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PubMed2001

[Care of psychiatric disorders: thoughts about human rights and the patient's rights].

Considering the social, political and economical changes such as occurred during the construction of the Psychiatric Nursing History, as well as the ongoing modifications in teaching nursing due the new Law for Directories and Bases, and taking also into account the existing preoccupation of some sections as far as the compliance with the Human Rights and Patient Rights are concerned, the present study proposes some reflections about the ethical conducts by nursing professionals in relation to patients interned in Psychiatric Hospitals, giving emphasis to the aspects related to the human dignity. The discussion is based in the Directory of the Rights of Patients proposed by the Secretary of Health of the Government of the State of São Paulo, as well as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The study gives furthermore emphasis to the responsibility in the area of teaching as far as the mobilization process for transforming the preconceptions regarding the mental diseases are concerned and examines the effective practice of equality, democracy, liberty and the exercise of the citizenship of the patient.

Brazil↗
PubMed1992

Health and the environment: a global challenge. WHO Commission on Health and Environment.

A healthy environment is not only a need, it is also a right; the right to live and work in an environment conducive to physical and mental health is enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Everyone shares the responsibility for ensuring that this right is duly acknowledged. The responsibility for action lies with individuals and with business. Governments have the responsibility of setting up the strategic and institutional framework within which action is taken. There are three main global objectives: achieving a sustainable basis for health for all--by slowing down population growth as soon as possible, and promoting life-styles and patterns of consumption among affluent groups and countries that are consistent with ecological sustainability; providing an environment that promotes health--by reducing the risk of physical, chemical and biological hazards and ensuring that everyone has the means to acquire the resources on which health depends; making all individuals and organizations aware of their responsibilities for health and its environmental basis.

Environmental Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How the UN is defending human rights.

Today some nurses are themselves victims of human rights violations (ranging from the extreme practice of torture to economic and social discrimination just because they are women), while others are witness to violations of the rights of their people or patients (minorities, indigenous population, AIDS sufferers, the mentally ill or children). But these injustices are not being ignored and nurses can help stop them. Since 40 years ago when the conscience of the world was awakened with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, international instruments providing the legal clout and pressure to stop the oppressors have been set in motion and are working in some places. Unfortunately violations continue in a number of countries. There are numerous effective channels (see also Inside View), many through the UN. To mark the Declaration's 40th anniversary on December 10 and to give readers a better understanding of what the UN is doing to promote and protect the peoples of the world, INR below answers some questions that nurses may be asking, defines the treaties and shows what international machinery is available to realize those rights.* In a subsequent issue, INR will focus on nurses' involvement in torture and other inhuman treatment and their moral dilemma, giving the views of nurses who have cared for such victims.

Human Rights↗
PubMed2004

Cardiac anesthesiology, professionalism and ethics: a microcosm of anesthesiology and medicine.

UNLABELLED: The granting of professional status to medicine by society at large entails obligations by physicians. Those physicians in the young subspecialty of cardiac anesthesiology have fulfilled these obligations by developing a body of scientific and clinical knowledge and the technical bases to increase survival and decrease morbidity of patients with heart disease undergoing either cardiac or noncardiac surgery. Furthermore, they have contributed effectively to the broad practice of medicine. However, a strong argument can be made that these contributions, though benefiting many individual patients, do not by themselves completely fulfill our obligations. The concept of Civic Professionalism states that our moral responsibilities as physicians must be expanded beyond our immediate patients. Physicians have the obligation to use their knowledge and influence to promote the common good. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes access to health care as a basic tenet. The present health care system of the United States excludes many people. Thus, cardiac anesthesiologists have a moral obligation to actively advocate for universal access to health care until it is achieved. Doing so will make the specialty of cardiac anesthesiology an example to the entire profession of medicine. IMPLICATIONS: Cardiac anesthesiologists have contributed to enhanced survival and decreased morbidity of patients with heart disease undergoing surgery. These achievements do not by themselves fulfill the moral obligations incurred by the concept of Civic Professionalism, however. Cardiac anesthesiologists, in common with all physicians, must share the obligation to advocate for the human right of universal access to health care.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1998

The UDHR and The Limits of Medical Ethics: The Case of South Africa.

The leadership of South Africa's medical profession remained silent in the face of gross human rights violations by the apartheid government or affirmatively defended the government's conduct. While there were strong cultural and economic reasons for this alliance between leaders of the medical profession and the apartheid state, the leadership also embraced western medical ethics. As a result, when confronted about its conduct, it continually sought to defend its behavior on traditional ethical grounds. This article looks at the nature of that "ethical defense" in three areas, torture in detention, racial discrimination in health services, and breach of confidentiality in the case of political activists. The article concludes that the rules of medical ethics left too great a space for making such a defense and urges that ethical rules consistent with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights be adopted.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Hotep's story: exploring the wounds of health vulnerability in the US.

A wide variety of forms of domination has resulted in a highly heterogeneous health risk category, "the vulnerable." The study of health inequities sheds light on forces that generate, sustain, and alter vulnerabilities to illness, injury, suffering and death. This paper analyzes the case of a high-risk teen from a Boston ghetto that illuminates intersections between "race" and class in the construction of vulnerability in the US. Exploration of his "wounds" helps specify how large-scale social and cultural forces become embodied as individual experience of disparate health risk. The case demonstrates that health inequities would not occur if resources--employment, income, wealth, education, housing, profiling in the legal system, and health care--were more justly managed in keeping with standards outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Professional responses to the "wounds of vulnerability" may reveal important aspects of who we are and what our work as scholars, practitioners, and advocates must become.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Uncovering the cultural context for quality of family caregiving for elders.

This article is part of a symposium exploring issues in developing cross-culturally equivalent conceptualizations and measures for a study of elder family caregiving. This article describes the development of an instrument to measure quality of elder family caregiving among Anglo and Mexican American caregivers. Following a review of typical approaches for evaluating quality of caregiving, a cross-cultural standard for excellence in elder caregiving is described. An instrument consistent with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the QUALCARE Scale, is identified as an appropriate cross-cultural instrument for assessing the quality of elder family caregiving. Refinement of the QUALCARE Scale using Berry's model for cross-cultural research, which necessitated identification of appropriate cross-cultural indicators of quality, is described. Examples of this process of indicator clarification are given for several basic human rights, based on the cross-cultural research team members' experiences with Anglo and Mexican American caregivers.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Diversity and equity: dealing with biological and social differences.

In the context of the design of working hours inequities in health associated with biological, psychological, social, and socioeconomic diversities can be observed. The paper first tries to set up a frame of reference for a discussion of this topic, relating to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and some recent discussions on equity in health and then goes into some factors that produce inequities in health in the context of the design of working hours, dealing with sex or gender, age and job age, personality traits, marital status, social support, diversities in values, and socio-economic differences; the discussion deals with approaches on how to deal with these differences and inequities.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Third Class Medicine: Health Care for Refugees in Germany.

The fiftieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides an opportunity to scrutinize the policies of wealthier countries towards refugees and asylum seekers. Although Germany is host to two-thirds of all individuals seeking asylum in European countries, it is now taking a hard line with respect to asylum policies. This article examines the forces behind these policies which, contrary to their rationalization, do not save "tax money," but actually make life for the recipients as difficult as possible. Studies of asylum hearings show that clues indicating past trauma or torture of asylum seekers are often ignored. In addition, the administrative procedures required for the provision of health care to refugees and asylum seekers have resulted in inflated bureaucracy and excessive costs, all the while providing only third class medicine. International NGOs and human rights organizations must put pressure on governments to live up to the promises of the UDHR.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

For Better, For Worse.

This article addresses the extent to which provisions within Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights have influenced subsequent developments in the field of sexual and reproductive health and rights. In particular, it assesses how the right to marry and to found a family, the requirement of free and full consent of intending spouses, and recognition of the family as the "natural and fundamental group unit of society" have affected service provision in this field. Other human rights instruments, such as the Women's Convention, have amplified these rights, but some issues within reproductive health continue to be limited by conventional interpretations of the family, as identified in the UDHR. While the language within Article 16 was clearly molded by the morality of the 1940s, it has, so far, proven to be flexible enough to encompass both social change and technological innovation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Cultural values embodying universal norms: a critique of a popular assumption about cultures and human rights.

In Western and non-Western societies, it is a widely held belief that the concept of human rights is, by and large, a Western cultural norm, often at odds with non-Western cultures and, therefore, not applicable in non-Western societies. The Universal Draft Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights reflects this deep-rooted and popular assumption. By using Chinese culture(s) as an illustration, this article points out the problems of this widespread misconception and stereotypical view of cultures and human rights. It highlights the often ignored positive elements in Chinese cultures that promote and embody universal human values such as human dignity and human rights. It concludes, accordingly, with concrete suggestions on how to modify the Declaration.

Bioethical Issues↗