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PubMed1987

[Use of the computer in clinical medicine].

This article describes the application of computers in clinical medicine and the experience gained by the Institute of Medical Computer Science when introducing computer systems into the clinics of the University of Vienna Medical School in the last 20 years. It is shown what dramatic development has taken place in these years. The medical information system WAMIS with its central patient database is described as well as the medical record keeping documentation and retrieval system WAREL, which is destined to analyze medical natural language data. A further chapter deals with computers in clinical laboratories. At the end it is tried to point out future trends in applying computers in clinical medicine.

Austria↗
PubMed1993

Virtual reality in medicine.

Virtual reality (VR), as part of computer science, allows computer-based models of the real world to be generated, and provides humans with a means to interact with these models through new human-computer interfaces and, thus, to nearly realistically experience these models. This contribution explores the technical requirements for VR, describes technological advances and deficits, and analyzes the framework for future technological research and development. Although some non-medical applications are discussed, this contribution focuses primarily on medical applications of VR and outlines future prospects of medical VR applications. Finally, possible hazards arising from the use of VR are discussed. The authors recommend an interdisciplinary approach to technology assessment of VR.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1987

Public access computing in health science libraries.

Public access computing in health science libraries began with online computer-assisted instruction. Library-based collections and services have expanded with advances in microcomputing hardware and software. This growth presents problems: copyright, quality, instability in the publishing industry, and uncertainty about collection scope; librarians managing the new services require new skills to support their collections. Many find the cooperative efforts of several organizational units are required. Current trends in technology for the purpose of information management indicate that these services will continue to be a significant focus for libraries.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1988

IAIMS development at Harvard Medical School.

The long-range goal of this IAIMS development project is to achieve an Integrated Academic Information Management System for the Harvard Medical School, the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, and Harvard's affiliated institutions and their respective libraries. An "opportunistic, incremental" approach to planning has been devised. The projects selected for the initial phase are to implement an increasingly powerful electronic communications network, to encourage the use of a variety of bibliographic and information access techniques, and to begin an ambitious program of faculty and student education in computer science and its applications to medical education, medical care, and research. In addition, we will explore means to promote better collaboration among the separate computer science units in the various schools and hospitals. We believe that our planning approach will have relevance to other educational institutions where lack of strong central organizational control prevents a "top-down" approach to planning.

Boston↗
PubMed1993

Features of computer language: communication of computers and its complexity.

Motivated by computer science, in particular, by applications to data security, electronic correspondence and cryptography, interactive proofs extend the 2000 years old, well established notion of mathematical proof. The key to these development is complexity which is defined as the minimum amount of a certain resource needed to complete a computational task. In this paper, the idea of an interactive proof system and its application in computer science is illuminated on everyday examples, without giving technical details.

Computer Security↗
PubMed1989

Teaching medical informatics to biomedical engineering students: experiences over 15 years.

The Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Informatics at Linköping University in Sweden were established in 1972-1973. The main purpose was to develop and offer courses in medicine, biomedical engineering and medical informatics to students in electrical engineering and computer science, for a specialization in biomedical engineering and medical informatics. The courses total about 400 hours of scheduled study in the subjects of basic cell biology, basic medicine (terminology, anatomy, physiology), biomedical engineering and medical informatics. Laboratory applications of medical computing are mainly taught in biomedical engineering courses, whereas clinical information systems, knowledge based decision support and computer science aspects are included within the medical informatics courses.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed1992

High-performance computing in radiation cancer treatment.

In 1989 a consortium of the Radiation Oncology and Computer Science Departments at the University of North Carolina, BellSouth Corporation, GTE, and the MCNC was formed in response to the high-speed network initiative proposed by the National Science Foundation and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. One of the purposes of this effort has been to demonstrate that applications exist that require gigabit per second networks. Our consortium, known as VISTAnet, proposed to use real-time radiation therapy treatment planning as the application that would require the use of a gigabit network. The plan was to develop a system that could rapidly calculate and display a three-dimensional radiation dose distribution for any configuration of radiation beams. The gigabit network would be used to tie the dose calculations done with the Cray Y-MP at the Research Triangle to the graphics engine at the Department of Computer Science (Pixel-Planes 5) and the medical workstation at Radiation Oncology. The system would then provide the radiation physician with the capability of considering hundreds of potential treatment plans, instead of the usual two or three, with the goal of arriving at a highly optimized plan within a few minutes.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1992

Computers in healthcare: overview and bibliography.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to provide an overview of computer technology and an associated bibliography, emphasizing institutional-based healthcare applications and pharmacoinformatics. DATA SOURCES: References were selected from the authors' files and from a computerized search over the last five years on computers in healthcare/medical informatics and in pharmacy. STUDY SELECTION: Articles selected for review and discussion were considered to be important contributions to the respective areas listed in the bibliography and representative of advancements in computer applications in healthcare and pharmacy. DATA SYNTHESIS: The computer has become an important support tool for healthcare professionals. Medical informatics and the discipline related to pharmacy, called pharmacoinformatics, have evolved from the cognitive underpinnings of medicine, pharmacy, and computer science. Recent developments in computer technology have resulted in computers that are fast, increasingly portable, and user friendly. Hospital information systems employ computers in various ways to deal with the vast amount of information used by various departments. Standards for electronic data exchange are being developed to increase the integration potential of these systems. Hospital pharmacists have used computers for drug distribution, financial analysis and inventory control, drug interaction detection, pharmacokinetic dosing, drug information, and drug therapy monitoring. Expert systems are being developed in several areas of drug therapy. Pharmacy educators have developed interactive courseware to help students learn problem-solving skills in the areas of calculations, therapeutics, and drug information. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists need to become more involved with applications of technology to pharmacy. Properly implemented, computers can provide more time for pharmacists to use their cognitive skills in the delivery of pharmaceutical care.

Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems↗
PubMed1991

A paradigm for the next millennium: health information science.

Although historically a major concern of both the artist and the scientist was the observation of nature, the two disciplines split when science became more wedded to mathematics and quantification. Today, with visualization, art and science can again together provide a view of the natural world. A prototype curriculum for a new multidisciplinary science--Health Information Science--incorporates aspects of computer science, cognitive psychology, bioengineering, biomedical visualization, medicine, dentistry, anthropology, mathematics, library science, and the visual arts.

Art↗
PubMed1989

[Hygienic evaluation of artificial lighting in the classroom for studying information science and computer technics in secondary schools].

Body functioning state of schoolchildren was investigated under different lighting conditions of the computer keyboard and video display terminals (VDT). The findings of lighting engineering and physiologic studies showed that optimal conditions for the children working on computers should be ensured by two interdependent indicators, i. e., the level of lighting at the workplace and on VDT. The most favourable indicators of children's visual functions were established at the level of lighting of 400 lx at the workplace and 100 lx on VDT under general luminescent lighting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Artificial intelligence-driven advancements in agricultural biotechnology.

The need for faster and more informative data processing for better decision-making is driving the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in the agricultural sector. Thanks to recent advancements in computer science and the increase in computational powers of modern computers, AI is not only augmenting traditional solutions, but also helping in developing novel solutions to existing challenging matters. AI-driven models have an exceptional ability to identify patterns and combine a diverse collection of data together and make inference. The increasing pressure on farmlands posed by the growing global population and climate change is lessening growth, yield, and productivity ultimately posing risk to food security worldwide. Incorporation of AI in agriculture has the potential to drive farming efficiency to new heights. This comprehensive review critically evaluates the evolution of AI in agricultural biotechnology from a theoretical concept to a global phenomenon. A comprehensive literature search was performed using major scientific databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Lens and the Cochrane Library. In this review, we empirically demonstrate the fields advancement toward more capable AI systems and discuss the current applications of AI across crop improvement and precision agriculture such as crop improvement and genetic engineering, genomic selection and plant breeding, pest and disease detection, precision agriculture and smart farming, soil health and nutrient management, climate resilient crop development, livestock biotechnology, challenges and ethical considerations in AI based agricultural biotechnology. Furthermore, this review addresses the exponential growth of commercial intellectual property in the field and contrast it with academic publication outputs. Finally, we critically assess the ethical challenges impeding equitable adoption of AI including data sovereignty and digital divide, while projecting future frontiers involving quantum computing. This review will help build sustainable agricultural systems capable of adapting to climate change, contribute to the development of climate-resilient and high-yielding crops, and address global food security challenges.

Agriculture↗