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PubMed2006

Randomized, controlled trial comparing synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation plus pressure support in preterm infants.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged mechanical ventilation is associated with lung injury in preterm infants. In these infants, weaning from synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation may be delayed by their inability to cope with increased respiratory loads. The addition of pressure support to synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation can offset these loads and may facilitate weaning. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to compare synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation plus pressure support in weaning from mechanical ventilation and the duration of supplemental oxygen dependency in preterm infants with respiratory failure. METHODS: Preterm infants weighing 500 to 1000 g at birth who required mechanical ventilation during the first postnatal week were randomly assigned to synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation or synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation plus pressure support. In both groups, weaning followed a set protocol during the first 28 days. Outcomes were assessed during the first 28 days and until discharge or death. RESULTS: There were 107 infants enrolled (53 synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation plus pressure support and 54 synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation). Demographic and perinatal data, mortality, and morbidity did not differ between groups. During the first 28 days, infants in the synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation plus pressure support group reached minimal ventilator settings and were extubated earlier than infants in the synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation group. Total duration of mechanical ventilation, duration of oxygen dependency, and oxygen need at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age alone or combined with death did not differ between groups. However, infants in synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation plus pressure support within the 700- to 1000-g birth weight strata had a shorter oxygen dependency. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the addition of pressure support as a supplement to synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation during the first 28 days may play a role in reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation in extremely low birth-weight infants, and it may lead to a reduced oxygen dependency in the 700- to 1000-g birth weight strata.

Female↗

PubMed1996

Effect of conventional mechanical ventilation and jet ventilation on airway pressure in dogs and plastic models with tracheal stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of jet ventilation on tracheal stenosis in dogs and plastic models. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized trial in dogs, and multitrial tests in tracheal stenosis models. SETTING: Animal laboratory in a university setting. INTERVENTIONS: Tracheal stenosis was surgically created around the middle of the trachea. Conventional mechanical ventilation and jet ventilation were compared at the same value of Paco2 in dogs and at the same tidal volume in tracheal stenosis models. SUBJECTS: Twelve mongrel dogs and four types of plastic models with combinations of short or long stenosis and fluid or nonfluid stenosis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Canine Studies. Mean peak peak airway pressure values at the distal and proximal portion of the stenosis, and the end-expiratory pressure at the distal portion of the stenosis, were significantly higher during conventional mechanical ventilation than during jet ventilation. The mean values of arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and cardiac output did not change significantly between conventional mechanical ventilation and jet ventilation, except for the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure valve. Plastic Mold Studies. peak airway pressure and end-expiratory airway pressure at the poststenotic trachea during jet ventilation with the model lung were significantly lower than during conventional mechanical ventilation. The difference in peak airway pressure, and end-expiratory airway pressure values between jet ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation increased more in short stenosis and nonfluid stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: The jet flow that struck the portion of the stenosed wall reversed direction, even during early expiration. Therefore, the expiration during jet ventilation was facilitated more by the reversed flow than by the expiration during conventional mechanical ventilation. This reversed flow may provide lower end-expiratory airway pressure at the poststenotic portion with jet ventilation than with conventional mechanical ventilation. We conclude that jet ventilation was a useful method of ventilation in cases with tracheal stenosis, especially nonfluid and short stenosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Sustained inflations improve respiratory compliance during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation but not during large tidal volume positive-pressure ventilation in rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether volume recruitment maneuvers that induce significant lung reexpansion during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation are also of value during conventional positive-pressure ventilation. DESIGN: Crossover comparison of volume recruitment maneuvers administered during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and positive-pressure ventilation in normal and surfactant-deficient adult rabbits. SETTING: Laboratory. SUBJECTS: Nineteen adult New Zealand white rabbits (weight 2.3 to 3.3 kg). METHODS: Respiratory system compliance was measured plethysmographically before and after sustained inflations in six normal and five saline-lavaged anesthetized rabbits, using both ventilators over a range of mean and end-expiratory pressures. RESULTS: Under conditions where sustained inflations during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation at 15 Hz increased respiratory system compliance 50 +/- 28%, sustained inflations during conventional positive-pressure ventilation at a rate of 30 to 40 breaths/min and tidal volumes of 14 to 17 mL/kg did not change respiratory system compliance (mean change 3 +/- 9%). Sustained inflations during conventional positive-pressure ventilation could not be made effective by increasing the positive end-expiratory pressure level to equal the mean pressure during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. Sustained inflations on conventional positive-pressure ventilation remained ineffective up to positive end-expiratory pressure levels of 17.5 cm H2O. In lavaged rabbits, sustained inflations increased respiratory system compliance 49 +/- 14% during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and 0 +/- 3% during conventional positive-pressure ventilation. Sustained inflations increased compliance significantly during conventional positive-pressure ventilation only when ventilating with tidal volumes of 7 mL/kg and low end-expiratory pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Active recruitment of lung volume during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation appears necessary, because small pressure/volume cycles adequate to support high-frequency gas transport are not able to reexpand atelectatic lung units without the aid of a sustained inflation. We conclude that volume recruitment maneuvers improve respiratory system compliance substantially during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation at 15 Hz, but these maneuvers offer potential risk and no benefit during conventional positive-pressure ventilation with large tidal volumes or when using smaller tidal volumes and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure.

Airway Resistance↗

PubMed1996

Theoretical interactions between ventilator settings and proximal deadspace ventilation during tracheal gas insufflation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the theoretical interactions between ventilator settings, tracheal gas insufflation (TGI), and alveolar ventilation. DESIGN: We derived differential equations governing compartmental volume changes in a one-compartment model of TGI-assisted ventilation and equations governing gas dilution in the airway proximal to the TGI catheter and the additional CO2 clearing ventilation arising from this dilution. This additional ventilation was called proximal ventilation. Validation was conducted in a mechanical lung analog. Model predictions for proximal ventilation were then generated over wide ranges of frequency, duty cycle, and tidal volume. RESULTS: Significant interactions were identified between ventilator settings and proximal ventilation. The persistence of end-expiratory flow from the lung decreased proximal dilution by fresh gas and thereby reduced TGI-aided proximal ventilation. Changes in end-expiratory lung flow resulting from alterations in ventilator settings were correlated inversely with proximal ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: During TGI with constant catheter flow, ventilator settings that promote end-expiratory flow of gas from the lung diminish proximal ventilation. When frequency increases, the decrease in dilution efficiency of the individual breath is partially offset by the increase in cycle number, an effect which is magnified by any concomitant decrease in inspired tidal volume. Prolongation of the duty cycle tends to decrease proximal ventilation. Increases in expiratory resistance, including those arising from the external ventilator circuit or the endotracheal tube, also impair proximal ventilation.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed1998

A comparison of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The role of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation delivered through a face mask in patients with acute respiratory failure is uncertain. We conducted a prospective, randomized trial of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation as compared with endotracheal intubation with conventional mechanical ventilation in 64 patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure who required mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Within the first hour of ventilation, 20 of 32 patients (62 percent) in the noninvasive-ventilation group and 15 of 32 (47 percent) in the conventional-ventilation group had an improved ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2:FiO2) (P=0.21). Ten patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group subsequently required endotracheal intubation. Seventeen patients in the conventional-ventilation group (53 percent) and 23 in the noninvasive-ventilation group (72 percent) survived their stay in the intensive care unit (odds ratio, 0.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 1.4; P=0.19); 16 patients in the conventional-ventilation group and 22 patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group were discharged from the hospital. More patients in the conventional-ventilation group had serious complications (66 percent vs. 38 percent, P=0.02) and had pneumonia or sinusitis related to the endotracheal tube (31 percent vs. 3 percent, P=0.003). Among the survivors, patients in the noninvasive-ventilation group had shorter periods of ventilation (P=0.006) and shorter stays in the intensive care unit (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute respiratory failure, noninvasive ventilation was as effective as conventional ventilation in improving gas exchange and was associated with fewer serious complications and shorter stays in the intensive care unit.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1994

Timing of pressure release affects power of breathing and minute ventilation during airway pressure release ventilation.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of interference between spontaneous and mechanical breaths on the power of breathing (rate at which work is done) and ventilatory support during airway pressure release ventilation. DESIGN: Multitrial tests under simulated clinical conditions using a mechanical respiratory system model. SETTING: A research laboratory at a university medical center. INTERVENTIONS: Simulated spontaneous breathing augmented with continuous positive airway pressure and airway pressure release ventilation. Variation in synchrony between spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation was accomplished by adjusting the time lag between detection of the spontaneous inspiration and the airway pressure release from 0 to 3 secs in increments of 0.25 secs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Pressures and volumes were measured at the inlet of the lung and chest wall compartment of the respiratory system model. Pressure and volume changes measured at the inlet of the chest wall compartment were used to generate pressure/volume loops and to calculate the power of the spontaneous breathing. Minute ventilation was greater (p < .01) during all airway pressure release ventilation settings compared with those values of continuous positive airway pressure. Nonconflicting airway pressure release ventilation was associated with a higher minute ventilation (p < .001) than asynchronous airway pressure release ventilation. When spontaneous inspiration was synchronous with restoration of continuous positive airway pressure, minute ventilation was lower (p < .001) than during nonconflicting airway pressure release ventilation settings. Power of spontaneous breathing was highest when airway pressure release and spontaneous inspiration coincided, and lowest when spontaneous inspiration and restoration of continuous positive airway pressure were synchronized. Power of breathing was significantly lower during nonconflicting than during asynchronous airway pressure release ventilation (p < .01). No difference was observed between the power of spontaneous breathing and airway pressure release ventilation either with spontaneous expiration synchronized with airway pressure release or with nonconflicting airway pressure release ventilation. When calculated per liter of ventilation, power of spontaneous breathing was significantly lower (p < .01) during all airway pressure release ventilation settings compared with continuous positive airway pressure. CONCLUSION: Asynchronous airway pressure release may increase the power of spontaneous breathing and reduce effective mechanical ventilatory support during airway pressure release ventilation. A clinical study is required to assess the effect of synchronous and asynchronous interference between spontaneous and mechanical breaths during airway pressure release ventilation.

Airway Resistance↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of a new operating room ventilator with volume-controlled ventilation: the Ohmeda 7900.

UNLABELLED: Changes in fresh gas flow (FGF) during volume-controlled ventilation with the circle system have clinically important effects on the ventilatory variables of children. Current operating room ventilators allow a portion of the FGF to be added to the delivered tidal volume. The Ohmeda 7900 (Madison, WI) ventilator was designed to compensate for changes in FGF. We compared this ventilator with a standard ventilator, the Ohmeda 7000. Twenty patients (13-56 kg) undergoing dental or lower extremity surgery were studied. A side-by-side comparison of the two ventilators was performed using each patient as his or her own control. Beginning with the 7900 ventilator, FGF was set at 3.0 L/min, and the inspiratory to expiratory ratio was set at 1:2. Respiratory rate and tidal volume were adjusted to achieve an ETCO2 of 30-40 mm Hg. After a 10-min period of stabilization, inspired minute ventilation (VI), expired minute ventilation (VE), and ETCO2 were measured. FGF was then increased to 6.0 L/min, and the measurements were repeated after 10 min; FGF was then decreased to 1.5 L/min, and measurements were repeated after 10 min. The patient was then ventilated with an Ohmeda 7000 ventilator, and the sequence was repeated. The Ohmeda 7000 ventilator demonstrated significant changes in VI, VE, plateau pressure, and ETCO2, with changes in FGF (P = 0.0039-0.0001). The Ohmeda 7900 ventilator demonstrated compensation for changes in FGF; there were no significant changes in VI, VE, and ETCO2. We conclude that the Ohmeda 7900 ventilator provides stable ventilatory variables regardless of alterations in FGF (1.5-6.0 L/min). IMPLICATIONS: In this study, we compared the effects of changing fresh gas flow on volume-controlled ventilation using two operating room ventilators (Ohmeda 7000 and Ohmeda 7900). The Ohmeda 7900, but not the Ohmeda 7000, provided stable ventilatory variables with fresh gas flows between 1.5 and 6.0 L/min.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[A study of the parameters of the delivered tidal volume. Ventilation on a lung model using the CICERO anesthetic ventilator].

In many anaesthesia ventilators in common use, the tidal volume delivered is different from the tidal volume preset on the respirator. Tidal volume delivered by mechanical ventilation during anaesthesia may be influenced by fresh gas flow (FGF), the respiratory rate (RR) or the inspiratory: expiratory ratio (I:E). This may cause inadequate hypo- or hyperventilation in small children, especially in newborns and neonates. Using small tidal volumes from 20 to 100 ml preset on the respirator, we investigated in a lung model the tidal volumes delivered by the anaesthesia ventilator CICERO (Dräger, FRG) with variations of FGF, RR and I:E. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The anaesthesia ventilator CICERO (software version 4.16) was equipped with the low-compliance tubes of the "Ulmer Kinder-Set" (Rüsch Co.) and the regular CO2 canister (1500 ml) of the machine. The circuit was connected to a lung model consisting of a glass clyinder filled with copper wool with a compliance of 3.3 ml/mbar. To create a pressure-volume correlation of the entire system, i.e. the lung model, the anaesthesia circuit and the ventilator, calibrated glass syringes were used and the pressure increase in the test lung was measured. This pressure-volume correlation was linear. The pressure increase in the lung model caused by the tidal volume during ventilation therefore reflected the actual tidal volume delivered. The study was performed with small tidal volumes from 20 to 100 ml that could be adjusted exactly on the ventilator. Delivered tidal volumes were studied by varying the FGF from 1 to 6 l/min and the RR from 20 to 60/min (with I:E = 1:1.5) and by varying the RR from 20 to 60/min and the I:E from 2:1 to 1:3 (with FGF = 21/min). RESULTS. By varying FGF, RR and I:E no changes in delivered tidal volumes were noted. In all settings of the ventilator studied, the delivered tidal volume was similar to the desired tidal volume preset on the ventilator. The highest deviation from the delivered tidal volume to the tidal volume preset was 17.5% with a tidal volume of 20 ml. In preset tidal volumes 30-100 ml this deviation was lower than 10%. An intermittent "auto-PEEP" up to 5 mbar was noted during high respiratory rates (50 and 60/min) combined with an I:E at 2:1 and 1:1 or with a FGF at 4 or 6 l/min. The compliance of the ventilator equipped with the circuit was 4.2 ml/mbar. CONCLUSION. The findings in this study prove that with tidal volumes ranging from 20 to 100 ml the actual tidal volume delivered by the anaesthesia ventilator CICERO is equivalent to the tidal volume set on the machine regardless of the variation of FGF, RR and I:E. These findings are mainly based on two circumstances. Firstly, fresh gas flow is fed into a reservoir and not added to the volume delivered by the bellow during inspiration as in many other respirators. Secondly, the CICERO works with a compliance correction function integrated into the machine. Computed compressible volume from the circuit and the ventilator is added to the tidal volume preset on the ventilator; therefore, the volume delivered by the bellow consists of the volume set on the ventilator plus the compressible volume. With these characteristics the anaesthesia ventilator CICERO meets important requirements for a ventilator in paediatric anaesthesia. However, for final assessment further clinical studies are required.

Anesthesiology↗

PubMed2004

Early surfactant administration with brief ventilation vs selective surfactant and continued mechanical ventilation for preterm infants with or at risk for respiratory distress syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Both prophylactic and early surfactant replacement therapy, compared with later selective surfactant administration, reduce mortality and pulmonary complications in ventilated infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). However, continued post-surfactant intubation and ventilation are risk factors for chronic lung disease. Whether prophylactic or early surfactant administration followed by prompt extubation, compared with later, selective use of surfactant followed by continued mechanical ventilation reduces the need for mechanical ventilation and the incidence of chronic lung disease is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To compare two treatment strategies in preterm infants with, or at risk for, RDS: early surfactant administration with brief mechanical ventilation (less than one hour) followed by extubation, vs later, selective surfactant administration, continued mechanical ventilation and extubation from low respiratory support. Two populations of infants receiving early surfactant were considered: spontaneously breathing infants with signs of RDS (surfactant administration during evolution of RDS prior to requiring intubation for respiratory failure) and infants at high risk for RDS (prophylactic surfactant administration within 15 minutes after birth). SEARCH STRATEGY: Searches were made of the Oxford Database of Perinatal trials, MEDLINE (1966-December 2003), CINAHL (1982-December 2003), EMBASE (1980-December 2003), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004), Pediatric Research (1990-2003), abstracts, expert informants and hand searching. No language restrictions were applied. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled clinical trials comparing early surfactant administration with planned brief mechanical ventilation (less than one hour) followed by extubation, vs selective surfactant administration, continued mechanical ventilation and extubation from low respiratory support. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were sought regarding effects on incidence of mechanical ventilation (ventilation continued or initiated beyond one hour after surfactant administration), incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), chronic lung disease (CLD), mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, duration of hospitalization, time in oxygen, duration of respiratory support (including CPAP and nasal cannula), number of patients receiving surfactant, number of surfactant doses administered per patient, incidence of air leak syndromes (pulmonary interstitial emphysema, pneumothorax), patent ductus arteriosus requiring treatment, pulmonary hemorrhage, and other complications of prematurity. Treatment effect was expressed as relative risk (RR) and risk difference (RD) for categorical variables, and weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous variables. MAIN RESULTS: Four randomized controlled clinical trials met selection criteria and were included in this review. In these studies of infants with signs of RDS, intubation and early surfactant therapy followed by extubation to nasal CPAP (NCPAP) compared with later selective surfactant administration was associated with a lower incidence of mechanical ventilation [typical RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.59, 0.84]. None of the trials reported a significant difference in the incidence of BPD or CLD; however, meta-analysis for this outcome cannot yet be performed because the primary data from three of the trials have not yet been published in full. A larger proportion of infants in the early surfactant group received surfactant than in the selective surfactant group [typical RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.35, 1.88]. The number of surfactant doses per patient was significantly greater among patients randomized to the early surfactant group [WMD 0.51 doses per patient, 95% CI 0.36, 0.65]. Trends towards a decreased incidence of air leak syndromes (two studies) and a higher incidence of patent ductus arteriosus requiring treatment (one study) were seen in the early surfactant group. There was no evidence of effect on time in oxygen or duration of mechanical ventilation. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: Early surfactant replacement therapy with extubation to NCPAP compared with later, selective surfactant replacement and continued mechanical ventilation with extubation from low ventilator support is associated with a reduced need for mechanical ventilation and increased utilization of exogenous surfactant therapy. There is insufficient evidence at present to reliably evaluate effect on BPD or CLD.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

Interactive simulation system for artificial ventilation on the internet: virtual ventilator.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an interactive simulation system "virtual ventilator" that demonstrates the dynamics of pressure and flow in the respiratory system under the combination of spontaneous breathing, ventilation modes, and ventilator options. The simulation system was designed to be used by unexperienced health care professionals as a self-training tool. METHODS: The system consists of a simulation controller and three modules: respiratory, spontaneous breath, and ventilator. The respiratory module models the respiratory system by three resistances representing the main airway, the right and left lungs, and two compliances also representing the right and left lungs. The spontaneous breath module generates inspiratory negative pressure produced by a patient. The ventilator module generates driving force of pressure or flow according to the combination of the ventilation mode and options. These forces are given to the respiratory module through the simulation controller. RESULTS: The simulation system was developed using HTML, VBScript (3000 lines, 100 kB) and ActiveX control (120 kB), and runs on Internet Explorer (5.5 or higher). The spontaneous breath is defined by a frequency, amplitude and inspiratory patterns in the spontaneous breath module. The user can construct a ventilation mode by setting a control variable, phase variables (trigger, limit, and cycle), and options. Available ventilation modes are: controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV), continuous positive airway pressure, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV), pressure support ventilation (PSV), SIMV + PSV, pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV), pressure-regulated volume control (PRVC), proportional assisted ventilation, mandatory minute ventilation (MMV), bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP). The simulation system demonstrates in a graph and animation the airway pressure, flow, and volume of the respiratory system during mechanical ventilation both with and without spontaneous breathing. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a web application that demonstrated the respiratory mechanics and the basic theory of ventilation mode.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1994

Automatic selection of tidal volume, respiratory frequency and minute ventilation in intubated ICU patients as start up procedure for closed-loop controlled ventilation.

OBJECTIVE: Before a patient can be connected to a mechanical ventilator, the controls of the apparatus need to be set up appropriately. Today, this is done by the intensive care professional. With the advent of closed loop controlled mechanical ventilation, methods will be needed to select appropriate start up settings automatically. The objective of our study was to test such a computerized method which could eventually be used as a start-up procedure (first 5-10 minutes of ventilation) for closed-loop controlled ventilation. DESIGN: Prospective Study. SETTINGS: ICU's in two adult and one children's hospital. PATIENTS: 25 critically ill adult patients (age > or = 15 y) and 17 critically ill children selected at random were studied. INTERVENTIONS: To stimulate 'initial connection', the patients were disconnected from their ventilator and transiently connected to a modified Hamilton AMADEUS ventilator for maximally one minute. During that time they were ventilated with a fixed and standardized breath pattern (Test Breaths) based on pressure controlled synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (PCSIMV). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Measurements of airway flow, airway pressure and instantaneous CO2 concentration using a mainstream CO2 analyzer were made at the mouth during application of the Test-Breaths. Test-Breaths were analyzed in terms of tidal volume, expiratory time constant and series dead space. Using this data an initial ventilation pattern consisting of respiratory frequency and tidal volume was calculated. This ventilation pattern was compared to the one measured prior to the onset of the study using a two-tailed paired t-test. Additionally, it was compared to a conventional method for setting up ventilators. The computer-proposed ventilation pattern did not differ significantly from the actual pattern (p > 0.05), while the conventional method did. However the scatter was large and in 6 cases deviations in the minute ventilation of more than 50% were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of standardized Test Breaths allows automatic determination of an initial ventilation pattern for intubated ICU patients. While this pattern does not seem to be superior to the one chosen by the conventional method, it is derived fully automatically and without need for manual patient data entry such as weight or height. This makes the method potentially useful as a start up procedure for closed-loop controlled ventilation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

High-frequency oscillatory ventilation compared with conventional mechanical ventilation in the treatment of respiratory failure in preterm infants.

We conducted a multicenter randomized clinical trial to compare the efficacy and safety of high-frequency ventilation with that of conventional mechanical ventilation in the treatment of respiratory failure in preterm infants. Of 673 preterm infants weighing between 750 and 2000 g, 346 were assigned to receive conventional mechanical ventilation and 327 to receive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was similar in the two groups (high-frequency ventilation, 40 percent; conventional mechanical ventilation, 41 percent; P = 0.79). High-frequency ventilation did not reduce mortality (18 percent, vs. 17 percent with conventional ventilation; P = 0.73) or the level of ventilatory support during the first 28 days. The crossover rate from high-frequency ventilation to conventional mechanical ventilation was greater than the crossover rate from mechanical to high-frequency ventilation (26 vs. 17 percent; P = 0.01). High-frequency ventilation, as compared with conventional mechanical ventilation, was associated with an increased incidence of pneumoperitoneum of pulmonary origin (3 vs. 1 percent; P = 0.05), grades 3 and 4 intracranial hemorrhage (26 vs. 18 percent; P = 0.02), and periventricular leukomalacia (12 vs. 7 percent; P = 0.05). These results suggest that high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, as used in this trial, does not offer any advantage over conventional mechanical ventilation in the treatment of respiratory failure in preterm infants, and it may be associated with undesirable side effects.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia↗

PubMed2000

Supraglottic combined frequency jet ventilation versus subglottic monofrequent jet ventilation in patients undergoing microlaryngeal surgery.

UNLABELLED: We compared the efficacy of gas exchange during supraglottic combined-frequency jet ventilation via a jet ventilation laryngoscope and during monofrequent jet ventilation via the Mon-Jet catheter (Xomed, Jacksonville, FL). Twenty-three anesthetized (propofol, fentanyl, vecuronium) patients undergoing microlaryngeal surgery were prospectively studied and randomly assigned to one of two groups. The patients' lungs were ventilated with combined-frequency jet ventilation (10 min, 15 and 600 breaths/min, inspiration/expiration time ratio = 1, driving pressure 750-1500 mm Hg), monofrequent (low-frequency group: 15 breaths/min; high-frequency group: 600 breaths/min) jet ventilation (20 min), and again combined-frequency jet ventilation (15 min). PaO(2), PaCO(2), and the inspiratory oxygen fraction (FIO(2)) were measured. Wilcoxon's signed rank test was applied. During monofrequent jet ventilation, PaCO(2) increased and the PaO(2)/FIO(2) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as compared with combined-frequency jet ventilation (low-frequency group: PaCO(2) from 39.4 +/- 3.3 to 50. 8 +/- 8.0 mm Hg, PaO(2)/FIO(2) from 306 +/- 100 to 225 +/- 94 mm Hg; high-frequency group: PaCO(2) from 36.7 +/- 7.2 to 60.3 +/- 6.1 mm Hg, PaO(2)/FIO(2) from 429 +/- 87 to 190 +/- 51 mm Hg; mean +/- SD). After switching back to combined-frequency jet ventilation, PaCO(2) decreased and PaO(2)/FIO(2) increased to baseline levels. We conclude that gas exchange during microlaryngeal surgery can be more easily maintained with supraglottic combined-frequency jet ventilation than with subglottic monofrequent jet ventilation via the Mon-Jet catheter. IMPLICATIONS: This study demonstrates that the combination of high- and low-frequency supraglottic jet ventilation via a jet ventilation laryngoscope provides a better pulmonary gas exchange and allows more accurate airway pressure monitoring during microlaryngeal surgery than subglottic monofrequent jet ventilation via an endotracheal catheter.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The effect of helium on ventilator performance: study of five ventilators and a bedside Pitot tube spirometer.

OBJECTIVE: To assess in vitro the performance of five mechanical ventilators-Siemens 300 and 900C (Siemens-Elma; Solna, Sweden), Puritan Bennett 7200 (Nellcor Puritan Bennett; Pleasanton, CA), Evita 4 (Dragerwerk; Lubeck, Germany), and Bear 1000 (Bear Medical Systems; Riverside CA)-and a bedside sidestream spirometer (Datex CS3 Respiratory Module; Datex-Ohmeda; Helsinki, Finland) during ventilation with helium-oxygen mixtures. DESIGN: In vitro study. SETTING: ICUs of two university-affiliated hospitals. METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS: Each ventilator was connected to 100% helium through compressed air inlets and then tested at three to six different tidal volume (VT) settings using various helium-oxygen concentrations (fraction of inspired oxygen [FIO(2)] of 0.2 to 1.0). FIO(2) and VT were measured with the Datex CS3 spirometer, and VT was validated with a water-displacement spirometer. MAIN RESULTS: The Puritan Bennett 7200 ventilator did not function with helium. With the other four ventilators, delivered FIO(2) was lower than the set FIO(2). For the Siemens 300 and 900C ventilators, this difference could be explained by the lack of 21% oxygen when helium was connected to the air supply port, while for the other two ventilators, a nonlinear relation was found. The VT of the Siemens 300 ventilator was independent of helium concentration, while for the other three ventilators, delivered VT was greater than the set VT and was dependent on helium concentration. During ventilation with 80% helium and 20% oxygen, VT increased to 125% of set VT for the Siemens 900C ventilator, and more than doubled for the Evita 4 and Bear 1000 ventilators. Under the same conditions, the Datex CS3 spirometer underestimated the delivered VT by about 33%. CONCLUSIONS: At present, no mechanical ventilator is calibrated for use with helium. This investigation offers correction factors for four ventilators for ventilation with helium.

Helium↗

PubMed1991

[Mechanical ventilation in an anesthetic circle system using the lowest tidal volume--studies of 3 anesthesia ventilators in a lung model and an animal experiment].

No anesthesia ventilator attached to a circle system is manufactured for use in neonates. However, a small bellows can be supplied for the following anesthesia ventilators: Spiromat NS 656 (NS), Ventilog 2 (V2) and AV1 (Draeger Co.) We investigated the minimal tidal volume delivered by each of the three ventilators. In addition, we tested the performance of the AV1 in neonatal piglets for manual and controlled ventilation, and in decreased lung compliance. MATERIALS AND METHODS. All circuits were equipped with one CO2 canister (750 ml) and the low-compliance tubes of the "Ulmer Kinder Set" (Ruesch Co.) The circuits were connected to a lung model consisting of a glass cylinder filled with copper wool with a compliance of 3.0 ml/mbar. By using calibrated glass syringes we created a pressure-volume correlation for the entire system, i.e., the lung model, the anesthesia circuit and the ventilator, which was linear for each of the three ventilators. The pressure was measured in the test lung. The pressure increase caused by the tidal volume therefore reflected the actual tidal volume delivered, which was calculated using the pressure-volume correlation. Tidal volumes were determined for varying the fresh gas flow (FGF), the respiratory rate (RR), which was varied between 20 and 60/min and the I:E ratio (IE), which was varied between 1:1 and 1:2. Six newborn piglets aged 2-12 h and with body weight 1000-1300 g were anesthetized, tracheotomized and ventilated with an oxygen-nitrous oxide mixture (FIO2 0.25). The manual ventilation lasted 30 min (period 1) and was followed by mechanical ventilation for 60 min (period 2). Thereafter, a left pneumothorax with constant pressure of 20 mbar and then 40 mbar for 15 min each was created (period 3). A fall in blood pressure was treated with 10 ml colloids in five of the six animals. During the experiment arterial blood pressure in the carotid artery, mean airway pressure at the distal end of the tracheal tube and end-tidal CO2 were continuously recorded. Arterial blood gases were analyzed at the end of each period. RESULTS. The tidal volumes delivered with an identical position of the bellows varied in ventilators NS and V2 with changes in FGF, RR and IE. Decrease in FGF, higher RR and longer expiration resulted in a decrease in the tidal volume. The "smallest" tidal volume delivered by NS varied from 50 ml (FGF 2 l/min, RR 60, IE 1:2) to 188 ml (FGF 4 l/min, RR 20, IE 1:1) and from 11 ml (FGF 2 l/min, RR 60, IE 1:2) to 110 (FGF 4 l/min, RR 20, IE 1:1) in the V2. The AV1 showed a minimal tidal volume of about 5 ml, and no changes in tidal volume attributable to alterations in FGF, RR or IE could be observed. No problems occurred during manual or mechanical ventilation in the piglets. With the experimental decrease in lung compliance no increase in airway pressure was noted, but an increase in arterial pCO2 by 8 mmHg (mean) reflects hypoventilation that was not corrected by the ventilator. DISCUSSION. We believe that the changes in tidal volume in ventilators NS and V2 are caused by adding FGF to the volume delivered by the below during inspiration. Because of the unpredictability of the tidal volumes, these ventilators are not suitable for the use in neonates. The AV1 has a very low systemic compliance which makes it suitable for use in neonatal anesthesia. However, a decrease in lung compliance is not compensated by an increase in airway pressure and leads to hypoventilation. When small tidal volumes are used in patients with low lung compliance, it does not act as expected of a volume-cycled ventilator.

Anesthesiology↗

PubMed1985

A double-crossover study comparing conventional ventilation with high frequency ventilation in a patient with tracheoesophageal fistula.

Respiratory distress, from severe gastric aspiration pneumonitis and abdominal distention in the patient with tracheoesophageal fistula frequently requires mechanical ventilatory support. Bulk flow ventilation can lead to enlargement of the fistulous tract, elevation of gastric intraluminal pressures, raised airway pressures with hemodynamic instability, and retained secretions. We report a case of tracheoesophageal fistula, secondary to perforation of a squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, with temporary improvement in gas exchange on high frequency ventilation after failing on a conventional ventilator. The patient initially failed to improve on an Engstrom ventilator (Engstrom-Gambro, Inc., Barrington, IL) at 13 l/minute ventilation. Instituting high frequency jet ventilation with a VS 600 Jet Ventilator (Instrument Development Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA) at initial settings of 35 psi, rate 150, inspiratory time 40%, FiO2 0.8 and 12 cm H2O positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), provided incremental improvement in gas exchange and oxygenation up to 26 cm H2O PEEP. However, in view of progressive multi-organ failure we terminated the jet ventilation after 48 h and returned the patient to conventional ventilation. We were unable to provide life-sustaining ventilation and oxygenation with either an Engstrom ventilator at 13 l/-minute ventilation or an MA-1 ventilator (Puritan-Bennett, Kansas City, MO) at a tidal volume of 800 cc and a ventilator rate of 30. Terminal respiratory failure occurred. Based on the period of improvement using high frequency jet ventilation, we believe this mode of ventilatory support is beneficial in the management of tracheoesophageal fistula.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Components of excess ventilation in patients initiated on mechanical ventilation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the causes of excess minute ventilation in patients initiated on mechanical ventilation. DESIGN: Prospective study of recently intubated, mechanically ventilated patients. SETTING: The medical ICU in a county hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-two mechanically ventilated medical ICU patients were studied within 36 hrs of intubation. Patients were all supported with volume-cycled ventilation in the assist-control mode. INTERVENTIONS: Timed expired gas collection and an arterial blood gas. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Measurements of minute ventilation and CO2 production (VCO2) were made from a timed expired gas collection. PaCO2 was sampled during the gas collection and deadspace was determined. Minute ventilation, VCO2, deadspace, and PaCO2 values in the patients were compared with predicted normal values, and excess minute ventilation due specifically to each component was calculated. Patients were separated clinically into groups: adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, obstructive lung disease, pneumonia, and drug overdose. Comparisons were then made between groups. Excess minute ventilation for the entire study population was secondary to increased deadspace (39%), low PaCO2 (36%), increased VCO2 (15%), and the interactive effect of deadspace and VCO2 (10%). VCO2 contributed little to excess minute ventilation early in respiratory failure, even in the ARDS and sepsis groups. Deadspace contributed significantly to excess minute ventilation in all groups, especially in the ARDS group, where it accounted for 53% of the excess ventilation. Low PaCO2 set-point was the predominant cause of excess minute ventilation in the sepsis group, where it contributed to 57% of their total excess minute ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: Although all groups initiated on mechanical ventilation had an excess ventilatory requirement, the contribution of individual components varied considerably between clinical groups.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

A comparison of intratracheal pulmonary ventilation to conventional ventilation in a surfactant deficient animal model.

OBJECTIVE: To compare intratracheal pulmonary ventilation (ITPV) with conventional ventilation in a rabbit model of surfactant deficiency. DESIGN: A prospective randomized animal study. SETTING: The Children's National Medical Center Research Animal Facility in Washington, DC. SUBJECTS: Adult male New Zealand white rabbits (n = 20), weighing 1.4-4.2 kg. INTERVENTIONS: After anesthesia and catheter placement, rabbits were tracheotomized, paralyzed, and placed on the conventional ventilator. We determined pulmonary functions at baseline. We washed surfactant out of the lungs by using serial bronchoalveolar lavages. Pulmonary function studies were determined after completion of the bronchoalveolar lavages and were used as an indication of severity of lung injury. Animals were randomized into two groups: We placed ten animals on ITPV, using the ITPV reverse thruster catheter designed by Kolobow and a prototype ITPV ventilator designed at Children's National Medical Center; we placed ten animals on conventional ventilation using the Sechrist iv-100 ventilator. Arterial blood gases were drawn every 15 mins, and the ventilator settings were adjusted to the minimal level that would maintain arterial blood gases in the following ranges: pH 7.35-7.45, PaCO2 30-40 torr (3.995.33 kPa), PaO2 50-70 torr (6.66-9.33 kPa). Animals were ventilated with the randomized ventilation techniques for 4 hrs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Peak inspiratory pressure, mean airway pressure, and positive end-expiratory pressure were measured at the distal end of the endotracheal tube. We recorded these variables plus respiratory rate at baseline and every 30 mins for a total of 4 hrs of ventilation. Lung compliance did not differ between groups at the postlavage study period (ITPV, 0.56+/-0.13 mL/cm H2O/kg; conventional 0.49+/-0.15 mL/cm H2O/kg). At the end of the 4 hr study period, peak inspiratory pressure (ITPV, 26.2+/-4.6 cm H2O; conventional, 32.4+/-5.04 cm H2O, p = .007) and positive end-expiratory pressure (ITPV, 3.9+/-1.96 cm H2O; conventional, 6.3+/-1.42 cm H2O, p = .005) were lower in the ITPV ventilation group. Peak inspiratory pressure was significantly lower in the ITPV group by 2 hrs into the study. CONCLUSION: In this model of surfactant deficiency lung injury, ventilation and oxygenation were achieved at significantly lower ventilator settings using ITPV compared with conventional ventilation. Long-term studies are needed to determine whether this reduction in ventilation is maintained, and if so, if lung injury is reduced.

Animals↗