbamide peroxide bleaching product in 2 visits of 15 minutes each. The remaining participants were treated with a combination at-home and in-office system that included a 15% carbamide peroxide at-home bleaching agent. After 5 days of treatment, the participants using the combination system demonstrated increased tooth whitening compared to those using the in-office system alone. Based on the sample size (20 patients), statistical significance was achieved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Home-use tooth bleaching agents: an in vitro study on quantitative effects on enamel, dentin, and cementum.

Studies on home-use bleaching agents containing carbamide or hydrogen peroxide demonstrate minimal topographic alteration and insignificant organic change to tooth material. This in vitro study evaluated the effects of a three-step commercial home-use bleaching agent on extracted human incisors over time. Each tooth was digitized by baseline and sequential profilometry and analyzed using computer software. Statistically significant volume loss was evident in cementum and dentin after simulations of 4 and 8 weeks of use.

Citrates↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of effectiveness of two 10% carbamide peroxide tooth-bleaching systems using spectrophotometric measurements.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the color changes achieved with two commonly used bleaching systems on the basis of a spectrophotometric analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two commercially available 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching systems were used by a total of 48 individuals. Subjects who had intact natural maxillary anterior teeth void of any restorations or decay that had not been subjected to any prior bleaching were included. Opalescence 10% PF (Ultradent Products Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA) was used by 23 patients for 14 days, whereas Nite White Excel (Discus Dental, Culver City, CA, USA) was applied by 25 patients for the same duration. Tooth colors for the middle one-third region of maxillary central incisors and canines were measured with a spectrophotometer prior to bleaching and after 14 days of bleaching. Color difference deltaE and color coordinates L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) of CIELAB color system (developed by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) were calculated. RESULTS: Mean deltaE values for Opalescence ranged from 5.03 to 8.92 and from 5.84 to 9.61 for Nite White. The most significant factor of the color change was b* followed by L* and a*. L* values were higher after bleaching, whereas values for both a* and b* decreased. There were no significant differences between the two systems examined (p < .05).

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Shifting paradigms in whitening: introduction of a novel system for vital tooth bleaching.

The advent of whitening strips (Crest Whitestrips) affords a novel system for peroxide delivery without custom tray fabrication. In addition to generalized bleaching indications, clinical applications may leverage the low overall dose and short wearing regimen with the easy-to-use strips. The impact of these strips on the dental practice may be direct, as a result of increased accessibility via professional or personal use, or indirect, because of advertising and research in the area of tooth whitening.

Drug Delivery Systems↗
PubMed2005

Analyses by photoreflectance spectroscopy and Vickers hardness of conventional and laser-assisted tooth bleaching.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the in vitro effects of two bleaching products developed to be used with halogen or argon laser lights. METHODS: 20 human embedded third molars were cut into four parts resulting in 75 useful specimens. The specimens were divided at random into five groups and submitted to the traditional power bleaching procedure for enamel. Group C was separated as a control group. Group 37L was exposed to a 37% carbamide peroxide bleaching solution and exposed to 488 nm argon laser radiation. The same solution was used in Group 37H but the bleaching was exposed to a halogen lamp-based unit. The 35% carbamide peroxide was used in Groups 35L and 35H. One was treated as in Group 37L and the other as in Group 37H. The samples were analyzed for Vickers hardness and also by photoreflectance. RESULTS: Group 37L presented more white spectra than Group 37H. However, Groups 35L and 35H showed similar results. Comparing both bleaching products, the 35% carbamide peroxide was more effective as a bleaching agent than the 37% formulation. No significant difference in Vickers hardness was noted between the two bleaching products.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Effect of in-office tooth bleaching on the microhardness of six dental esthetic restorative materials.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of the in-office bleaching technique on the microhardness of six dental esthetic restorative materials. METHODS: Four composite resins (a hybrid, a flowable, a micro-hybrid and a nano-hybrid), an ormocer and a ceramic were tested, after the use of an in-office bleaching product. Fourteen specimens of each composite and the ormocer were fabricated and randomly divided into two groups of seven samples each. One group was polished and the other group remained unpolished. For the ceramic, seven polished samples were fabricated. Two samples of each group were used as negative controls. The specimens were bleached for 15, 30 and 45min. Five Knoop microhardness measurements were made on each sample, for each of the following periods tested: before bleaching, after 15, 30 and 45min of bleaching, 24h and 1 month after the bleaching procedure. Data were analyzed by the repeated measures analysis of variance with three between factors and one within. RESULTS: The differences in the microhardness values between the bleached and the control samples for the composites and the ceramic, were not statistically significant (hybrid: p=0.264; flow: p=0.584; micro-hybrid: p=0.278; nano-hybrid: p=0.405; ceramic: p=0.819). For the ormocer, although bleaching did not have any significant effect on the unpolished samples (p=0.115), it caused an increase on microhardness of the polished samples. SIGNIFICANCE: Bleaching with 38% hydrogen peroxide does not reduce the microhardness of the restorative materials tested. Therefore, no replacement of restorations is required after bleaching.

Ceramics↗
PubMed1992

Composite resin color change after vital tooth bleaching.

Color change of composite resin was determined with the Minolta Chroma meter (CR-100) after four sessions of vital bleaching. Specimens of selected composite resin materials were subjected to vital bleaching (37% H3PO4/1 minute, then 30% H2O2/infrared light/30 minutes.) Specimens were stored in water between bleaching. Control specimens were used to determine the effects of water storage alone. Initial L*a*b* color readings were made on 24-hour hydrated specimens. Final L*a*b* readings were made on 24-hour hydrated specimens. Calculations were made for the delta E values for each specimen. Mean delta E values and standard deviations were obtained for each material. Two-way ANOVA and Newman-Keuls analyses showed significant (alpha = 0.05) color change for most bleached materials. Additionally, some materials had delta E values greater than 3. These were visibly lighter compared to their controls. Vital bleaching produced color change in most composites as measured with the Chroma meter. This technique may be used to lighten dark-colored or stained composite resin restorations.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2005

The effect of tooth bleaching on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of enamel bleaching on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with a composite adhesive. METHODS: Two protocols were used on 60 human molars. In the at-home bleaching group (n = 30), Opalescence bleaching agent (Ultradent, South Jordan, Utah), which contains 10% carbamide peroxide, was brushed onto the teeth daily for 14 days and left for 6 hours each day. Teeth in the in-office group (n = 30) were treated with Zoom! (Discus Dental, Culver City, Calif), which contains 25% hydrogen peroxide gel, and then exposed to a light source for 20 minutes; these teeth were treated twice. After bleaching, the specimens were randomly divided into equal subgroups and stored in artificial saliva at 37 degrees C for 7 or 14 days before bonding. Shear bond strength testing was performed on all teeth. The Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric means was used to determine whether significant differences existed between the various subgroups and an unbleached control group. RESULTS: The mean shear bond strength for the control group was 5.6 +/- 1.8 MPa. Means for the at-home groups were 5.2 +/- 3.6 MPa and 7.2 +/- 3.2 MPa for the 7- and 14-day waiting periods, respectively. Means for the in-office groups were 5.1 +/- 5.3 MPa and 6.6 +/- 2.6 MPa for the 7- and 14-day waiting periods, respectively. The Kruskal-Wallis test (X(2) = 8.089) indicated no significant differences between the 5 subgroups (P = .088). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that in-office and at-home bleaching did not affect the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets to enamel.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effectiveness and safety of tooth bleaching in teenagers.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety outcomes of a currently marketed, peroxide-containing, tray-based, tooth-whitening system to a peroxide-containing, "trayless" tooth-whitening system. METHODS: Fifty-seven subjects, 12 to 17 years of age, participated in this study and were divided into 2 balanced groups. Twelve subjects received custom trays with 10% carbamide peroxide gel that they were instructed to wear overnight. Forty-five subjects received 10% hydrogen peroxide polyethylene strips to wear for 30 minutes twice a day. Teeth were bleached for 2 weeks. Digital image analysis measured color in B, L, and A color spaces, where B indicated yellowness, L indicated lightness, and A indicated redness. Oral examinations and interviews were used to ascertain any adverse events that may have occurred during treatment. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients completed this study. Both whitening systems yielded significant (P<.001) color improvement, as evidenced by decreased yellowness, increased lightness, and decreased redness. Groups did not differ significantly (P>.39) regarding color improvement for B, L, or A on either the maxillary or mandibular teeth. Twelve subjects (27%) in the polyethylene strip group reported adverse events compared to 5 subjects (42%) in the tray-delivered group. Minor and transient tooth sensitivity and oral irritation were the most common adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Both the daytime strip and overnight tray groups significantly (P<.0001) whitened teeth; there were no significant differences between the 2 groups in any of the color parameters; both whitening systems were well tolerated, and most adverse events were mild in severity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of hydrogen peroxide bleaching strips on tooth surface color, surface microhardness, surface and subsurface ultrastructure, and microchemical (Raman spectroscopic) composition.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of hydrogen peroxide tooth bleaching strips on the surface hardness and morphology of enamel and the ultrastructure and chemical composition of enamel and dentin in vitro. METHODOLOGY: Sound human molars were ground and polished to prepare a uniform substrate for bleaching treatments. A cycling treatment methodology was employed which alternated ex vivo human salivary exposures with bleaching treatments under conditions of controlled temperature and durations of treatment. Bleaching treatments included commercial Crest Whitestrips bleaching strips, which utilize hydrogen peroxide in a gel as the in situ bleaching source at 6.0 and 6.5% concentrations of H2O2. Control treatments included an untreated group. Crest Whitestrips bleaching included treatment exposures simulating 2x the recommended clinical exposures (28 hours bleaching). Surface color measurements were taken prior to and following bleaching to ensure tooth bleaching activity. The effects of bleach on physical properties of enamel were assessed with microhardness measures. Ultrastructural effects were classified by surface and subsurface confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. In addition, the effects of bleaching on tooth microchemical composition was studied in different tooth regions by coincident assessment of Raman spectroscopic signature. RESULTS: Color assessments confirmed significant ex vivo tooth bleaching by Whitestrips. Surface microhardness and SEM measures revealed no deleterious effects on the enamel surfaces. CLSM micromorphological assessments supported the safety of hydrogen peroxide bleaching strips both on surface and subsurface enamel, DEJ, and dentin ultrastructure. Raman spectroscopy analysis demonstrated no obvious effects of bleaching treatments on the microchemical composition of enamel and dentin. CONCLUSION: These results confirm that tooth bleaching with hydrogen peroxide whitening strips does not produce changes in surface/subsurface histomorphology or in surface microhardness and ultrastructure of treated teeth. In addition, for the first time, these results confirm the safety of hydrogen peroxide bleaching strips to tooth microchemical composition as measured by Raman spectroscopy.

Dental Enamel↗